间伐对杉木人工林林下植被多样性及其营养元素现存量影响

间伐改变了林分结构,影响林下植被的生长和发育,但长期间伐对杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata林下植被多样性的影响尚缺乏系统研究。在浙江开化通过样地调查,采用Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数研究3种间伐处理下杉木人工林林下植被多样性的变化;分析林下植被主要营养元素含量,研究间伐对营养元素现存量的影响。以试验区传统经营方式为对照,即林木生长中期（第14年）进行1次轻度间伐（间伐强度约15%,T1）;中度（总间伐强度约35%, T2）和强度（总间伐强度约50%,T3）间伐均在第7年和第14年进行了2次间伐。间伐15年后的结果表明,3种间伐处理下,林下植物种类数分别为18种（T1）、17种（T2）和20种（T3）,林下植被总密度和盖度均随间伐强度增加而增大;林下植物Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数在不同间伐处理之间均没有显著差异（P＞0.05）。林下植被全碳（TC）、全磷（TP）和全钾（TK）含量在不同间伐处理之间差异不显著（P＞0.05）,全氮（TN）含量随间伐强度增加而降低,其中T3处理显著低于T1（P＜0.05）。林下植被生物量随间伐强度增大而增加,林下植被TC、TN、TP和TK现存量在不同间伐处理之间均没有显著差异（P＞0.05）。这些试验结果说明杉木人工林间伐15年后间伐强度不会显著影响林下植被多样性和营养元素的积累。     

间伐对马尾松人工林林下植物多样性的短期和长期影响

探讨不同间伐强度林下马尾松人工林植物多样性的动态变化,为确定合理的间伐强度提供理论依据。以南京溧水林场马尾松俨砌USmassonianaLamb．）中龄人工林为研究对象,于2007年和2011年对间伐1a和5a后各间伐林下植物多样性进行了调查和分析。结果表明：间伐la和5a后,与对照相比,中强度间伐林下植物种类、数量、丰富度Margalef指数、多样性Simpson、Sharmon-Weiner指数和均匀度JSW指数均显著提高（P〈O．05）,林下植物的生态优势度指数显著降低（P〈O．05）;弱度间伐林下各指数在间伐1a后显著降低（P〈O．05）,而在间伐5a后显著提高（P〈O．05o中强度间伐后林分各指数增幅最大,其中Shannon．Wiener指数对间伐措施更为敏感。间伐5a后,中强度间伐林下植物种类、数量和多样性指数比间伐1a后有所提高,弱度、中度、强度间伐后的林下植物种类比对照分别增加15、17和15种,总密度分别增加1．40、3．44和2．14倍。从短期和长期影响效果来看,中、强度间伐有利于植物多样性的提高。     

柏木人工林目标树经营初期对林下植物多样性及土壤理化性质的影响

为改善川中丘陵区柏木人工林林下植物多样性与土壤现状,以当地柏木人工林为研究对象,分析目标树经营1年后,3种不同目标树密度(100、150、200株/hm~2)林下植物多样性和土壤理化性质的变化情况.结果表明:与对照林分相比,目标树经营初期,3种不同目标树密度下灌木层植物多样性各指数显著增加(P0.05),喜光植物增多,林地内出现多种生活型,草本层多样性指数、生态优势度指数和均匀度指数均显著降低(P 0.05);土壤pH与速效钾含量显著降低(P 0.05),非毛管孔隙度、全氮、水解氮、全磷、有效磷和有机质显著增高(P 0.05);氮和磷是植物的主要限制因子,植物各多样性指数与全氮、全磷、有效磷密切相关,非毛管孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和速效钾含量与草本层各多样性指数最为密切.本研究表明,目标树经营初期能够增加灌木层植物多样性、提高草本层物种丰富度与改善土壤理化性质,土壤因子与林下植物多样性的变化密切相关.(图3表6参37)     

