冰封期乌梁素海不同形态氮、磷和叶绿素a的空间分布特征及其响应关系

湖泊水体中氮、磷和叶绿素a空间分布特征及其响应关系对辨识水环境质量具有重要意义。尤其对于冰封期典型的水文气候条件,将表现出特殊的环境地球化学行为,冰封期结冰过程使水体不同形态的氮、磷由冰层向水体迁移,导致冰下水体中营养盐浓度、叶绿素a浓度大于冰层,冰下水体污染物浓度增加。为量化不同污染物质在冰-水介质中迁移规律,于2020年1月14日采集乌梁素海12个样点的冰样和冰体,检测了各采样点不同形态氮磷和叶绿素a浓度。结果表明:冰样中高值ρ_((TN)) 0.838 mg·L~(-1)、ρ_((NH_4~+-N)) 0.109 mg·L~(-1)、ρ_((NO_3~--N)) 0.347 mg·L~(-1)分别位于湖心区的Q8采样点和北湖区的J11采样点。TN、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N集中分布在中层冰、下层冰和上层冰,冰下水体中北湖区的ρ_((TN))、ρ_((NH_4~+-N))、ρ_((NO_3~--N))、ρ_((NO_2~--N))出现高值。在冰样和冰下水体中总磷(TP)和溶解性总磷(DTP)的分布规律均为北湖区最高,南湖区最低。并且TP和DTP集中分布在下冰层。冰样中Chl-a在北湖区、湖心区和南湖区的平均质量浓度分别为2.455、1.407和1.210 mg·L~(-1),41.6%采样点的中层冰和下层冰中含有高浓度的Chl-a。冰下水体中Chl-a的质量浓度范围是1.530—12.280mg·L~(-1),均值为7.874mg·L~(-1)。冰封期乌梁素海的氮、磷和叶绿素a集中分布在冰下水体中。线性回归分析表明冰层和冰下水体中不同形态的氮、磷对叶绿素a的响应存在不同程度的差异。研究结果可为乌梁素海进一步的污染治理提供参考和借鉴。     

三峡水库香溪河库湾氮磷分布状况及沉积物污染评价

为了解三峡大坝蓄水完成之后香溪河库湾水体及沉积物中氮、磷的分布状况以及沉积物污染水平,2013年4月对三峡水库香溪河库湾进行调查采样,测定表层水及沉积物中氮磷含量和形态组成。结果表明,香溪河库湾表层水总磷(TP)含量范围为0.20~0.51 mg·L~(-1),总氮(TN)含量范围为0.54~2.25 mg·L~(-1),TP主要由磷酸盐(PO_4~(3-))组成,TN主要由硝酸盐(NO_3~-)以及氨氮(NH_4~+)组成,TP在空间上呈现从河口向库尾逐渐升高的分布格局,TN分布从河口向库尾逐渐降低。香溪河库湾沉积物中TP含量变化范围为642~1 189 mg·kg~(-1),TN含量变化范围为867~1 718 mg·kg~(-1),沉积物TP含量分布呈现上游高下游低,沉积物TN分布趋势呈现中间高,两头低。沉积物中TP主要由无机磷(IP)组成,有机磷(OP)所占比例较小,其中IP由钙磷(Ca-P)、铁铝磷(Fe/Al-P)组成,三者含量:Ca-POPFe/Al-P,且沉积物TP含量空间变化受到三者影响(P0.05)。采用单一因子标准指数法对香溪河库湾沉积物中TN、TP污染水平进行评价,结果表明,表层沉积物中TN、TP最低级别污染指数平均值为2.0和1.6,表层沉积物中TN、TP污染指数均超过最低污染水平,且TP的严重级别污染指数达到0.5以上。三峡水库三期蓄水完成以后,香溪河库湾表层水体中氮磷含量较初期蓄水有所升高,各样点沉积物中氮磷含量表现出相同的趋势,沉积物中不稳定磷释放对水体富营养化具有影响,香溪河库湾的表层沉积物已经受到一定的污染,磷污染水平较高。     

