汉江水相和沉积物中药品和个人护理品(PPCPs)的污染水平与生态风险

本文研究了汉江水相和沉积物中10种药品和个人护理品（PPCPs）的浓度分布、组成特征和污染来源;分析了汉江水相和沉积物中PPCPs含量的时空变化;结果表明,10种PPCPs物质的检出频率不同.枯水期和丰水期水样中∑PPCPs浓度分别为37.47-275.83 ng·L-1和72.02-292.96 ng·L-1,枯水期和丰水期沉积物样品中∑PPCPs浓度分别为24.71-85.12 μg·kg-1和3.35-171.84 μg·kg-1.水样中总浓度最高点出现在集家嘴的丰水期,且酮基布洛芬（KTP）的检出浓度最高,达250.59 ng·L-1.沉积物中浓度最高点出现在丹江口的丰水期,且以酮基布洛芬（KTP）和三氯卡班（TCC）为主.所有沉积物样品中各组分占比以酮基布洛芬（KTP）为主.采用风险商（RQ）法对汉江水相和沉积物中的10种PPCPs进行生态风险评估,结果表明,主要是酮基布洛芬（KTP）、三氯生（TCS）和三氯卡班（TCC）对细菌类、藻类、无脊椎动物和鱼类有明显不同的生态风险.汉江流域PPCPs的生态风险需引起关注.     

活性污泥和生物膜模型预测污水中PPCPs去除研究进展

药品及个人护理用品（pharmaceutical and personal care products,PPCPs）在污水中广泛检出,低浓度的PPCPs即可对生态环境和人体健康产生不利影响,污水处理厂出水排放是水环境PPCPs的重要源。活性污泥和生物膜工艺是目前最常用的污水生物处理工艺,这两种工艺涉及的生化过程复杂,影响因素众多,难以有效去除PPCPs。数学模型是污水处理工艺运行优化的重要工具。本文系统阐述了PPCPs去除模型的建立方法,包括物质和微生物组分及PPCPs去除过程的确定、动力学方程及关键系数的测定与校准、活性污泥和生物膜模型的异同等;综述了污水中PPCPs去除模型的应用研究进展,包括用于评价不同微生物对PPCPs的降解性能、探究污水中PPCPs的生物降解机制及限制因素、优化影响PPCPs去除的参数等,为精准调控污水中PPCPs去除提供参考。     

药品和个人护理用品在固体基底中的检测方法和分布现状

药品和个人护理用品(Pharmaceuticals and personal care products, PPCPs)在环境中广泛存在,威胁生态环境和人类健康,受到越来越多的关注.本文综述了固体基底中PPCPs的检测方法,总结了国内外污泥、土壤、沉积物等基底中PPCPs的污染现状,并对PPCPs的进一步研究进行了展望.结果表明,PPCPs的检测方法朝多样化和趋优化的方向发展.污泥样品中PPCPs种类多、浓度高(μg·kg-1—mg·kg-1),土壤和沉积物中虽然浓度不高,但是总量不可小觑.目前,固体基底中的PPCPs还需要更全面和更广泛的研究.     

饮用水系统中药物和个人护理用品的研究进展

药物和个人护理用品（pharmaceuticals and personal care products,PPCPs）作为一类新兴的有机污染物备受研究者的关注,未被去除的PPCPs母体或转化/降解产物可能进入饮用水系统,威胁人体健康.本文分析了PPCPs在饮用水源、出厂水、供水管网和龙头水中的赋存状况,总结了饮用水厂各处理工艺对PPCPs的去除效果.PPCPs在饮用水系统中的浓度较低,一般在ng·L-1到μg·L-1.饮用水厂处理工艺能有效去除特定PPCPs,其中氧化、活性炭及膜处理等深度处理工艺对PPCPs去除效果较好.加强对饮用水系统中PPCPs的来源控制、过程管理和末端监督等是将来的重要研究方向.     