不同林龄华北落叶松人工林生物量及营养元素分布特征

为揭示华北落叶松人工林的养分特征,以山西太岳山好地方林场3种林龄(15年生、26年生、40年生)华北落叶松人工林为研究对象,采用样地调查和实测生物量的方法,测定乔木层不同器官、林下植被层和凋落物层生物量、营养元素积累量和年存留量及土壤营养元素(C、N、P、K)含量.结果显示:1)华北落叶松人工林的总生物量由林龄从小到大的顺序分别为61.89、175.81、163.15/t/hm~2.各层生物量分配规律为乔木层凋落物层草本层灌木层.2)华北落叶松人工林乔木层树皮中的C含量最高,树根最低;N、P、K含量中树叶最高,树干最低.随着林龄增加,土壤中有机质和全N含量逐渐减少,全P和全K逐渐增加.3)15年生、26年生和40年生华北落叶松人工林营养元素的总积累量分别为26.12×103、77.29×103、69.60×103 kg/hm~2;随着林龄增加,林下植被层的营养元素积累量先增加后减小,凋落物层逐渐增加.4)26年生华北落叶松人工林林木营养元素年存留量最高.各器官中年存留量最高为树干,最低为树叶和树皮.综上,与15年生和40年生相比,26年生华北落叶松人工林的生物量、营养元素积累量和年存留量较高,因此应定期对林龄较高的华北落叶松人工林进行间伐,使林下生境条件得到改善,林下植被多样性增加,达到维持华北落叶松人工林生态系统稳定和可持续经营的目的.     

不同郁闭度马尾松人工林林下植物多样性

对现有11年生马尾松(Pinus massoniana)人工林通过均匀间伐、抚育修枝,结合冠层分析仪测定郁闭度,形成郁闭度约为0.9、0.8、0.7、0.6、0.5的5个梯度林分,研究不同郁闭度林下植物组成及多样性特征,结果表明:(1)各郁闭度林下植物物种重要值分配较为平均,灌木中枹栎(Quercus serrate)、毛桐(Mallotus barbatus)、黄牛奶(Symplocos laurina)较高,草本中铁芒萁(Dicranopteris dichotoma)、金星蕨(Parathelypteris glanduligera)、狗脊蕨(Woodwardia japonila)、山菅兰(Dianella ensifolia)较高,在各郁闭度都占主要优势.(2)随郁闭度减小,林下植物物种数、Margalef丰富度指数、Simpson优势度指数、Shannon-wiener多样性指数都有增大趋势,但多在0.6或0.5郁闭度较0.9郁闭度才有显著增加,在0.5郁闭度灌木物种数又有减小;各郁闭度林下灌木、草本Pielou均匀度指数差异都不显著,5个郁闭度林分草本Alatato均匀度指数差异较小,灌木Alatato均匀度指数在0.6郁闭度中最高,0.5郁闭度较0.6郁闭度又相对降低.(3)各郁闭度林下植物生活型都是以高位芽为主,占比均为50%-60%,在0.6、0.7郁闭度中出现了地上芽植物,0.6、0.5郁闭度中出现了一年生植物、大型高位芽植物,地下芽植物百分比在0.5郁闭度有明显升高.(4)0.9郁闭度林分分别与其他各郁闭度林下植物群落相似系数都较低,0.5、0.6、0.7郁闭度之间群落相似系数相近且较高,都超过70%,在0.7、0.6郁闭度左右物种类别有稳定的趋势,0.5与0.8郁闭度林分群落相似系数又有下降,又有许多新物种更新.综合而言,随郁闭度减小,林下植物物种数、生活型层次和多样性指数都呈增大趋势,在0.6郁闭度中各项指标表现最优,更小郁闭度可能会导致林下植物物种数、均匀度和多样性相对减小,不利于林地地力维持.     

