铜、镉胁迫下荻种子的萌发和幼苗生长

研究了不同质量浓度Cu、Cd胁迫对荻（Triarrhena sacchariflora（Maxim.）Nakai）种子萌发及其幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：随着胁迫质量浓度的增大,Cu、Cd对荻种子萌发和幼苗生长的抑制作用增强。就发芽率来看,影响荻种子萌发的Cu的临界质量浓度和极限质量浓度分别为20.81、67.37 mg·L-1,Cd的临界质量浓度和极限质量浓度分别为16.30、42.79 mg·L-1。Cu、Cd对荻幼苗根的抑制作用大于对芽的抑制作用;芽的生长表现为＂低促高抑＂。影响荻幼苗芽生长的Cu的临界质量浓度和极限质量浓度分别为52.32、96.11 mg·L-1,Cd的临界质量浓度和极限质量浓度分别为33.55、55.88 mg·L-1;影响荻幼苗根生长的Cu的临界质量浓度和极限质量浓度分别为42.33、85.03 mg·L-1,Cd的临界质量浓度和极限质量浓度分别为26.18、50.45 mg·L-1。     

铅、镉对南荻种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

以中国特有的非粮能源植物——南荻(Triarrhena lutarioriparia)为试验材料,采用水培法研究重金属铅(5、10、20、50、80 mg·L~(-1))、镉(0.5、1、5、10、20 mg·L~(-1))对南荻种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,旨在为植物修复重金属污染土壤提供一定的依据。结果表明,南荻种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数均与铅、镉处理质量浓度呈极显著负相关(P0.01),铅处理质量浓度(≤50 mg·L~(-1))显著增加异常发芽率(P0.05)。铅对南荻根长抑制作用显著(P0.05),当铅质量浓度达到10 mg·L~(-1)时,芽伸长开始受到抑制;镉胁迫对南荻种子根和芽的生长均表现为低浓度促进、高浓度抑制的作用,镉质量浓度为0.5、1 mg·L~(-1)时,南荻根长较对照分别增加18.8%、10.8%,当镉质量浓度≥5 mg·L~(-1)时,根长抑制率与芽长抑制率均显著增大(P0.05)。铅、镉处理对南荻种子根长的抑制作用大于对芽长的抑制作用。回归分析表明,南荻铅胁迫下种子萌发和幼苗生长的临界浓度和极限浓度分别大于镉胁迫对应的浓度,说明南荻种子对铅的耐性强于镉。铅、镉对南荻种子的毒害作用不可逆。     

荧蒽对大豆种子发芽的影响

针对国内外有关荧蒽(FLT)对种子萌发影响研究极少的现状,本文设置5个质量浓度(2,5,15,25,50 mg·L-1)的染毒组、1个空白对照组(0 mg·L-1)和1个助溶剂对照组(丙酮体积分数为1%),以大豆种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数和幼苗长度为测量指标,探索性地研究了FLT对大豆种子萌发的毒性效应。结果表明:在浓度小于15 mg·L-1的FLT胁迫下,大豆发芽率与对照相比无显著差异,大于等于15 mg·L-1的FLT胁迫则显著抑制了发芽率(p0.05)。发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数则对FLT的胁迫作用更加敏感,当FLT浓度大于等于5 mg·L-1时呈显著降低(p0.05)。FLT对幼苗长度起抑制作用,且随浓度越高和处理时间增长,抑制作用逐渐增强。     

镉胁迫对莴苣幼苗生长及抗氧化酶系统的影响

以笋王一号(Lactucasativa L. sativa var.Angustata Irish.cv Sunwang NO.1)为材料,通过营养液水培试验,研究了不同浓度的Cd胁迫对莴苣幼苗生长和抗氧化酶的影响.试验结果表明:10～100 μmol·L-1Cd2+对幼苗株高、根长、叶面积和叶数的增加具有明显的抑制作用,且随着浓度的增加抑制程度加重,但低浓度的Cd2+(1 μmol·L-1)却产生了一定的促进作用;幼苗根、叶中MDA含量和G-POD、叶中SOD活性随着Cd处理浓度的增加明显增加,但根中的SOD在100 μmol·L-1Cd胁迫下明显低于对照,同时,1 μmol·L-1Cd对根和叶片中的APX和CAT活性有一定的激活效应,以后随着Cd处理浓度的提高表现为抑制效应,且随着Cd浓度的增加抑制效应逐渐增强.     