内蒙古达里诺尔湖湖泊水体与入湖河水水化学特征及控制因素

为摸清内蒙古达里诺尔湖湖泊水体与入湖河水的水化学主要离子组成特征及其控制因素,于2013年6—9月对湖水、河水进行采样.采用水化学类型三角图分析不同湖水与河水的主要离子组成,利用Gibbs图分析水体化学成分主要驱动因素,在此基础上,运用河水主要离子比例关系图进一步分析入湖河水离子主要来源.结果显示,达里诺尔湖湖水总溶解固体(TDS)含量范围为5800—6170 mg·L~(-1),平均值为5990 mg·L~(-1),入湖河水TDS含量范围为140—310 mg·L~(-1),平均值为200 mg·L~(-1),远低于湖水的TDS值.入湖的河水属于淡水,而湖水则已演变为中度咸水.湖水、河水主离子组成以及水化学类型具有一定的差异,其中,湖水离子含量特征为HCO-3(2564.60 mg·L~(-1))Cl-(2025.29 mg·L~(-1))SO2-4(424.02 mg·L~(-1)),Na+(2070.68 mg·L~(-1))K+(159.24 mg·L~(-1))Mg~(2+)(20.04 mg·L~(-1))Ca~(2+)(5.09 mg·L~(-1));河水离子含量特征为HCO-3(118.93mg·L~(-1))Cl-(24.99 mg·L~(-1))SO_4~(2-)(11.77 mg·L~(-1)),Na~+(49.84 mg·L~(-1))Ca~(2+)(27.83 mg·L~(-1))Mg~(2+)(14.55 mg·L~(-1))K+(6.56 mg·L~(-1));依据阴、阳离子所占比例进行分类,湖水的水化学类型为Cl-HCO_3~-Na型,贡格尔河为Cl-HCO_3-SO_4-Na-Ca型,浩来河为Cl-HCO_3-Na-Ca-Mg型,沙里河为HCO_3-Na-Mg型,亮子河为HCO_3-Ca-Na型.从水化学驱动因素上看,其水化学组成自然起源主要受自身蒸发-结晶作用的影响,部分区域受到农业活动、放牧及旅游业等人类活动影响,而贡格尔河、浩来河、亮子河及沙里河4条入湖河水的水化学组成落在Gibbs模型的中部,则主要受岩石风化作用控制,4条河流主要受碳酸岩风化影响,钠硅酸岩风化对河水中阳离子的贡献也较大.结合入湖河水水质、水化学驱动因素分析,近年来湖水水体盐化主要是受湖区蒸发量增大、入湖流量减少、湖区面积萎缩的影响,入湖盐分的贡献及人类活动的影响则相对较小.     

基于污水处理厂尾水深度净化的漂浮植物生态治理工程模式比较研究

为了减少城镇污水处理厂尾水直接排放后对受纳水体造成的污染负荷和生态毒害,应该进一步的深度处理尾水。利用漂浮植物水葫芦(Eichhornia crassipes)和水浮莲(Pistia stratiotes),构建两种三级串联净化塘生态治理工程模式深度净化城镇污水处理厂尾水,即单一种养水葫芦模式和水葫芦、水浮莲组合种养模式。通过监测净化塘内漂浮植物生物量及水体氮、磷等指标变化,研究两种不同治理模式对尾水的净化效果,以期为漂浮植物深度净化污水处理厂尾水提供合适的生态工程模式与理论依据。结果表明:两种治理模式下,漂浮植物生长迅速,一级净化塘漂浮植物单位面积平均生物量最高,三级净化塘最低;尾水pH和DO浓度小幅度下降;尾水氮、磷浓度沿着水流流程方向逐渐降低,尤其是一级和二级净化塘对尾水中氮、磷的削减效果明显;2015年单一种养水葫芦模式下,尾水TN和TP平均质量浓度分别由10.62 mg·L~(-1)和0.38 mg·L~(-1)降至3.07 mg·L~(-1)和0.12 mg·L~(-1),去除率为71.06%和68.42%;2016年缩小工程规模,采用水葫芦、水浮莲组合种养模式时,尾水TN和TP平均质量浓度分别由13.13 mg·L~(-1)和0.42 mg·L~(-1)降至1.26 mg·L~(-1)和0.12 mg·L~(-1),去除率为90.37%和70.53%。综合分析,水浮莲、水葫芦组合种养模式,不仅节约工程用地面积,同时对尾水的净化效能更佳,每组合种养5-6 m~2即可处理1吨一级A尾水至地表Ⅴ类水标准,适合用于深度净化污水处理厂尾水。     