环境因子和火干扰因子对喀纳斯泰加林柳兰分布的影响

喀纳斯泰加林植被的生长和分布受火干扰和环境因子的共同作用,为了解喀纳斯泰加林林下柳兰分布与生态因子的关系,促进种群扩繁,共设置了35个样地进行调查和分析。建立柳兰重要值与生态因子矩阵,利用CCA分析法对不同火烧林分中柳兰的生长分布状况与林火烈度、火后时间、海拔、坡度、坡向、郁闭度、土壤pH值、速效钾、土壤有机质、灌木层盖度、草本层盖度和草本层物种多样性指数等20个生态因子的关系进行了分析。结果显示,第一轴主要反映林火烈度、海拔、坡向,灌木层盖度、pH值、有机质、全钾和速效钾的变化;第二轴主要反映林火烈度、火后时间、草本层盖度、坡向、坡位、土壤容重、电导率、有机质、有效磷和全氮的变化。对柳兰分布有显著影响的生态因子是林火烈度、有机质、海拔、坡向、灌木层盖度、土壤容重、全钾和速效钾,前两轴的累计贡献率为72.48%。柳兰适合在土壤呈弱酸性、海拔低、阳坡、土壤容重小、土壤有机质、全钾和速效钾含量高的环境中生长。柳兰是阳性植物,是火烧后的先锋植物。对影响柳兰分布的生态因子进行定量分离,结果发现环境因子和火干扰因子对柳兰样地物种分布的解释能力为88.2%,显示出较好的排序效果。喀纳斯泰加林受人为干扰较少,柳兰所在植物群落与环境保持了良好的对应关系,生态因子与物种分布呈显著相关(P=0.003),表明CCA排序结果可以解释生态因子对物种分布的影响程度。     

香港人工林改造对林分土壤理化性质、土壤微生物生物量及土壤酶活性的季节影响

土壤理化性质、土壤微生物及土壤酶活性是土壤生态系统的重要组成部分,研究林分改造对土壤因子的影响,可为人工林改造与林地土壤质量恢复提供科学依据。文章对香港地区20年生尾叶桉(Eucalyptus urophylla)和马占相思(Acacia mangiumin)人工林进行间伐套种处理(套种密度为1 665 plants·hm~(-2),以不间伐林分为对照),采用野外调查与室内试验相结合的方法分析间伐套种3 a后2种林分的土壤理化性质、土壤微生物生物量和土壤酶活性的季节变化。结果表明,(1)间伐套种3 a后,各林分土壤均呈酸性,间伐对林分土壤容重和孔隙度影响不显著,但提高了冬夏季林分土壤电导率。(2)间伐套种对冬季和夏季2种林分土壤理化性质的影响存在差异。与未间伐林分相比,间伐套种减少了冬季尾叶桉林分土壤养分的消耗,但提高了夏季林分土壤养分的含量。间伐套种降低了冬季马占相思林分土壤氮素含量及夏季土壤交换性Ca含量,提高了冬季林分土壤交换性元素和夏季土壤氮素含量。(3)无论是间伐套种林分还是未间伐林分,夏季2种林分的土壤微生物生物量C(226.35~619.44 mg·kg~(-1))和微生物生物量N(21.18~52.44 mg·kg~(-1))均高于冬季。间伐套种处理促进了尾叶桉林分土壤微生物生物量的增加,而马占相思林分则相反。(4)间伐套种处理对2种林分过氧化氢酶活性的季节影响不显著,对尾叶桉的土壤磷酸酶和脲酶的季节影响不一致,但降低了马占相思林分的土壤酶活性。(5)综合分析,间伐套种处理改善了尾叶桉林分的土壤理化性质,提高了土壤微生物生物量和土壤酶活性;但对马占相思林分的土壤肥力改善作用并不明显。     

秦岭西部不同发育阶段油松和日本落叶松人工林土壤酶活性变化和分布特征

以秦岭西部小陇山沙坝林业试验基地为研究点,采用野外调查采样和室内分析相结合的方法,比较了不同发育阶段油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)和日本落叶松(Larix kaempferi)人工林林下凋落物分解层(H层)和表土层(A层)理化性质及酶活性的变化。结果表明,2种林型林下凋落物分解层各项土壤理化性质及酶活性指标均明显高于相应表土层。随着林龄的增加,除了土壤纤维素酶活性按幼龄林→中龄林→近熟林呈先升高后降低的变化趋势外,土壤荧光素二乙酸酯水解酶(FDA水解酶)、脱氢酶、蛋白酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶活性,以及有机质、全氮、有效氮、全磷、有效磷含量随林分的发育总体呈现先降低后升高的变化特征。从幼龄林到近熟林的发育过程中,日本落叶松林下各项土壤理化性质及酶活性指标变化波动性比油松大,说明日本落叶松的引进在一定程度上影响了土壤生物化学过程的强度和方向。除土壤脲酶与pH值之间以及酸性磷酶酸与速效氮之间以外,6种土壤酶活性与土壤pH值,有机质、全氮、速效氮、速效磷含量之间均呈在α=0.05或α=0.01水平上相关显著。     