Zn2+对黄瓜发芽期生理特性的影响

锌是植物必需的营养元素,同时也是一种常见的环境有毒重金属元素.以黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)为试验材料,设置不同Zn2 处理(0、25、50、100、200、300 mg·L-1),利用发芽和出苗试验,研究了Zn2 对黄瓜发芽期生理特性的影响.结果显示,低处理(0～25 mg·L-1)对黄瓜种子萌发和幼苗生长有促进作用,当为25 mg·L-1时最有利于黄瓜种子萌发和幼苗生长,其种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、根长、下胚轴长、下胚轴粗度和相对含水量均高于对照及其他浓度处理;幼苗相对电导率、丙二醛含量、可溶性糖含量、游离脯氨酸含量、SOD活性及POD活性均在此浓度得到最低.但从50 mg·L-1开始,随着增加,黄瓜种子萌发的各项指标开始下降,幼苗生长的各项生理指标开始上升,对黄瓜种子发芽和幼苗生长产生抑制作用,并在300 mg·L-1时抑制作用得到最大.该研究为进一步研究农业生态整治与安全高效利用提供理论基础.     

沼液浸种对水稻种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为探讨沼液对水稻早期萌发和幼苗生长的影响,以不同浓度沼液对日本晴水稻(Oryza sativa)种子浸种24 h后催芽,分析其种子萌发及幼苗生长情况.结果表明,2％沼液浸种可增加水稻幼苗根数和芽生物量,但降低了幼苗根生物量,该浓度沼液浸种对种子萌发率、萌发速率、幼苗芽长、茎粗及总根长没有显著影响(P＞0.05).更高浓度的沼液浸种对水稻种子萌发和幼苗生长均产生抑制作用.沼液浸种对根生物量的影响大于芽生物量,从而导致各浓度沼液处理组芽/根生物量比值均大于对照.对呼吸速率的分析结果进一步佐证了沼液处理对萌发后期水稻种子具有不利影响.建议水稻早期生产中慎用沼液.     

Cu2+和Cd2+对日本青鳉（Oryzias latipes）早期发育阶段的急性毒性效应研究

为探究并比较淡水鱼种日本青鳉早期发育阶段对Cu2和Cd2等重金属胁迫的响应,在实验室通过半静态方式,对日本青鳉受精卵和仔稚鱼分别进行了48 h和96 h急性毒性实验.结果表明:Cu2对日本青鳉胚胎24、48 h-LC50分别为8.164 mg·L-1和6.965 mg·L-1;Cd2+对日本青鳝胚胎24、48 h-LC50分别为63.084 mg· L-1和53.093 mg ·L-1;较低浓度组Cu2+(≤1.97 mg ·L-1)时日本青鳉胚胎的发育速率快于对照组,而较高浓度组(≥3.87 mg·L-1)胚胎的发育速率则慢于对照组;与Cu2略有不同,无论浓度高低Cd2对胚胎的孵化速率均产生抑制作用;Cu2+和Cd2质量浓度分别高于1.97 mg·Lq和19.68 mg· L-1时,两种重金属离子均显著降低胚胎的孵化率(P＜0.05).Cu2对日本青鳉初孵仔鱼24、48、72和96 h-LC50分别为5361 mg·L-1、2.844 mg·L-1、2.020 mg·L-1和1352 mg·L-1;Cd2+对日本青鳉初孵仔鱼24、48、72和96 h-LC50分别为15.907 mg·L-1、10550 mg·L-1、7.986 mg· L-1和6346 mg·L-1;Cu2+对日本青鳉稚鱼24、48、72和96 h-LC50分别为5.732 mg·L-1、4.037 mg· L-1、2A98 mg·L-1和1.955 mg·L-1;Cd2+对日本青鳉稚鱼的24、48、72和96 h-LC50分别为16A19 mg·L、11.745 mg· L-1、8516 mg·L-1和6.776 mg· L-1.与其它淡水水生生物相比,日本青鳉仔稚鱼对铜和镉离子较为敏感.     

