燃用甲醇燃料的发动机尾气排放

本文主要报导了在二冲程、四冲程汽油机及柴油机上燃用甲醇-汽油混合燃料、M_(100)甲醇燃料的发动机尾气排放方面所做的研究,并与燃用汽油、柴油的尾气排放进行了对照。结果表明,无论是甲醇-汽油混合燃料,还是M_(100)甲醇燃料尾气排放,都较汽油、柴油尾气排放的常规污染物,均有不同程度的减少。因此,应用甲醇燃料对改善环境是有益的。     

基于聚类方法下的柴油车排放颗粒物无机元素谱分析

近年来在大气污染的防治工作中,柴油车污染防治的重要性日渐凸显.本文通过测试和文献检索等方法收集了97组与柴油车排放颗粒物无机元素排放有关的数据,采用k-means均值聚类分析的方法对数据进行分类并对分类结果进行分析,得出柴油车无机元素排放占颗粒物比例的大致区间为:Si(0—4.62%)、Al(0—1.53%)、Ca(0—4.09%)、Na(0—2.61%)、Mg(0—2.68%)、K(0—0.85%)、Fe(0—3.4%)、Zn(0—0.54%)、Cu(0—1.49%)、Ni(0—0.06%),且所得无机元素的排放区间的置信水平均大于94%.同时得到的柴油车排放颗粒物无机元素分析结果,可以为后续柴油车排放颗粒物无机元素数据分析以及相关污染治理提供参考,进而促进我国大气环境质量的改善、更好地保障人们身体健康.     

环境科技简讯

从污染角度看城市汽车的发展最近,英国全国净化空气学会(NSCA)从有利于城市环境的角度,对柴油发动机和汽油发动机的利弊作了比较研究.研究的主要结论是:——柴油发动机对环境的危害比现有的汽油发动机要少得多.因为前者的污染物排放量比后者低,而其能量效率又比后者高.但是在排出黑烟并排放刺激性气味方面,前者的性能又劣于后者.     

我国在用柴油车的技术改造与城市的环境保护

中国的柴油车发展起步较晚，技术较落后，能耗高，排污严重，影响着我国城市的大气环境。笔者对柴油车在城市生活中的重要地位，对在用柴油车的技术改造措施和城市环境保护的其他举措进行了研究探讨，提出了一些具体方案，如使用高效柴油添加剂或联合使用高效的柴油添加剂与层气净化器；由政府统一严格控制机动车辆排放标准；提高市政工程管理水平。     

环境科技简讯

最近,台湾已决定采用更严格的标准:从1991年7月1日起.摩托车的CO排放标准将由8.8g/km改为4.5g/km,HC+NO_x的排放量则由6.5降为3.0g/km;从1990年7月1日起,所有的新型小汽车都应符合美国标准;从1994年起,所有的新型汽车都应达到美国标准.在香港,尽管有石油企业主的反对,香港政府仍然坚持推广使用无铅汽油的计划.这样做不仅能减少环境中的铅含量,而且还能消除在汽车上广泛使用催化处理装置的重大障碍.因此,在香港使用无铅汽油已不受限制.但是无铅汽油需从较远地区输入,因此运费上升,从而使油价也似有增     

美国汽车清洁燃料研究发展

本文简要介绍了美国汽车清洁燃料和汽油替代燃料的研究和发展状况，内容涉及美国政府对发展汽车清洁燃料的战略、政策、立法和有关发展计划，清洁燃料的类型和种类及应用情况，以及存在的主要问题和未来的发展方向。     

降低汽油机冷起动阶段有害排放的技术措施

在汽油机的一个测试循环中,约占排放污染物总量70%～80%的非甲烷碳氢化合物是在汽油机冷起动阶段没有经催化转化而直接排入大气中,造成严重污染。研究探讨了使用高效汽油添加剂、催化器减少汽油机冷起动排放污染物的机理和实况,进而提出了一些可行的实用方案。     

石油工业与政府之间旨在建立环境指导准则的前瞻性伙伴关系：新？…

在新西兰,法规机构和该国４家主要石油营销公司一直在一道工作上,以确保汽油和柴油贮存与搬运设施的水气排放达到法律要求,已经开展了一个进程,以确认问题,共享知识,和适用标准与运作指导准则。这个案例研究是作为一个前瞻性政府－工业界合作范例介绍的,其它国家也许能根据它们的具体情况参照采用。     