关帝山油松天然林林下植物组成及环境解释

作为森林生态系统的重要组成部分,林下植物在调控森林结构和功能方面发挥着重要的作用。通过对华北山地干旱区油松(Pinus tabulaeformis Garr.)天然纯林林下植物群落的调查,探究林下植物物种组成与林分、环境因子之间的关系及其关键控制因子,旨在为华北山地干旱区林下生物多样性保护和维持提供依据。结果表明,(1)在调查的样地中,油松林下共出现植物物种72种,隶属33科65属,其中蔷薇科、菊科、豆科物种种类丰富,占全部种数38.8%;林下灌木的物种多为喜光或兼性树种,与油松林特殊的冠形有关,林下草本以多年生草本占优势。(2)CCA排序较好地揭示了该区油松天然林林下植物的分布格局与环境因子的关系,生物因子与非生物因子共同对林下物种的分布格局产生作用,对林下灌木层和草本层的解释率分别为59.92%和66.16%;其中,地形因子的作用大于林分因子和土壤因子,在油松天然林林下植物分布格局中起着举足轻重的作用。林下灌木层物种多样性在下坡最高、上坡最低,并表现为西北坡高于其他坡向;林下草本层物种多样性随坡位的变化与灌木层正好相反,在上坡最高、下坡最低,在所选样方范围内,草本层物种多样性随海拔的升高而升高。     

大兴安岭南部温带山杨天然次生林不同生长阶段生物量及碳储量

基于内蒙古赛罕乌拉森林生态系统定位研究站山杨（Populus davidiana Dode）天然次生林幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林、成熟林及过熟林生物量调查,探讨了不同龄组山杨天然次生林单株木、林分、林下植被和枯落物的生物量及群落碳储量的时空变化规律。结果表明：随林龄的增大,山杨天然次生林木和各器官生物量总体呈增加趋势,树干所占比例增加,中龄林增加尤为明显;林下植被层、枯落物层生物量随林龄增大呈增加趋势。群落总碳储量的空间分布序列是：乔木层〉枯落物层〉林下植被层。幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林、成熟林和过熟林群落的碳储量分别为27.146 6、53.545 1、60.889 8、77.915 8、79.135 3t.hm-2,乔木层碳储量分别为22.206 5、47.215 7、52.056 3、68.445 3、68.773 1 t.hm-2,枯落物层和林下植被层碳储量平均值分别为5.814 4、2.172 7 t.hm-2。乔木层、枯落物层和林下植被层碳储量占总量的平均率分别为86.05%、10.39%和3.57%。研究认为山杨天然次生林群落碳储量随林龄增加的变化规律明显,碳汇潜力巨大;中龄林为碳储量增长迅速期,且持续较长一段时间,是林分管理的关键阶段;自然稀疏有利于促进林木生长,林分碳储量并未随林分密度下降而减小。     

Shifts in southern Wisconsin forest canopy and understory richness, composition, and heterogeneity

We resurveyed the under- and overstory species composition of 94 upland forest stands in southern Wisconsin in 2002-2004 to assess shifts in canopy and understory richness, composition, and heterogeneity relative to the original surveys in 1949-1950. The canopy has shifted from mostly oaks (Quercus spp.) toward more mesic and shade-tolerant trees (primarily Acer spp.). Oak-dominated early-successional stands and those on coarse, nutrient-poor soils changed the most in canopy composition. Understories at most sites (80%) lost native species, with mean species density declining 25% at the 1-m2 scale and 23.1% at the 20-m2 scale. Woody species have increased 15% relative to herbaceous species in the understory despite declining in absolute abundance. Initial canopy composition, particularly the abundance of red oaks (Quercus rubra and Q. velutina), predicted understory changes better than the changes observed in the overstory. Overall rates of native species loss were greater in later-successional stands, a pattern driven by differential immigration rather than differential extirpation. However, understory species initially found in early-successional habitats declined the most, particularly remnant savanna taxa with narrow or thick leaves. These losses have yet to be offset by compensating increases in native shade-adapted species. Exotic species have proliferated in prevalence (from 13 to 76 stands) and relative abundance (from 1.2% to 8.4%), but these increases appear unrelated to the declines in native species richness and heterogeneity observed. Although canopy succession has clearly influenced shifts in understory composition and diversity, the magnitude of native species declines and failure to recruit more shade-adapted species suggest that other factors now act to limit the richness, heterogeneity, and composition of these communities.     