巢湖东半湖饮用水源区沉积物药品和个人护理品(PPCPs)分布与生态风险

采用超声溶剂萃取（USE）、固相萃取（SPE）组合前处理和超高液相色谱-串联质谱（UPLC-MS/MS）方法,对巢湖东半湖饮用水源区120 km2范围内的14个采样点的沉积物中28种药品和个人护理品（PPCPs）进行了检测,并评估其生态风险.结果显示,在检测的28种PPCPs中,有21种在所有样点均未检出,有3种在部分样点达到检出限、但未达到定量限,有4种在部分样点达到了定量限,分别是苯扎贝特（BF）、咖啡因（CAF）、四环素（TCN）、泰妙菌素（TIA）.4种PPCPs的最大含量分别为：BF 6.19 μg·kg-1、CAF 3.30 μg·kg-1、TCN 7.06 μg·kg-1、TIA 27.60 μg·kg-1,其定量检出率分别为：BF 35.7%、CAF 28.6%、TCN 21.4%、TIA 85.7%.沉积物PPCPs含量在沿岸带高于敞水带,且沿主湖流方向自西向东呈降低趋势.分析了PPCPs分布与沉积物性质的关系,发现其与部分理化指标存在正相关或负相关关系.采用风险商（RQ）法对4种检出的PPCPs进行生态风险评估,显示在78.5%的采样点对藻类有中等风险或高风险,对无脊椎动物、鱼类在42.9%的采样点存在中等风险,其余为低风险.巢湖东半湖饮用水源区沉积物PPCPs的生态风险需引起重视.     

医药品和个人护理用品(PPCPs)类污染物氯化转化行为研究进展

针对水处理过程的消毒环节,着重探讨了医药品和个人护理用品(PPCPs)等新型环境污染物在氯化消毒过程中发生的转化行为,并分别针对酚类、醇类、醚类、酮类、胺类等典型结构化合物的氯化转化规律进行了归纳总结.同时,对消毒副产物所引起的潜在环境风险、健康效应进行了评述,为研发、优化该类污染物的处理工艺、提高风险管理水平提供科学依据.     

个人护理用品(PCPs)的生态毒性和处理工艺效果研究进展

个人护理用品的大量使用导致其生产量和排放量也日渐增加,会不可避免地进入环境,对生态环境和人体健康产生影响。本文归纳整理了个人护理用品的分类,总结了其中代表化合物对水生生物的生态毒性研究现状,分析比较了主要废水处理工艺技术对个人护理用品的去除效果,为今后对这类物质的生态毒性和处理工艺研究提供参考。     

高铁酸盐对生活污水中药品和个人护理品（PPCPs）的降解研究进展

药品和个人护理品（PPCPs）类新兴污染物在水环境中被频繁检出,其种类繁多,许多组分具有较强的生物活性。虽然PPCPs在环境中大多以痕量浓度存在,但因其生物累积性和潜在的生态风险性,近年来受到高度关注。文中阐述了高铁酸盐对污水环境中PPCPs的降解,并介绍了高铁酸盐与其他技术联用降解PPCPs的研究进展及高铁酸盐的发展前景,为其实际应用于污水中PPCPs的降解去除提供思路。     

某市水源水及净水厂中药品和个人护理品（PPCPs）的分布、含量和去除规律

随着检测技术的发展和检测水平的提升,水中痕量的PPCPs被不断发现,水源水以及饮用水中的痕量PPCPs亦被逐步重视起来。为了掌握珠三角某市饮用水系统中PPCPs的变化规律,采用固相萃取和超高压液相色谱-质谱联用技术调查了某市水源水、净水厂出厂水和管网水中目标PPCPs的分布和含量情况,同时研究了目标PPCPs在水厂中的去除规律。结果表明,在20个批次的样品中,该市水源1和水源2中分别检出7种和10种PPCPs。水源1中咖啡因的检出质量浓度最高,平均质量浓度为24.7ng·L^-1。水源2中红霉素的检出质量浓度最高,平均质量浓度为22.1ng·L^-1。在20个批次的样品中,常规处理工艺(水厂1、3和4)的出厂水分别检出3种、7种和7种PPCPs,深度处理工艺(水厂2)的出厂水中检出1种PPCPs。出厂水中PPCPs种类远少于水源水,浓度也明显下降。除水厂2以外,管网水中均有PPCPs检出,与出厂水相比,管网水中PPCPs种类和浓度也有所降低。常规处理工艺只对部分目标PPCPs有较好的去除效果,其中预氯化对PPCPs去除起重要作用;深度处理工艺对大...     

使用超高灵敏度三重四极杆质谱仪实现水中药物和个人护理用品(PPCPs)的高通量检测

药物和个人护理用品（pharmaceutical and personal care products,PPCPs）作为一类新兴污染物受到人们广泛的关注.环境水中的 PPCPs 种类繁多,含量很低,为准确的定性定量分析带来极大的挑战.本文建立了采用直接进样方式,利用LC/MS/MS同时检测377种PPCPs类化合物的方法,多数化合物的检测限（LOD） 低于10 ng·L-1.该方法具有高通量、高灵敏度和覆盖范围广等特点,适合于环境行业PPCPs的高通量筛查和检测.     