闽北建溪流域表层沉积物营养元素分布特征及生态风险评价

为了解闽江上游流域沉积物环境的现状,本文研究闽北建溪流域表层沉积物中营养元素的分布特征及生态风险,描述了表层沉积物中有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)的含量分布,运用单因子指数法进行生态风险评价,并分析碳、氮、磷的比例,阐述其相关关系及其环境意义.结果表明,沉积物中TOC、TN和TP的含量均值分别为3.05%、1858.05 mg·kg~(-1)和624.68 mg·kg~(-1),对多数底栖生物处于安全范围; TOC的单因子污染指数范围为2.0—5.8,TN污染指数范围为2.3—4.4,TP指数范围则为0.4—1.7,具有潜在的生态风险;沉积物营养元素比值中TOC/TN均值为16.9,TOC/TP均值为53.7,TN/TP均值为3.2,表明建溪流域沉积物营养元素受内、外源共同输入影响,且以外源作用为主导,其中林地营养物质输出是沉积物营养累积的主要原因之一.总体而言,建溪流域沉积物TN的生态风险较高且主要受流域面源排放影响,TOC与TP的生态风险较低.因此,应着重加强流域氮素面源污染调查并对重点污染源加以严控,减轻流域总氮的生态风险.     

鄱阳湖网箱养殖对水环境的影响——以都昌水域为例

为了探讨网箱养殖对水体的影响,选取了位于鄱阳湖北岸的都昌县网箱养殖水域为研究对象,于2017年10月和2018年3月对网箱区、外围区和对照点的水体环境进行了分析调查,探讨了网箱养殖对养殖区水体水环境(水温、DO、pH、Chla、TN、TP等)的影响,并利用综合营养状态指数对水体的富营养化状态进行了评价.结果表明,网箱养殖活动对养殖区水体水温和pH几乎没有影响;而对DO、Chla和营养盐含量的影响较明显.3月和10月研究区水体的DO明显低于对照点,Chla明显高于对照点.3月和10月网箱区水体的TN变化范围分别为2.26—2.40 mg·L~(-1)和2.05—2.72 mg·L~(-1),对照点分别为1.49 mg·L~(-1)和1.14 mg·L~(-1);TP的变化范围分别为0.24—0.42 mg·L~(-1)和0.11—0.23 mg·L~(-1),对照点分别为0.18 mg·L~(-1)和0.11 mg·L~(-1);TN和TP含量的最大值均出现在网箱区;网箱区水体NH~+_4-N的变化范围分别为0.66—1.05 mg·L~(-1)和0.18—0.39 mg·L~(-1);NO~-_3-N的变化范围分别为0.72—1.01 mg·L~(-1)和0.38—0.62 mg·L~(-1);3月研究区水体的NH~+_4-N、NO~-_3-N、TN和TP含量整体高于10月.养殖水体处于中营养,尚未出现富营养化.     