成都市冬季PM_(2.5)中碳组分污染特征及来源解析

为研究成都市冬季PM_(2.5)中碳组分的污染特征和来源,于2019年12月7—28日在成都市进行PM_(2.5)的采集,并利用热光碳分析仪和元素分析仪-同位素质谱仪分别测定了样品中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的质量浓度以及碳同位素的组成特征。结果表明,成都市PM_(2.5)、OC和EC的平均质量浓度分别为98.23、14.50、2.19μg·m~(-3);OC和EC的相关性较高(相关系数为0.80),表明OC和EC可能具有一致的来源,也有可能是具有较高的混合程度;OC/EC比值大于2.0,表明成都市冬季有二次有机碳(SOC)的形成,且SOC/OC的比值为34.48%;主成分分析结果显示,生物质燃烧、燃煤和汽油车尾气尘混合源是成都市冬季PM_(2.5)碳组分的主要来源,贡献率为59.68%;其次是柴油车尾气尘,贡献率为22.40%;碳同位素组成结果显示,成都市冬季PM_(2.5)碳组分的来源与汽油车尾气排放相关性最强,其次为C3植物燃烧;通过IsoSource模型软件进行计算,可知不同时期各污染源的贡献比例均呈现出汽油车尾气排放C3植物燃烧柴油车尾气排放燃煤C4植物燃烧地质源(农业土壤、扬尘)的规律,但相较于清洁期来说,污染期的汽油车尾气排放和C3植物燃烧污染源所占比例增大。研究结果可为成都市大气污染治理提供理论指导。     

汽车驾驶人与环境

本文探讨了这样一个简单观点：汽车驾驶员、汽车业以及立法者的作用可以是也必须是始终确保车辆污染排放最小化． 我们确信，在可预见到的未来，车辆污染和私车欲望将会持续增长．从经济上和接受程度上，替代燃料仍不能完全取代今天的化石燃料．在提高车辆燃料效率及减少污染排放方面，汽车工业、制造商和供应商已经取得了巨大进步．尽管减少污染排放技术的步伐迈得很大，但是我们还不得不正视废气排放量的增加以及它们对环境的冲击． 我们也应该认识到，要在不远的将来建立起全球性或其它的（减少到国家的或欧盟的水乎）共同的排放价值观是…     

Life cycle analysis and choice of natural gas-based automotive alternative fuels in Chongqing Municipality, China

Road transport produces significant amounts of emissions by using crude oil as the primary energy source. A reduction of emissions can be achieved by implementing alternative fuel chains. The objective of this study is to carry out an economic, environmental and energy (EEE) life cycle study on natural gas-based automotive fuels with conventional gasoline in an abundant region of China. A set of indices of four fuels/vehicle systems on the basis of life cycle are assessed in terms of impact of EEE, in which natural gas produces compressed natural gas (CNG), methanol, dimethylether (DME) and Fischer Tropsch diesel (FTD). The study included fuel production, vehicle production, vehicle operation, infrastructure and vehicle end of life as a system for each fuel/vehicle system. A generic gasoline fueled car is used as a baseline. Data have been reviewed and modified based on the best knowledge available to Chongqing local sources. Results indicated that when we could not change electric and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles into commercial vehicles on a large scale, direct use of CNG in a dedicated or bi-fuel vehicle is an economical choice for the region which is most energy efficient and more environmental friendly. The study can be used to support decisions on how natural gas resources can best be utilized as a fuel/energy resource for automobiles, and what issues need to be resolved in Chongqing. The models and approaches for this study can be applied to other regions of China as long as all the assumptions are well defined and modified to find a substitute automotive energy source and establish an energy policy in a specific region.     

Impact of gasoline engine deposits on light duty vehicle emissions: in-use case study in Beijing, China

Tailpipe emissions from light-duty gasoline vehicles usually deteriorate over time. The accumulation of engine deposits due to inadequate gasoline detergency is considered to be one of the major causes of such emission deterioration. Six in-use light-duty gasoline vehicles in Beijing were tested to investigate the impact of engine deposits on emissions of hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NO _x ). Emissions under cold start and hot running test conditions from the six light duty vehicles were measured before and after engine deposits were removed. Results show that although individual vehicles reacted differently for each of the pollutants, elimination of engine deposits on average reduced HC emissions under hot running conditions by 29.4%, CO emissions under cold start conditions by 23.0% and CO emissions under hot running conditions by 35.5% (t < 0.05 in all cases). No pollutant emissions increased with statistical significance (t < 0.05) after the removal of engine deposits. Variations of emission changes upon removal of engine deposits were observed. Such variations are in line with previous studies, implying that the impact patterns of engine deposits on vehicle emissions may be subject to many influencing factors that are not fully understood and difficult to control under all conditions. A statistical view of the impact of engine deposits on vehicle emissions may be appropriate for evaluation of emissions reductions across a city or a country. It is necessary to maintain sufficient and effective gasoline fuel detergency in practice to keep the engines clean and in turn reduce vehicle emissions.     

Phytotoxicity of fuel to crop plants: influence of soil properties,fuel type,and plant tolerance

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of fuel-contaminated soils on the germination, survival, and early growth of six crop plants, viz. Brassica oleracea, Trifolium repens, Lactuca sativa, Avena sativa, Pisum sativum, and Zea mays, grown on Cambisol A and B horizons contaminated with gasoline and diesel (0%, 1.25%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10%, w/w). Fuel toxicity was more evident in the B horizon than in the A horizon, and diesel was more toxic than gasoline, probably due to the higher evaporation rate of the latter. Fuels affected the germination and survival of small-seeded plants to a higher extent, reflecting the importance of the seed coat and nutrient reserves for successful plant development in fuel-contaminated soils. In general, root growth was more strongly affected than shoot growth, and plant biomass was more strongly affected than elongation, leading to a less plant branching in the presence of fuel. The findings of this study can be useful for selecting the least fuel-tolerant species as soil contamination bioindicator and for determining the risks of fuel contamination. Due to the low residence time of gasoline components in soil, this phytotoxicity test resulted in an unsuitable bioassay to assess gasoline toxicity.     