纳米银对蒙古黄芪种子和幼苗的毒性研究与数据挖掘分析

探讨纳米银(AgNPs)对蒙古黄芪种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,并基于文献数据讨论AgNPs对单一物种的影响是否与数据挖掘趋势相符合.蒙古黄芪种子置于9个不同浓度的AgNPs溶液中,每日观察并记录种子萌发情况.观察结束后进行萌发和生长指标测定,并基于实验结果和文献数据进行比较分析.结果 表明,随着AgNPs浓度升高,蒙古黄芪最终发芽率受到抑制,高浓度时显著降低(P＜0.05);浓度为600 mg·L-1和1000 mg·L-1时平均发芽时间显著高于其他处理组(P＜0.05);浓度升高到400～1000mg·L-1时,胚根长、子叶长和子叶宽受到抑制,显著低于对照组(P＜0.05);胚轴的长度未受到AgNPs浓度变化的影响;叶绿素和氮含量在AgNPs浓度为200 mg·L-1时开始显著降低(P＜0.05);与对照组相比,各浓度处理组(除20 mg·L-1外)的鲜质量与干质量均显著减少(P＜0.05);幼苗地上部分和地下部分抗氧化酶过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性变化趋势基本一致.通过计算抑制率表明,600 mg·L-1和1000 mg·L-1的AgNPs对蒙古黄芪具有毒害作用.总的来说,实验结果部分符合数据挖掘模型趋势.比较几种分析模型发现,隶属函数法分析和主成分分析结果一致,meta分析比冗余分析更适用于单一物种趋势的预测.AgNPs抑制蒙古黄芪种子萌发,低浓度AgNPs对幼苗影响不明显,高浓度严重抑制幼苗生长.     

硅促进水稻种子萌发及缓解幼苗砷毒性的效应研究

通过As~(Ⅲ)胁迫下水稻种子的发芽试验和幼苗毒性试验,研究了外源硅对水稻种子发芽率、幼苗生长的影响及其缓解幼苗砷毒性的效应。外源硅的2种处理方式为种子萌发时添加外源硅(Si1)和采用硅处理液浸种(Si2)。结果表明,发芽时介质中As浓度达到10 mg·L~(-1)时显著抑制水稻种子萌发(P0.05),发芽率仅为80%,但是Si1和Si2处理下发芽率则提高到97%和100%,这说明外源硅可促进砷胁迫下水稻种子萌发;砷浓度≥5 mg·L~(-1)时,Si1和Si2处理均可提高水稻的相对幼苗高度和根耐性指数,提高幅度分别为6.00%~16.8%和57.9%~77.0%、7.10%~23.5%和54.2%~61.2%,并且降低了水稻幼苗砷含量,降低幅度分别为17.8%~21.4%和31.0%~49.1%。这说明外源硅处理可促进砷胁迫下水稻幼苗的生长;不同砷浓度处理与水稻芽长、根长及幼苗干重之间存在"S"型的剂量-效应关系,且外源硅显著提高了相应的EC50,缓解了砷对水稻幼苗生长的毒性。综上所述,砷胁迫下水稻种子萌发时添加外源硅或采用硅处理液浸种均可促进水稻种子萌发和幼苗生长,并降低了幼苗砷累积和缓解砷对水稻幼苗的毒性。     

铯对油菜萌发代谢生物学效应初探

研究了油菜(Brassica napus)的萌发特性及幼苗生长对不同质量浓度(80、160、320、640、960 mg.L-1)氯化铯(CsCl)处理的效应。结果显示:ρ(CsCl)为80～960 mg.L-1时,其对油菜发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数的影响差异不显著,但对油菜幼苗根、芽生长具有低促高抑的双重作用,且根的生长比芽对CsCl更为敏感。随着ρ(CsCl)逐渐增加,油菜幼苗脯氨酸和蛋白质含量增加,脱氢酶(DH)活性和过氧化物酶(POD)活性则明显下降,表明较高ρ(CsCl)处理可能造成油菜幼苗一定程度的胁迫,其脯氨酸含量增加可能主要是由于脯氨酸合成加强所致。     