Thinning and burning result in low-level invasion by nonnative plants but neutral effects on natives.

Many historically fire-adapted forests are now highly susceptible to damage from insects, pathogens, and stand-replacing fires. As a result, managers are employing treatments to reduce fuel loadings and to restore the structure, species, and processes that characterized these forests prior to widespread fire suppression, logging, and grazing. However, the consequences of these activities for understory plant communities are not well understood. We examined the effects of thinning and prescribed fire on plant composition and diversity in Pinus ponderosa forests of eastern Washington (USA). Data on abundance and richness of native and nonnative plants were collected in 70 stands in the Colville, Okanogan, and Wenatchee National Forests. Stands represented one of four treatments: thinning, burning, thinning followed by burning, or control; treatments had been conducted 3-19 years before sampling. Multi-response permutation procedures revealed no significant effect of thinning or burning on understory plant composition. Similarly, there were no significant differences among treatments in cover or richness of native plants. In contrast, nonnative plants showed small, but highly significant, increases in cover and richness in response to both thinning and burning. In the combined treatment, cover of nonnative plants averaged 2% (5% of total plant cover) but did not exceed 7% (16% of total cover) at any site. Cover and richness of nonnative herbs showed small increases with intensity of disturbance and time since treatment. Nonnative plants were significantly less abundant in treated stands than on adjacent roadsides or skid trails, and cover within these potential source areas explained little of the variation in abundance within treated stands. Although thinning and burning may promote invasion of nonnative plants in these forests, our data suggest that their abundance is limited and relatively stable on most sites.     

Carbon stocks across a chronosequence of thinned and unmanaged red pine (Pinus resinosa) stands

Forests function as a major global C sink, and forest management strategies that maximize C stocks offer one possible means of mitigating the impacts of increasing anthropogenic CO2 emissions. We studied the effects of thinning, a common management technique in many forest types, on age-related trends in C stocks using a chronosequence of thinned and unmanaged red pine (Pinus resinosa) stands ranging from 9 to 306 years old. Live tree C stocks increased with age to a maximum near the middle of the chronosequence in unmanaged stands, and increased across the entire chronosequence in thinned stands. C in live understory vegetation and C in the mineral soil each declined rapidly with age in young stands but changed relatively little in middle-aged to older stands regardless of management. Forest floor C stocks increased with age in unmanaged stands, but forest floor C decreased with age after the onset of thinning around age 40 in thinned stands. Deadwood C was highly variable, but decreased with age in thinned stands. Total ecosystem C increased with stand age until approaching an asymptote around age 150. The increase in total ecosystem C was paralleled by an age-related increase in total aboveground C, but relatively little change in total belowground C. Thinning had surprisingly little impact on total ecosystem C stocks, but it did modestly alter age-related trends in total ecosystem C allocation between aboveground and belowground pools. In addition to characterizing the subtle differences in C dynamics between thinned and unmanaged stands, these results suggest that C accrual in red pine stands continues well beyond the 60-100 year management rotations typical for this system. Management plans that incorporate longer rotations and thinning in some stands could play an important role in maximizing C stocks in red pine forests while meeting other objectives including timber extraction, biodiversity conservation, restoration, and fuel reduction goals.     