水体氮质量浓度升高对附着藻生长和元素计量特征的影响

附着藻是浅水湖泊重要的初级生产者,水体氮磷质量浓度升高会影响附着藻的生物量和元素计量特征,从而改变牧食螺类的食物数量和质量,进而影响牧食螺类生长及其与沉水植物之间的相互关系。为了探索氮负荷升高对附着藻生物量和质量的影响,基于受控实验研究了水体氮质量浓度升高(总氮2、4、6、8和10 mg·L~(-1);总磷各处理组均为0.1 mg·L~(-1))对附着藻生长和元素计量特征的影响。实验前测定湖水氮、磷本底质量浓度,通过添加配置的营养盐溶液(氮为KNO_3,磷为KH_2PO_4),使其达到实验设计的质量浓度。每3天换1次水以控制营养盐质量浓度。在每个玻璃缸中放置5片聚乙烯附着基用于采集附着藻。实验结束时测定附着藻生物量、氮及磷含量,并计算附着藻的生长率。结果表明:随着氮质量浓度升高,附着藻的生物量和生长率呈先增加后降低趋势,在氮质量浓度为6 mg·L~(-1)时达到最大值。附着藻氮含量和氮磷比随水体氮质量浓度的升高,亦呈现先增加后降低的趋势,氮含量最大值出现在8 mg·L~(-1)处理组,氮磷比最大值出现在6 mg·L~(-1)组。附着藻氮含量与水体氮质量浓度呈显著正相关(r=0.614,P0.001)。分析认为,附着藻生长率、氮含量及氮磷比在一定范围内随着水体氮质量浓度升高而增加,当氮质量浓度超过一定范围时,三者反而降低。     

洞庭湖不同形态氮、磷和叶绿素a浓度的时空分布特征

洞庭湖水体主要污染物为氮和磷,而有关洞庭湖营养盐赋存形态与叶绿素a的关系鲜有报道。为研究洞庭湖氮与磷的时空分布特征及其对叶绿素a(Chl-a)的影响,2017年在洞庭湖湖体、出湖口及8条入湖河流共20个断面采集了水样,分析了水体中不同形态氮、磷和Chl-a的质量浓度。结果表明,洞庭湖水体中总氮(TN)、溶解态总氮(DTN)、氨氮(NH_4~+-N)、硝酸盐氮(NO_3~--N)质量浓度年均值分别为1.83、1.69、0.26、1.27 mg·L~(-1),总磷(TP)、溶解态总磷(DTP)、磷酸盐(DPO)、颗粒态磷(PP)质量浓度年均值分别为0.081、0.059、0.049、0.022 mg·L~(-1),Chl-a质量浓度平均值为4.84μg·L~(-1)。空间分布上,各形态氮和磷的质量浓度总体表现为:入湖口出湖口湖体,其中,区间入湖口水体中ρ(TN)、ρ(NH_4~+-N)、ρ(TP)、ρ(PP)最高,而ρ(NO_3~--N)、ρ(DTP)、ρ(DPO)在松滋口最高。ρ(Chl-a)表现为区间湖体出湖口松滋口四水。时间分布上,各形态氮与磷的质量浓度具有明显的季节变化特征,均表现为枯水期平水期丰水期;ρ(Chl-a)总体上呈现丰水期平水期枯水期的趋势。可见入湖河流对洞庭湖氮与磷的时空分布起了至关重要的作用,入湖污染负荷和人类活动(包括采沙和生产生活)是洞庭湖氮与磷空间分布的重要影响因素,而入湖水量可在一定程度上解释洞庭湖氮与磷的时间分布。总体而言,洞庭湖未出现明显的富营养化现象,这可能得益于其独特的水文条件(水循环周期短,流速较快),但流速较低的六门闸和大小西湖断面ρ(Chl-a)较高,夏季水华频发,应引起高度重视。     