长江(南京段)环境雌激素的污染特征

利用固相萃取技术和重组基因酵母检测了长江(南京段)四个典型断面环境雌激素污染状况.结果表明,除秦淮新河断面外,江心洲断面、三汊河断面和大桥断面均有环境雌激素的检出,雌二醇当量分别为0.38、0.24和0.45 ng·L~(-1).与国内外地表水环境雌激素检测结果相比,长江(南京段)典型断面雌激素活性水平为较低至中等.对江心洲断面和大桥断面,甲醇洗脱组分的雌激素活性最大,其次为丙酮洗脱组分,二氯甲烷洗脱组分的雌激素活性最小;对三汊河断面,丙酮洗脱组分的雌激素活性最大,其次为二氯甲烷洗脱组分,甲醇洗脱组分的雌激素活性最小.这可能是污水来源不同所致,生活污水导致大量极性雌激素污染物的输入,而工业污水则主要引入了中等至弱极性雌激素污染物.三个雌激素活性阳性检出断面主要活性洗脱组分的雌激素活性均大于混合样的雌激素活性,这可能是由于样品混合后各种结构上不同的污染物之间的交互作用掩盖了实际的雌激素活性.     

The influence of reproductive status on foraging by hoary marmots (Marmota caligata)

Summary Predictions were made and tested, comparing the foraging behavior of reproductive (rf) and nonreproductive (nrf) female hoary marmots, with the following findings: In June, no differences occur between rf's and nrf's, regarding daytime foraging. However, rf's forage more in the evening and during inclement weather, suggesting that greater nutritional needs and higher reproductive value select for the assumption of more risk while foraging. These differences disappear by August, when nutritional needs and reproductive values of rf's and nrf's are comparable. Finally, rf's reduce their near-burrow foraging relative to nrf's, which minimizes competition with their own young.     

Preparations and properties of transformation products of pentachlorophenol (PCP)

The present paper describes preparations and properties of pentachlorophenol derivatives.     

中国农产品产地环境标准中存在的问题与对策研究

目前中国已经颁布的各类产地环境类标准已超过30多个(不含地方标准)，与欧美发达国家同类标准相比，中国现行的产地环境类标准普遍存在着制定程序不严谨、相关标准之间衔接统一不够、标准的科学技术水平不高、标准的针对性与实用性不强、标准与分析检验方法不配套等共同的问题。通过实例和数据，对以上问题进行了研究和分析，提出了改革现行的标准管理模式、加强基础性科学研究、借鉴和引进国际先进标准、培育专业技术队伍等对策措施。     

Biodegradation of crude petroleum and petroleum products by fungi isolated from two oil seeds (melon and soybean)

Crude petroleum oil degrading fungi were isolated from two oil seeds, Cucumeropsis mannii (melon) and Glycine max (soybean) seeds in the presence and absence of petroleum fumes. An assessment of the relative ability of each fungus to degrade crude petroleum, diesel and kerosene on minimum salt solution was done using change in optical density read on spectrophotometer. Twenty-one fungal species (14 genera) were isolated altogether during this experiment. These include eight species of Aspergillus; one species each of Botryodiplodia, Bipolaris, Cladosporium, Cunnighamella, Dreschlera, Fusarium, Helminthosporium, Macrophomina, Mucor, Paeciliomyces, Penicillium, Rhizopus and Talariomyces. It was evident that most of the fungi tested were able to biodegrade the crude petroleum oil, though at different rates. Bipolaris had a low rate of biodegradation of the petroleum oil of all the fungal species isolated Botryodiplodia theobromae had the highest degrading ability on the crude oil, while Aspergillus flavus had the least after 40 days of incubation. Aspergillus flavus had the highest ability to biodegrade diesel while A. niger had the least ability. In kerosene, Macrophomina phaseolina had the highest ability while A. niger had the least ability to biodegrade it. There was fluctuation in the growth pattern of the fungi in the petroleum oil medium. The implication of these are discussed.     