Impacts of methanol fuel on vehicular emissions: A review

● Methanol effectively reduces CO, HC, CO₂, PM, and PN emissions of gasoline vehicles. ● Elemental composition of methanol directly affects the reduction of emissions. ● Several physicochemical properties of methanol help reduce vehicle emissions. The transport sector is a significant energy consumer and a major contributor to urban air pollution. At present, the substitution of cleaner fuel is one feasible way to deal with the growing energy demand and environmental pollution. Methanol has been recognized as a good alternative to gasoline due to its good combustion performance. In the past decades, many studies have investigated exhaust emissions using methanol-gasoline blends. However, the conclusions derived from different studies vary significantly, and the explanations for the effects of methanol blending on exhaust emissions are also inconsistent. This review summarizes the characteristics of CO, HC, NO_x, CO₂, and particulate emissions from methanol-gasoline blended fuels and pure methanol fuel. CO, HC, CO₂, particle mass (PM), and particle number (PN) emissions decrease when methanol-blended fuel is used in place of gasoline fuel. NO_x emission either decreases or increases depending on the test conditions, i.e., methanol content. Furthermore, this review synthesizes the mechanisms by which methanol-blended fuel influences pollutant emissions. This review provides insight into the pollutant emissions from methanol-blended fuel, which will aid policymakers in making energy strategy decisions that take urban air pollution, climate change, and energy security into account.     

柴油车尾气碳烟颗粒催化消除研究进展

本文针对柴油车尾气中碳烟颗粒污染环境的问题,综述了国内外关于碳烟颗粒催化消除及其作用机理的研究进展.指出了转换频率(TOF)更能从真正意义上表征催化剂的内在活性,从而有利于认识真实的反应机制和开发更高活性的催化剂.基于碳烟催化燃烧技术的特点和存在的问题,对今后相关的研究工作进行了展望.     

A comparative study of particle size distribution from two oxygenated fuels and diesel fuel

Oxygenated fuels are known to reduce particulate matter (PM) emissions from diesel engines. In this study, 100% soy methyl ester (SME) biodiesel fuel (B100) and a blend of 10% acetal denoted by A-diesel with diesel fuel were tested as oxygenated fuels. Particle size and number distributions from a diesel engine fueled with oxygenated fuels and base diesel fuel were measured using an Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI). Measurements were made at ten steady-state operational modes of various loads at two engine speeds. It was found that the geometric mean diameters of particles from SME and Adiesel were lower than that from base diesel fuel. Compared to diesel fuel, SME emitted more ultra-fine particles at rated speed while emitting less ultra-fine particles at maximum speed. Ultra-fine particle number concentrations of A-diesel were much higher than those of base diesel fuel at most test modes.     

Characterization and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air (Tehran,Iran)

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous in the urban atmosphere and the atmospheric pollutants to be identified as the most suspected carcinogens. In early measurements of urban PAH concentrations in Tehran area, the correlation between concentrations of different species indicated that automobiles were the predominant source of emission of PAHs in this city. From the diagnostic ratios, the results indicated that PAHs in the ambient air in Tehran originate primarily from diesel and gasoline engines, but contribution of the related diesel emission is apparently higher, or dominant, at the sampling sites and therefore considered as the major emission of PAHs in the ambient air.     

Giving green to get green? Incentives and consumer adoption of hybrid vehicle technology

Federal, state, and local governments use a variety of incentives to induce consumer adoption of hybrid-electric vehicles. We study the relative efficacy of state sales tax waivers, income tax credits, and non-tax incentives and find that the type of tax incentive offered is as important as the generosity of the incentive. Conditional on value, sales tax waivers are associated with more than a ten-fold increase in hybrid sales relative to income tax credits. In addition, we examine how adoption varies with fuel prices. Rising gasoline prices are associated with greater hybrid vehicle sales, but this effect operates almost entirely through high fuel-economy vehicles. By comparing consumer response to sales tax waivers and estimated future fuel savings, we estimate an implicit discount rate of 14.6% on future fuel savings.     

Fuel Economy and Motor Vehicle Emissions

The conventional wisdom is that there is no relationship between fuel economy and motor vehicle emissions, at least for new cars. The requirement that all vehicles meet a common emission standard in terms of grams per mile effectively breaks whatever link there might have been between fuel economy and emissions in uncontrolled (preregulatory) vehicles. As cars age, however, the emission control equipment tends to break down, providing reason to think that the conventional wisdom might do the same. This paper reports on an empirical examination of this proposition, by linking EPA fuel economy certification data to a large database of motor vehicle emission measurements collected by remote sensing. It is found that better fuel economy is strongly associated with lower emissions of CO and HC and that the effect gets stronger as vehicles age.