基因污染与生态环境安全

论述了基因污染可能对生态环境安全造成的影响。转基因作物有可能污染天然物种的基因库；有可能破坏传统农作物品种的遗传多样性，加速作物种植品种的单一化及基因资源的流失；使抗除草剂作物的基因向野生或半野生植物漂移的可能性加大，有可能创造出“超级杂草”；带有病毒型转基因作物的基因重组，有可能创造出新的植物病毒，导致新的病害；BT转基因抗虫作物分泌的毒素，在食物链中传递，很难加以控制，对非目标生物造成危害，并最终破坏自然生态系统的平衡。文章还从不同角度分析了基因污染的严重性。     

Indoor and outdoor air pollution and lung cancer in New Hampshire and Vermont

Indoor and outdoor air pollution is known to contribute to increased lung cancer incidence. This study is the first to address the contribution of home heating fuel and geographical course particulate matter (PM₁₀) concentrations to lung cancer rates in New Hampshire, USA. First, Pearson correlation analysis and geographically weighted regression were used to investigate spatial relationships between outdoor PM₁₀ and lung cancer rates. While the aforementioned analyses did not indicate a significant contribution of PM₁₀ to lung cancer in the state, there was a trend towards a significant association in the northern and southwestern regions of the state. Second, case-control data were used to estimate the contributions of indoor pollution and secondhand smoke to the risk of lung cancer with adjustment for confounders. Increased risk was found among those who used wood or coal to heat their homes for more than 10 winters before the age of 18, with a significant increase in risk per winter. Resulting data suggest that further investigation of the relationship between heating-related air pollution levels and lung cancer risk is needed.     

市场经济与土肥科技

土肥的基础地位是不随社会性质或社会经济类型的变化而变化的，它既具重要性，又具长久性．市场经济是仍然需要土肥科技的．土肥科技的教学、科研和推广的力度必须加大，局面必须改观，且宜快不宜迟．土肥科技工作者一定要将培肥地力作为中心工作．根据广东的实际，增施有机肥是培肥地力的主要措施，因而抓秸秆还田和发展冬绿肥是我们工作的重点．     

河流底泥污染及其控制与修复

水体底泥污染是世界范围内的一个环境问题。污染物通过大气沉降、废水排放、雨水淋溶与冲刷进入水体,最后沉积到底泥中并逐渐富集,使底泥受到严重污染。在河流环境中,河床沉积底泥以推移和悬浮形式输送,很大程度上导致了上覆水和沉积底泥的相互物理作用。河流有强有力的自然环境,在河流系统中趋向有利于沉积底泥的解吸作用,从而将会影响上覆水的水质。因此,在水质管理计划中,应该将已污染的沉积底泥作为一个污染源予以考虑,沉积底泥是河流污染的一个重要方面。文章根据近年来国内外对河流底泥污染的控制、处理、修复及利用的文献资料,分析了河流底泥的污染现状及主要类型,包括重金属、NP营养物质、难降解有机物和持久性有毒污染物等,指出了目前在底泥污染修复中存在的问题。针对河流底泥污染控制与修复技术,介绍了除控制外源污染物外的物理修复、化学修复和生物修复等几种主要的修复方法和技术,分析了各种方法的利弊以及适用情况。在阐述了堆肥、建材利用、低温热解、湿地及栖息地建设、修复废弃地和建设填方等利用方式后,提出具体的控制和修复应因地制宜,综合各种恢复技术及利用方式,以达到控制及修复污染的河流底泥,恢复河流生态系统之目的。     

香芋高产、优质栽培技术与产品分级及加工

香芋是多年生宿根草本植物,属天南星科(Araceae)一年生栽培,是我省重要的特种蔬菜之一,随着农业结构调整步伐的加快,香芋的种植面积也在不断扩大,为了提高香芋的产量和品质,达到绿色蔬菜的标准,该文提出了香芋高产、优质栽培技术与产品分级及加工.表3,参5.     

Heavy metals and pesticides in anuran spawn and tadpoles,water, and sediment

High concentrations of metals (cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc) and of lindane were measured in the sediment and in the spawn and tadpoles of Bufo bufo, Rana dalmatina, and Rana ridibunda from two Austrian locations. Residues in spawn suggest maternal transfer. Increase of the metal concentrations from spawn to advanced tadpole stage is explained by the larval microphaguous feeding habits which cause high exposition of the tadpoles to substances concentrating in sediments and suspended particles. Metal and pesticide concentrations in spawn and tadpoles are toxic to various other aquatic organisms and are furthermore considered to be potentially hazardous to the anurans themselves. The results are conform with world‐wide observations of contamination of anuran larvae with heavy metals, and prove the significance of non‐point source chemical exposure due to allochthonous toxicant input by wind load and precipitation.     

