毛棉杜鹃地理分布及其开发利用

毛棉杜鹃为常绿灌木或小乔木,具有很高的观赏价值,介绍我国毛棉杜鹃的地理分布,生态学特性,阐述其优良特性以及开发利用的应用领域.结果表明:毛棉杜鹃具备优良的观赏特性和生态学特性,是一种极具发展潜力的园林植物材料.图2,表1,参8.     

黄杜鹃叶提取物对桔二叉蚜的毒力及其毒理研究

黄杜鹃(Rhododendron molle)叶提取物对桔二叉蚜(Toxoptera aurantii)有较强的毒杀作用．黄杜鹃叶的乙醇总提物对桔二叉蚜无翅成蚜的半致死浓度(LC50)为1558mg/L在黄杜鹃叶提取物的4种萃取物中，乙酸乙酯萃取物对桔二叉蚜的毒力最强，其LC50为364mg／L，表明黄杜鹃叶含有的杀虫活性物质主要存在于乙酸乙酯萃取物中．实验表明，黄杜鹃叶乙酸乙酯萃取物对桔二叉蚜的乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)和羧酸酯酶(CarE)有一定的抑制作用．桔二叉蚜经10000mg/L的黄杜鹃叶乙酸乙酯萃取物溶液处理24h后，其体内的乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性为对照组的0．6543倍，羧酸酯酶的活性仅为对照组的0．4021倍．图2表4参10     

《自然保护区展望:以历史使命、生存战略为视觉》简介

自然保护区工作者陶思明撰写的《自然保护区展望:以历史使命、生存战略为视觉》一书,已于2013年由科学出版社出版发行。长期以来在人类经济利益诱导下,不合理的自然资源开发利用已经极大地损害了自然生态系统,野生动植物分布地域大幅收缩,濒危物种越来越多,人类社会面临越来越严重的土地退化、资源紧缺、极端灾害和环境污染等问题,对人类自身生存     

南天竹种质资源及利用

南天竹资源丰富,分布广泛,适应性强,是一种具有观赏、生态、药用等多种价值的树种,具有良好的开发利用前景。为了促进我国南天竹资源的开发利用,对其物种及主要品种类型,生物学特性及开发利用价值作了详细介绍,并提出了在开发利用中应注意的问题.参21.     

太湖流域湖泊滩地资源及其开发利用

在调查和分析太湖流域湖泊滩地资源特征和开发利用状况的基础上,着重探讨了滩地围垦对流域生态环境的影响,并提出今后开发利用滩地资源的方向和对策。     

温州市荒山资源开发利用研究

运用区域系统分析法,着重分析了温州市两种类型荒山资源开发利用的优势和劣势;通过土地适宜性评价,得出了该市荒山资源以宜林地为主的结论;提出了荒山资源开发利用的原则、模式和措施。     

广西金钟山自然保护区鱼类资源考察报告

2004年11月14日至12月17日，在广西金钟山自然保护区内水域中共获淡水鱼类样品110余号，结合以往的调查资料。初步确定保护区淡水鱼类共有52种，分别隶属于4目13科1．45属．通过对保护区鱼类资源的实地考察，从生态区系的角度叙述了保护区野生鱼类资源的区系概况和分布特点，并对保护区鱼类资源的管理和合理利用提出了建议。     

红檵木及其中小型桩景速成制作技艺综述

为开发利用湖南乡土红檵木树种资源，本文从种质资源与观赏习性、桩材来源、造型制作技术、养护与管理等5个方面，全面论述了红檵木中小型树桩盆景生产制作现状，探讨了一些值得关注的实际问题．     

秋色叶树种在园林造景中的应用

秋色叶树种是园林造景中重要的观赏树种之一，我国秋色叶树木资源十分丰富，开发利用秋色叶树木资源对我国园林建设具有重要意义．作者分析了秋色叶树种内涵，主要树种的性状、特征、观赏价值及在我国自然秋色景观中的应用等，初步探讨了它们在城市园林造景中应用方式、应用前景，提出了秋色叶树种选择应用的原则及应注意的问题．     

天津滨海湿地典型野生盐生植物的应用

天津滨海湿地具有丰富的野生盐生植物资源,其中为数众多的盐生植物成功适应了本地区生境,深入研究其应用对滨海盐碱地改良与植被恢复具有重要意义。在滨海自然盐生植物资源调查的基础上,对滨海盐生植物多样性组成进行了简要分析;结合典型盐生植被景观的构成及特征,重点探究了典型野生盐生植物在滨海盐碱地改良和植被恢复、园林绿化方面的应用。研究表明：本区15科,35余种的野生盐生植物中,能够重点推荐作为盐碱地改良和绿化的典型野生盐生植物至少有15种。最后提出保留和保护典型盐生植物和植被景观的建议。     

Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Practice for Edible Wild Plants: Biodiversity Use by the Rarámuri,in the Sirerra Tarahumara,Mexico

The Rarámuri who live in the Sierra Tarahumara of Chihuahua State, Mexico have developed local knowledge and harvesting strategies for edible wild plants that have the effect of conserving the biodiversity of their forest ecosystem. This paper presents the results of ethnobotanical research undertaken in the community of Basìhuare in the Sierra Tarahumara, to provide details on some practical aspects of the Raráamuri worldview regarding interconnections between people and their environment. This traditional philosophy forms the basis for the use of edible wild plants and the harvesting strategies practiced in Basìhuare, such as selective harvesting, environmental modification and domestication. These activities provide the opportunity for harvesters to monitor the landscape and the plant resources that occur on the land, as well as present a setting for the communication and exchange of traditional ecological knowledge. However, Rarámuri harvesting practices are under stress because of increased external pressures from commercial timber extraction and other development. We discuss the state of traditional ecological knowledge and its transmission in the context of development activities in the region. The key to sustainability in the Sierra Tarahumara may be the maintenance of traditional management practices for edible wild plants, and other nontimber forest products, that lead to the conservation of biodiversity by creating patchiness and renewing the plant cover on the land.     

湖南观光休闲农业旅游资源及其开发研究

湖南作为内陆农业大省和旅游资源大省，具有独特的“潇湘”自然生态环境本底，丰富多彩的乡村景观资源，较为优越的区位交通条件，发展观光休闲农业具有得天独厚的优势和潜力、但在开发观光休闲农业旅游资源时，应坚持市场导向，准确定位；突出乡土特色，提升文化品位；加强对乡村景观资源及其环境的保护，走可持续发展之路。     

Framing the relationship between people and nature in the context of European conservation

A key controversy in conservation is the framing of the relationship between people and nature. The extent to which the realms of nature and human culture are viewed as separate (dualistic view) or integrated is often discussed in the social sciences. To explore how this relationship is represented in the practice of conservation in Europe, we considered examples of cultural landscapes, wildlife (red deer, reindeer, horses), and protected area management. We found little support, for a dualistic worldview, where people and nature are regarded as separate in the traditional practice of conservation in Europe. The borders between nature and culture, wild and domestic, public land and private land, and between protected areas and the wider landscape were blurred and dynamic. The institutionalized (in practice and legislation) view is of an interactive mutualistic system in which humans and nature share the whole landscape. However, more dualistic ideals, such as wilderness and rewilding that are challenging established practices are expanding. In the context of modern day Europe, wilderness conservation and rewilding are not valid for the whole landscape, although it is possible to integrate some areas of low‐intervention management into a wider matrix. A precondition for success is to recognize and plan for a plurality of values concerning the most valid approaches to conservation and to plan for this plurality at the landscape scale.     

Landscape-scale resources promote colony growth but not reproductive performance of bumble bees

Variation in the availability of food resources over space and time is a likely driver of how landscape structure and composition affect animal populations. Few studies, however, have directly assessed the spatiotemporal variation in resource availability that arises from landscape pattern, or its effect on populations and population dynamic parameters. We tested the effect of floral resource availability at the landscape scale on the numbers of worker, male, and queen offspring produced by bumble bee, Bombus vosnesen?kii, colonies experimentally placed within complex agricultural-natural landscapes. We quantified flower densities in all land use types at different times of the season and then used these data to calculate spatially explicit estimates of floral resources surrounding each colony. Floral availability strongly correlated with landscape structure, and different regions of the landscape showed distinct seasonal patterns of floral availability. The floral resources available in the landscape surrounding a colony positively affected the number of workers and males it produced. Production was more sensitive to early- than to later-season resources. Floral resources did not significantly affect queen production despite a strong correlation between worker number and queen number among colonies. No landscape produced high floral resources during both the early and late season, and seasonal consistency is likely required for greater queen production. Floral resources are important determinants of colony growth and likely affect the pollination services provided by bumble bees at a landscape scale. Spatiotemporal variation in floral resources across the landscape precludes a simple relationship between resources and reproductive success as measured by queens, but nonetheless likely influences the total abundance of bumble bees in our study region.     