北江流域抗生素污染水平和来源初探

北江是发源于湖南(武水)和江西(浈水),汇于广东韶关,流经广东全境并入海的三大河流之一。为了解整个北江抗生素污染情况,共设置44个采样点,并采集了河水及部分沉积物样品,较全面地分析了各样品中12种典型抗生素含量并初步探究了其污染来源。研究发现,包括北江源头在内的全河段均有抗生素的检出,5类抗生素在表层水和沉积物中的平均浓度分别为77.8 ng·L~(-1)和3.6 ng·g~(-1)。其中,大环内酯类污染最为严重,其含量范围为11.7~114.6 ng·L~(-1)和0~435.3 ng·g~(-1),远高于其他类抗生素。表层水中磺胺类的磺胺甲恶唑和氯霉素类的检出率达100%,其中以磺胺甲恶唑(14.7 ng·L~(-1))和阿奇霉素(25.0 ng·L~(-1))为主,而沉积物中以阿奇霉素(35.9 ng·g~(-1))、氧氟沙星(5.4 ng·g~(-1))和四环素(3.3 ng·g~(-1))为主。由于流域污染源种类和数量不同,各抗生素在北江中的分布也存在差异。表层水中抗生素含量水平表现为下游高于上中游,在沉积物中则主要集中于中、下游之间河段。这反映了人类活动强度对北江抗生素污染的直接影响。     

城郊关键带土壤中溶解性有机质的光谱特性及其时空变异

溶解性有机质(DOM)作为地球关键带中物质与能量循环的重要活性组分,其与关键带中诸多重要环境过程有着密切关系.本研究以宁波樟溪流域作为城郊关键带的典型代表区域,采集土壤样品,结合紫外可见光谱(UV-Vis)、三维荧光光谱(3D-EEM)进行特征表征,分析不同类型土壤中DOM的分布特征、影响因素和季节性变化规律.主要结果如下:林地DOC平均含量均大于耕地,其中林地秋季(15.4 mg·L~(-1))林地春季(12.5 mg·L~(-1));耕地秋季(11.9 mg·L~(-1))耕地春季(11.4 mg·L~(-1));DOM结构在紫外可见光谱下表现为耕地DOM芳香化程度(SUVA_(254))、疏水性组分(SUVA_(260))和分子量(S_R)较林地大,其中耕地秋季最为突出;三维荧光光谱结合平行因子分析(PARAFAC)把土壤DOM分为5种组分,主要以富里酸类物质为主(C_1、C_3、C_5),也含有色氨酸、酪氨酸类蛋白质(C_4)和腐殖酸(C_2)等物质,其中耕地春季的腐殖化程度最大,耕地秋季比春季含有较多类蛋白质,林地较耕地含有更多的类蛋白质,林地春秋两季中DOM结构变化不大.     

Seasonal variation of nitrogen and phosphorus in Xiaojiang River—A tributary of the Three Gorges Reservoir

A yearlong monitoring program in the backwater area of Xiaojiang River (XBA) was launched in order to investigate the eutrophication of backwater areas in tributaries of the Yangtze River in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) in China, starting after the impoundment water level of the TGR reached 156 m. From March 2007 to March 2008, the average concentration of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were (1553±484) μg·L^?1 and (62±31) μg·L^?1, respectively. The mean value of chlorophyll was (9.07±0.91) μg·L^?1. The trophic level of XBA was meso-eutrophic, while the general nutrient limitation was phosphorus. The results indicated that XBA has a strong ability to purify itself and has non-point source pollution from terrestrial runoff. The variation of TN/TP ratio was caused by a variation in TN rather than in TP when TN/TP < 22. N-fixation from cyanobacteria occurred and became an important process in overcoming the nitrogen deficit under a low TN/TP ratio. When TN/TP ? 22, the variation of TP affected the TN/TP ratio more significantly than TN. The increase of TP in XBA was caused mainly by particulate phosphorus, which could originate from a non-point source as adsorptive inorganic forms after heavy rainfall and surface runoff. An increase in the river’s flow could also contribute to an unstable environment for the growth of phytoplankton.     