Determination of Au(III) and Pd(II) ions by flame atomic absorption spectrometry in some environmental samples after solid phase extraction

A simple and sensitive solid phase extraction method was developed for simultaneous separation and preconcentration of gold and palladium ions with N-(4-methylphenyl)-2-{[(4-phenyl-5-pyridine-4-yl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)thio]acetyl}hydrazine carbo thioamide complex on Amberlite XAD-1180 resin before their determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Some analytical parameters such as HNO₃ concentration of the sample solution, amount of complexing agent, sample volume, eluent type and volume, effects of foreign ions and adsorption capacity of the resin were investigated for quantitative recovery of gold and palladium ions. The effects of some anions and cations were also examined. Under optimum conditions, the detection limits for gold and palladium ions were found to be 0.29 and 0.19 μg L^?1, respectively. The preconcentration factor for gold and palladium was 250. After being validated by standard addition and analysis of standard reference material, the procedure was successfully applied to the analysis of sea and stream water, anodic slime, gold ore, soil and electronic waste.     

The bird species of Kumasir lake (Kahramanmaras-Turkey) and a view of environmental ethics on sustainable wetland management

Kumasir lake is located next to towns of Donuklu and Fatih, nine km west of Kahramanmaras city center the region of east Mediterranean, Turkey This lake is of crucial importance from the point of native and immigrant birds. We located 17 birdspecies in this area during our observations carried out in the spring and autumn of 2005-2006. These were Ciconia ciconia L., Anas platyrhynchos L., Accipiter nisus L., Accipiter brevipes L., Fulica atra L., Columba palumbus L., Merops apiaster L., Upupa epops L., Alauda arvensis L., Motacilla flava L., Turdus merula L., Acrocephalus scirpaceus L., Regulus regulus L., Garrulus glandarius L., Corvus corax L., Fringilla coelebs L., Hirundo rustica L.. Among observed 17 species; 6 of them were immigrant and remaining 11 of them were native birds. Kumasir lake is surrounded by wetland of Amik and Gavur lake. Since it was greatly dried, it was transformed to farmland. Consequently the birds lost most of theirnests and settlements. However not taken in the care of environmental ethic values, the wastewaters of the villages drain to lake reservoir; herbicides and insecticides used for agriculture are polluting the water reeds have been burned, the lake's reeds are getting dry by the irrigation for the farmland. So, the wetland ecosystem is being affected negatively by these factors. On the other hand, the birds are exposed to illegal and unlawful hunting. For this reasons, this lake must be taken into a management regime of sustainable wetland (protection profiting balance) and used techniques of participation planning via the process of sustainable natural resources and planning.     

运用熵值法探讨广州25年社会、环境和经济变化状况

改革开放以来,在广州经济社会发展和城市建设取得了显著成就的同时,人口、资源、环境与发展的矛盾也日益突出.如何有效度量社会、环境和经济的演进状况和协调程度是指导建设可持续发展社会的必要条件.文章汇总了广州1978-2003年的城市发展统计数据,从社会、环境和经济发展三个方面选取典型的评价指标,利用熵值法探讨期间广州城市可持续发展状况,结果表明:①社会进步指数由1978年的0.08增长到2003年的0.88,对可持续发展系数的贡献率为28.91%;②广州市环境支持指标值变化明显,环境支持指数由1978年0.07增长到2003年0.76,对发展可持续系数的贡献率为19.69% ;③经济发展进步较快,经济发展指数由1978 年的0.02增长到2003年0.84,是三个指数中增幅最大的指数,对发展可持续系数的贡献率为51.4%;④自改革开放以来,在经济高速发展的同时,社会子系统也同步发展,环境子系统虽有起伏,但波折并不大,可持续发展水平系数曲线仍然保持向上的势头,经济与社会、环境基本协调向前发展.     

Characterization of Santa Catarina (Brazil) coal with respect to human health and environmental concerns

The current paper presents the concentration, distribution, and modes of occurrence of trace elements of 13 coals from south Brazil. The samples were collected in the state of Santa Catarina. Chemical analyses and the high ash yields indicate that all studied coals are rich in mineral matter, with SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ dominating as determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Quartz is the main mineral species and is associated with minor levels of feldspars, kaolinite, hematite, and iron-rich carbonates. The contents of trace elements, including As, Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, Mn, Be, V, U, Zn, Li, Cu, Tl, and Ni, in coals were determined. A comparison of ranges and means of elemental concentrations in Santa Catarina, Brazil, and world coals shows that the ranges of most elements in Santa Catarina coal are very close to the usual worldwide concentration ranges in coal.