Instream and offstream environmental conditions and stream biotic integrity: Importance of scale and site similarities for learning and prediction

Two different methods to predict biotic integrity were tested and compared in the present paper. The first one tries to predict the fish indices of biotic integrity (IBI) at the state or regional scale based on the most similar observations to a specific target site of interest using the simple to implement k-nearest neighbors (or kNN) method. Two different distance functions were considered to find the k-nearest neighbors: the Euclidean and the Mahalanobis. The second method was applied on the same datasets and consisted of a step-wise multiple regression. The two modeling approaches yielded similar results but kNN proved to be more time-efficient and very fast computationally for the given dataset sizes, which allowed applying a leave-one-out cross validation.In an attempt to reveal the importance of scale in the prediction of IBI, regression models were constructed at the state (or regional) scale and at the more refined cluster of sampling sites scale. Clusters of sites were extracted using Kohonen's self-organizing maps (SOM) followed by k-means clustering of the SOM neurons. Cluster-level regression models, constructed after site patterning, performed better in IBI prediction than global regression models constructed without any previous site patterning. The importance of identifying groups of sites with similar environmental characteristics affecting the IBI was revealed. The combined use of site patterning and regression modeling for IBI prediction also helped identifying important variables acting at the local scale which remain latent at the global scale.     

Interaction and combined toxicity of microplastics and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in aquatic environment

● Adsorption of PFASs on MPs and its mechanisms are critically reviewed. ● MPs could alter the transport and transformation of PFASs in aquatic environments. ● Combined toxicity of MPs and PFASs at organismal and molecular levels is discussed. Microplastics (MPs) are recognized as vectors for the transport of organic contaminants in aquatic environments in addition to their own adverse effects on aquatic organisms. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are widely present in aquatic environments due to their widespread applications, and thus coexist with MPs. Therefore, we focus on the interaction of MPs and PFASs and related combined toxicity in aquatic environments in this work. The adsorption of PFASs on MPs is critically reviewed, and new mechanisms such as halogen bonding, π-π interaction, cation-π interactions, and micelle formation are proposed. Moreover, the effect of MPs on the transport and transformation of PFASs in aquatic environments is discussed. Based on four typical aquatic organisms (shellfish, Daphnia, algae, and fish), the toxicity of MPs and/or PFASs at the organismal or molecular levels is also evaluated and summarized. Finally, challenges and research perspectives are proposed, and the roles of the shapes and aging process of MPs on PFAS biogeochemical processes and toxicity, especially on PFAS substitutes, are recommended for further investigation. This review provides a better understanding of the interactions and toxic effects of coexisting MPs and PFASs in aquatic environments.     

Myths and assumptions about human-wildlife conflict and coexistence

Recent extinctions often resulted from humans retaliating against wildlife that threatened people's interests or were perceived to threaten current or future interests. Today's subfield of human-wildlife conflict and coexistence (HWCC) grew out of an original anthropocentric concern with such real or perceived threats and then, starting in the mid-1990s, with protecting valued species from people. Recent work in ethics and law has shifted priorities toward coexistence between people and wild animals. To spur scientific progress and more effective practice, we examined 4 widespread assumptions about HWCC that need to be tested rigorously: scientists are neutral and objective about HWCC; current participatory, consensus-based decisions provide just and fair means to overcome challenges in HWCC; wildlife threats to human interests are getting worse; and wildlife damage to human interests is additive to other sources of damage. The first 2 assumptions are clearly testable, but if they are entangled can become a wicked problem and may need debunking as myths if they cannot be disentangled. Some assumptions have seldom or never been tested and those that have been tested appear dubious, yet the use of the assumptions continues in the practice and scholarship of HWCC. We call for tests of assumptions and debunking of myths in the scholarship of HWCC. Adherence to the principles of scientific integrity and application of standards of evidence can help advance our call. We also call for practitioners and interest groups to improve the constitutive process prior to decision making about wildlife. We predict these steps will hasten scientific progress toward evidence-based interventions and improve the fairness, ethics, and legality of coexistence strategies.