A study on the Spatial Distribution of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Balance, and Regional Nitrogen Flow Through Crop Production

The spatial distribution patterns of the nitrogen and phosphorus input/intake amounts in crop production within two small basins are examined, based upon a cropping unit distribution map that is obtained from remote sensing data analysis. Firstly, we examine the availability and suitability of approaches to the spatial distribution analysis of cultivation patterns classified from material flow characteristics of crop production using seasonal remote-sensing data. Secondly, material flow units in crop production are grouped according to the cultivation patterns obtained from the remote-sensing data analysis. Consequently, the spatial patterns of the amounts of both nitrogen and phosphorus inputs/intakes through crop production on farmland are examined and their spatial distribution maps are prepared according to the material flow units. In addition, we developed a nitrogen flow and runoff model and the model is simulated based on the examination of the results of spatial distribution patterns of the material flow units. The annual nitrogen runoff from small catchments, where various crops are cultivated, varies from 2.7 kg ha^–1 year^–1 to 108 kg ha^–1 year^–1 and the annual balanced losses of nitrogen in small catchments varied from –30 kg ha^–1 year^–1 to 101 kg ha^–1 year^–1. Also, the monthly changes in soil nitrogen of each material flow unit is estimated at –55 kg ha^–1 as a maximum decrease and 114 kg ha^–1 as a maximum increase. These results indicate that the spatial distribution patterns of nutrient input and intake through agricultural activities should be considered when analyzing the material flows and nutritient movement in soil–water systems in rural areas for watershed environmental control and regional agricultural management.     

条斑紫菜中磷和钙的亚细胞分布及其与富集砷的关系

研究条斑紫菜中磷和钙的亚细胞分布,并探讨其与条斑紫菜富集砷的关系。结果表明:条斑紫菜吸收磷、钙主要分布在细胞壁组分中,平均占总磷含量的53.9%,占总钙含量的61.25%,其次为细胞液。与对照组相比(砷暴露浓度0.5 mg·L~(-1)),在添加磷浓度为0.1 mg·L~(-1)和1.0 mg·L~(-1)处理组中,条斑紫菜中磷、砷之间呈现协同效应;当添加磷浓度为5.0 mg·L~(-1)和10.0 mg·L~(-1)时,条斑紫菜中磷、砷之间则呈现拮抗作用,砷的富集量分别比照组下降61.37%和72.73%。经添加钙液暴露过的条斑紫菜,当钙暴露浓度为1 000 mg·L~(-1)时其对砷的富集量比对照组减少15.51%。可知,5.0 mg·L~(-1)磷处理条斑紫菜,条斑紫菜对砷的富集受到明显的抑制。     

Effect of different carbon sources on performance of an A<Subscript>2</Subscript>N-MBR process and its microbial community structure

Effect of different carbon sources on purification performance and change of microbial community structure in a novel A₂N-MBR process were investigated. The results showed that when fed with acetate, propionate or acetate and propionate mixed (1:1) as carbon sources, the effluent COD, NH₄ ⁺-N, TN and TP were lower than 30, 5, 15 and 0.5 mg?L^–1, respectively. However, taken glucose as carbon source, the TP concentration of effluent reached 2.6 mg?L^–1. Process analysis found that the amount of anaerobic phosphorus release would be the key factor to determine the above effectiveness. The acetate was beneficial to the growth of Candidatus Accumulibacter associated with biological phosphorus removal, which was the main cause of high efficiency phosphorus removal in this system. In addition, it could eliminate the Candidatus Competibacter associated with glycogen-accumulating organisms and guarantee high efficiency phosphorus uptake of phosphorus accumulating organisms in the system with acetate as carbon source.