Effects of pollinator density-dependent preferences on field margin visitations in the midst of agricultural monocultures: A modelling approach

Managed field margins offer a means of reducing the impact of agricultural monocultures within intensively managed environments. By providing refuge for wild plants and the pollinators associated with them, field margins can also contribute to enhancing the pollination services within the monoculture. However, the effects of the monoculture on pollinator behaviour need to be carefully considered. It is known that pollinators may show density-dependent preferences such as neophobia (an avoidance of unfamiliar items) when different types of flower are available within their environment, and the dominance of monoculture crops within the environment may consequently have adverse effects upon the preferences shown by pollinators living in the field margins within them. In order to examine how pollinator preferences for wild flowers are affected by monocultures, we modelled the effects of density-dependent preferences, flower densities, and the geometry of field margins within a monoculture landscape using numerical simulations. This was done by considering how the placement of pollinator nests within a simple, spatially explicit landscape consisting of fields of monoculture crops separated by margins containing wild flowers affected the ratio of wild and monoculture crops experienced by the pollinator, given that it could only forage within a limited distance from its nest. Increasing field margin width and decreasing monoculture field width both led to an increase in pollinators visiting wild flowers (which levelled off as width increased). The size of the monoculture fields had little additional effect once they had passed an intermediate width. Increasing wild flower density within the margins led to a shift away from preferring monocultures. When wild flowers were at low densities compared to the monoculture, even the addition of small amounts of extra wild flowers had a large effect in shifting foraging preferences away from the monoculture. The distance which pollinators normally forage over only has an effect upon preferences for wild flowers when the travel distance is small. This suggests that careful consideration of margin design might be extremely important for those species which do not travel far. Innate preferences for density-dependence and particular crop types may also have an effect on preference behaviour. We demonstrate that the way in which resources are presented to indigenous pollinators may be extremely important in influencing where they choose to forage within agricultural landscapes. Careful margin design, as well as increasing the density of wild flowers (such as by enhancing the wild seed bank within the margins), may lead to overall improvements in ecosystem function within intensively farmed monocultures.     

基于景观格局的辽河三角洲湿地生态安全分析

以1990年和2005年遥感影像为基本信息源,在GIS技术支持下,在对辽河三角洲湿地景观格局分析的基础上,采用破碎度、分离度、优势度等景观格局指数和景观类型脆弱度为评价指标研究辽河三角洲湿地景观生态安全。20世纪90年代以来大规模的资源开发,加剧了辽河三角洲湿地景观的破碎化程度,使景观优势度增高,多样性下降。从1990-2005年,研究区主要湿地景观类型水稻田、苇田、滩涂的干扰程度有所增加,生态安全度均有所下降,表明人类对自然湿地生态系统的干扰越来越明显。总体来说,15年来研究区整体景观生态安全度呈现下降趋势。以往湿地生态安全的研究主要集中在环境脆弱性和保护策略方面,研究层次着重在生态系统层面,而从景观格局角度对湿地景观生态安全的研究涉及较少,文章涉及的是景观生态学可持续发展研究的一个新领域,所提出的内容实质上是景观生态安全定量表征的方法探讨。应用景观生态学方法研究生态安全,揭示景观结构与功能关系并进一步分析区域生态环境的变化趋势及其内在因素,不但为辽河三角洲湿地及其生物多样性的保护和资源开发提供了科学依据,而且丰富和发展了我国生态安全研究的理论与方法。     

浅议郴州市废弃矿山生态恢复途径

郴州市矿产资源丰富,采矿业发达,矿山资源开发导致了环境污染、生态破坏等一系列问题,矿山废弃地的生态恢复及景观重建已成为郴州市经济和社会发展需要迫切解决的问题之一.概括地介绍了郴州市的基本状况,分析了郴州市采矿业的无序发展对生态环境的影响,并针对矿山废弃地环境的污染问题,探索性地提出了郴州市废弃矿山生态恢复的途径.     

Changes in wetland landscape patterns on Yinchuan Plain,China

Wetlands, with their many values and important functions, are precious resources. They have, however, undergone great changes during economic development and population growth. Relying on recent advances in remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) techniques, this paper probes changes in wetland landscapes on Yinchuan Plain during 1978–2006. A series of remote sensing images was used to identify wetland landscape types. Landscape pattern indices, such as patch number, patch density, landscape shape, and Shannon's diversity, evenness, and contagion indices were calculated with GIS and landscape analysis software. Changes in wetland landscape patterns on Yinchuan Plain were analyzed. The analysis show that the total area of wetlands on Yinchuan Plain decreased from 391,540,239 m² in 1978 to 267,979,957 m² in 2006, a significant change over 28 years. The area of rivers and lakes has shrunk, and the area of paddies has increased consistently, with increasing wetland fragmentation and heterogeneity. The number of patches, patch density, and landscape shape index shows that wetland landscape patterns have undergone great changes. The landscape diversity, landscape evenness, and contagion indices indicate that wetland landscapes have become less heterogeneous. We discuss the causes of these changes and the sustainable development of wetland ecosystems.     

试论传统园林艺术风格形成的影响因素

中国园林以自然风景式的风格著称于世,其发展过程中受到诸多因素的影响.该文以中国传统园林风格为案例,从客观因素和主观因素分析中国传统造园艺术风格形成的影响因素,以期引发对创造现代园林风格的思考.