Effects of Selective Logging on Bat Communities in the Southeastern Amazon

Abstract:  Although extensive areas of tropical forest are selectively logged each year, the responses of bat communities to this form of disturbance have rarely been examined. Our objectives were to (1) compare bat abundance, species composition, and feeding guild structure between unlogged and low-intensity selectively logged (1–4 logged stems/ha) sampling grids in the southeastern Amazon and (2) examine correlations between logging-induced changes in bat communities and forest structure. We captured bats in understory and canopy mist nets set in five 1-ha study grids in both logged and unlogged forest. We captured 996 individuals, representing 5 families, 32 genera, and 49 species. Abundances of nectarivorous and frugivorous taxa (Glossophaginae, Lonchophyllinae, Stenodermatinae, and Carolliinae) were higher at logged sites, where canopy openness and understory foliage density were greatest. In contrast, insectivorous and omnivorous species (Emballonuridae, Mormoopidae, Phyllostominae, and Vespertilionidae) were more abundant in unlogged sites, where canopy foliage density and variability in the understory stratum were greatest. Multivariate analyses indicated that understory bat species composition differed strongly between logged and unlogged sites but provided little evidence of logging effects for the canopy fauna. Different responses among feeding guilds and taxonomic groups appeared to be related to foraging and echolocation strategies and to changes in canopy cover and understory foliage densities. Our results suggest that even low-intensity logging modifies habitat structure, leading to changes in bat species composition.     

林丹烟剂对毛竹林冠与林下层节肢动物共有种及其多样性的影响

共有种反映毗邻生境节肢动物群落的相互作用程度及其潜在互作途径的多样性.通过对施用林丹烟剂后毛竹林冠层与林下层节肢动物的系统定位调查,分析和比较了林丹烟剂干扰下两个林层的节肢动物共有种及其多样性.结果表明,以未防治和白僵菌防治为对照,施用林丹烟剂显著减少了林冠和林下层的共有种及其个体数,降低了两个林层中共有种的多样性;在物种方面主要表现为蜘蛛目、膜翅目、鞘翅目、双翅目和鳞翅目共有种减少;在个体方面,林下层主要表现为蜘蛛目、膜翅目、鞘翅目和双翅目共有种个体减少,林冠层主要表现为蜘蛛目、鞘翅目和双翅目共有种个体减少.但无论在物种还是个体方面,林丹烟剂对捕食性共有种的影响均最大.进一步的灰色关联分析表明,引起共有种多样性下降的主要原因在于共有物种的减少.因此认为,林丹烟剂干扰削弱了林下和林冠层节肢动物之间的相互作用,不利于林下生境促进林冠层生物多样性和增强群落对叶部害虫自然控制作用等生态功能的发挥.图1表6参22     

间伐对杉木人工林林下植被多样性及生物量的影响

对间伐了4年的杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolata（Lamb.）Hook.）人工林林下植被的生物量和生物多样性进行了调查和分析。结果表明：林下植被相似系数随着间伐强度增加而增加;间伐显著提高了林下植被的物种丰富度、Simpson指数、Shannon-Weiner指数和生物量（P〈0.05）,而对均匀度指数无显著影响（P〉0.05）;强度和中度间伐显著增加了灌木生物量,而草本生物量在弱度和中度间伐下显著增加（P〈0.05）;3种间伐强度均显著提高草本的物种丰富度、Simpson指数和Shannon-Weiner指数,而灌木的3种指数仅在强和中度间伐下得到显著提高（P〈0.05）。     

The Lower Susquehanna River Gorge and Floodplain (U.S.A.) as a Riparian Refugium for Vernal, Forest-Floor Herbs

A survey of vernal, forest-understory herbs was conducted on 52 routes, 10 sample sites each, along the Susquehanna River and its major and minor tributaries in southeastern Pennsylvania and northeastern Maryland. Mature forest stands, as compared to younger successional stands, had a greater diversity and cover of native understory herbs and greater frequencies of K -selected species such as Trillium flexipes and Dicentra canadensis . Vernal herbs with a high fidelity to the river corridor were likely to be more mesic in habitat preference, to occupy a more limited range of habitats, and to be less tolerant to disturbance than species that are also common in adjacent upland areas. The best vernal wildflower sites, which are usually in mesic or floodplain forest, may also be the most vulnerable to species loss if the canopy is removed or the forest is otherwise disturbed. Disturbance-sensitive herbs have been nearly extirpated from the Susquehanna tributaries by very intensive human development. Preservation of an appropriate matrix of microhabitats, particularly along the main river and at the mouths of the creeks, is critical to protecting the vernal flora of the region.