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Quantification and Index of Non-Point Source Pollution in Taihu Lake Region with GIS

The contribution of phosphorus and nitrogen from non-point source pollution (NPS) in the Taihu Lake region was investigated through case study and surveying in the town of Xueyan, From experimental results coupled with survey and statistics in the studied area, the distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus input to the water body is achieved from four main sources: agricultural land, village, the town center and the poultry factory. The results showed that about 38% of total phosphorus (TP) and 48% of total nitrogen (TN) discharged is from agricultural land, 33% of TP and 40% TN from village residents, 25% of TP and 10% of TN from the town center and 4% of TP and 2% of TN from the poultry factory.The Agricultural Non-point Pollution Potential Index (APPI) system for identifying and ranking critical areas of NPS was established with a Geographic Information Systems (GIS)-based technology. Quantification of the key factors in non-point sources pollution was carried out utilizing the following: Sediment Production Index (SPI), Runoff Index (RI), People and Animal Loading Index (PALI) and Chemical Use Index (CUI). These are the core parts of the model, and the weighting factor of each index was evaluated according the results of quantification. The model was successfully applied for evaluating APPI in Xueyan. Results from the model showed that the critical area identified for NPS control in Xueyan. The model has several advantages including: requiring fewer parameters, easy acquirement of these parameters, friendly interface, and convenience of operation. In addition it is especially useful for identifying critical areas of NPS when the basic data are not fully accessible, which is the present situation in China.     

微生物和硬毛藻对天鹅湖不同湖区沉积物氮磷释放的影响

荣成天鹅湖为一天然瀉湖,近年来绿潮硬毛藻大量爆发,内源污染日益严重。以大型硬毛藻和不同湖区沉积物为试材,设置沉积物+水、沉积物+水(灭菌)、沉积物+水+藻、沉积物+水+藻(灭菌)4个处理,研究了不同微生物活性及藻类条件下上覆水体氮磷质量浓度的变化,同步监测水土界面DO和pH等理化参数,以探讨藻分解和微生物对天鹅湖不同湖区沉积物氮磷释放的影响,为藻华消亡过程中内源污染的治理提供理论依据。结果表明,微生物存在和硬毛藻分解可使水体氮质量浓度明显增加(P<0.05)。试验过程中,水体总氮在有藻和无藻条件下的质量浓度变幅分别为1.56-14.11 mg·L^?1和0.11-8.96 mg·L^?1,后期灭菌处理明显低于未灭菌处理。藻分解对水体磷质量浓度具有极显著影响(P<0.01),有藻条件下灭菌处理总磷质量浓度为0.31-1.27 mg·L^?1,未灭菌处理为0.27-1.41 mg·L^?1;而无藻条件下灭菌和未灭菌处理变幅分别为0.019-0.047 mg·L^?1和0.025-0.078 mg·L^?1。在天鹅湖,不同湖区沉积物氮磷的释放能力存在差异,水体氮质量浓度在有藻和无藻条件下均表现为西北部>湖中心>湖南部,磷质量浓度有藻条件下与氮一致,而无藻条件下则表现为湖中心>西北部>湖南部。湖中心沉积物处理水体营养盐浓度受微生物活性影响较大。3种因素对水体氮磷质量浓度的影响效应表现为:藻类>微生物>沉积物。可见,在藻类大量暴发且微生物活性较高的湖中心及西北部,沉积物氮磷的释放潜力较大,尤其在藻类堆积腐烂时期,应引起足够重视。     

郑州市城市土壤理化性质

在郑州市市区范围内采集53个0-20 cm土壤样品,研究了土样部分基本性状。结果表明,郑州市城市土壤有机碳含量为1.33-20.5 g/kg,平均值为8.01 g/kg;碱解氮含量为8.30-142 mg/kg,平均值为46.4 mg/kg;Olsen-P含量为2.40-70.4 mg/kg,平均值为21.8 mg/kg;pH值为7.70-8.95,平均值为8.36;城市化造成的土壤质地较粗对土壤有效性氮、磷提高和有机碳含量降低有一定贡献;土壤pH增加导致土壤有效磷含量降低;不同土地利用方式下土壤性质的对比表明,荒地质地粗、养分含量低、pH高;公园绿地和街边绿地土壤有效磷含量较高,街边绿地土壤有机碳含量较低。根据以上结果,减少土壤中粗骨性侵入体的含量和合理管理土壤磷对于郑州市城市土壤管理有现实意义。     

Quantification and index of non-point source pollution in Taihu Lake region with GIS

The contribution of phosphorus and nitrogen from non-point source pollution (NPS) in the Taihu Lake region was investigated through case study and surveying in the town of Xueyan, From experimental results coupled with survey and statistics in the studied area, the distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus input to the water body is achieved from four main sources: agricultural land, village, the town center and the poultry factory. The results showed that about 38% of total phosphorus (TP) and 48% of total nitrogen (TN) discharged is from agricultural land, 33% of TP and 40% TN from village residents, 25% of TP and 10% of TN from the town center and 4% of TP and 2% of TN from the poultry factory. The Agricultural Non-point Pollution Potential Index (APPI) system for identifying and ranking critical areas of NPS was established with a Geographic Information Systems (GIS)-based technology. Quantification of the key factors in non-point sources pollution was carried out utilizing the following: Sediment Production Index (SPI), Runoff Index (RI), People and Animal Loading Index (PALI) and Chemical Use Index (CUI). These are the core parts of the model, and the weighting factor of each index was evaluated according the results of quantification. The model was successfully applied for evaluating APPI in Xueyan. Results from the model showed that the critical area identified for NPS control in Xueyan. The model has several advantages including: requiring fewer parameters, easy acquirement of these parameters, friendly interface, and convenience of operation. In addition it is especially useful for identifying critical areas of NPS when the basic data are not fully accessible, which is the present situation in China.     

中国东部浅水湖泊沉积物总氮总磷基准阈值研究

受人类活动的影响,东部浅水湖泊沉积物中总氮、总磷负荷很高,当外来污染源得到控制时,底泥中的营养盐会逐渐释放出来,对湖泊水质与生态系统影响很大。为合理削减湖泊内源污染,控制沉积物中营养盐向上覆水体释放,研究制定东部浅水湖泊沉积物总氮、总磷基准阈值,分别测定了100个湖泊的896个表层沉积物样品和8个典型湖泊11个柱芯的沉积物总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）含量,分析了沉积物TN、TP浓度剖面分布特征。通过频度分布法对100个湖泊沉积物总氮总磷的污染状况进行评价,通过背景值比较法确定了8个典型湖泊沉积物的TN、TP背景值。结果表明,100个湖泊的表层沉积物TN浓度范围在479.70~5 573.65 mg·kg-1,TP浓度范围在248.44~1000.33 mg·kg-1,不同湖泊表层沉积物中TN、TP值差异较大。8个典型湖泊沉积物总氮、总磷含量整体上表现出随着深度增加而下降变化趋势,在深层沉积物中含量保持稳定。所调查8个湖泊TN均值为1443.83 mg·kg-1,变化范围为247.45~3719.46 mg·kg-1,各湖泊中TN均值表现为：沱湖〉焦岗湖〉花园湖〉七里湖〉北民湖〉大通湖〉城东湖〉瓦埠湖;TP均值为519.62 mg·kg-1,变化范围为225.41~1944.89 mg·kg-1,各湖泊中TP均值表现为：北民湖〉大通湖〉七里湖〉焦岗湖〉沱湖〉瓦埠湖〉城东湖〉花园湖。不同湖泊沉积物总氮、总磷背景值差异很大。通过对100个湖泊表层沉积物TN、TP的频度分析发现,沉积物营养盐含量上25%点位对应的TP质量浓度398.51mg·kg-1,TN质量浓度为1106.24 mg·kg-1,沉积物营养盐含量下25%点位对应的TP质量浓度664.58 mg·kg-1,TN质量浓度为2916.66 mg·kg-1。通过互相之间的比较分析,推荐采用背景值比较法确定的各湖泊沉积物总氮、总磷背景值均值与频度分步法25%点位对应的总氮值和40%点位对应的总磷值作为东部浅水湖泊沉积物总氮、总磷基准阈值。因此,?