烷基糖苷季铵盐选择性抑藻活性研究

以甲藻门的东海原甲藻、塔玛亚历山大藻、裸甲藻,黄藻门的赤潮异弯藻,硅藻门的中肋骨条藻等典型的赤潮生物以及绿藻门的青岛大扁藻和亚心形扁藻两种非赤潮生物为目标生物,探讨了烷基糖苷季铵盐(APG-131)类表面活性剂的抑藻活性。结果表明,该表面活性剂在较低的浓度范围内(0.5 mg/L),对东海原甲藻、塔玛亚历山大藻和赤潮异弯藻等赤潮生物的生长有明显的抑制作用。当该季铵盐的浓度增加至1.0 mg/L以上时,可完全抑制中肋骨条藻的生长,而在相同的浓度范围内,对裸甲藻和所选2种非赤潮生物生长影响不明显,表现出了抑藻作用的种属特异性。结合各海洋微藻的脂肪酸组成分析,证实了该表面活性剂选择性抑藻作用与不同海洋微藻的多不饱和脂肪酸的含量明显相关。     

两种赤潮藻对SD和SMX的耐受性研究

探讨了海洋中常见药残磺胺嘧啶(SD)和磺胺甲恶唑(SMX)对球形棕囊藻和东海原甲藻生长的影响。结果表明:当这两种磺胺药物浓度大于20 mg/L时,球形棕囊藻和东海原甲藻的生长明显被抑制;SD和SMX对球形棕囊藻半数生长影响的浓度(EC50)分别为60～80 mg/L和20～40 mg/L;SD和SMX对东海原甲藻半数生长影响的浓度分别为20～40 mg/L和40～60 mg/L;两种藻培养96 h时扫描电镜观察,均显示高浓度下藻细胞膜严重破损,说明磺胺药物对其生长具有抑制作用。EC50对比表明球形棕囊藻对SD的耐受性强于SMX,而东海原甲藻对SMX的耐受性强于SD。两种藻对药残的耐受性明显强于其他藻种,在高浓度药残环境中占据生存优势。通过这项研究,试图探讨磺胺药物对河口及近海养殖区赤潮频发和赤潮消亡的影响。     

改性壳聚糖混凝去除太湖藻研究

对太湖不同区域的水使用改性壳聚糖做混凝除藻实验。对于泵取水,投加量0.7 mg/L时,藻去除率可达89.6%,对于岸边高浓藻水,投加量4 mg/L,0.5 h内藻去除率即可达为85.77%。改性壳聚糖复配黏土可解决岸边高浓藻絮体的上浮问题,黏土投加0.8 g/L絮体可完全下沉,除藻率fe从85.77%提升到94.35%。但复配黏土造成UV254去除率下降。改性壳聚糖复配0.3 g/L PDMDAAC改性粉煤灰投加或复配0.4 g/L改性沸石时,絮体也可完全下沉,除藻率都可提升到98%以上。同时,两种药剂都加强了系统对有机物的去除,UV254去除率从56.94%提升到72%以上。     

掺铜可溶玻璃微粒去除海洋原甲藻赤潮生物的研究

在研究高岭土、蒙脱土、CuSO4和可 溶玻璃粉的基础上提出并研究了掺铜和铜银混合可溶玻璃微粒对赤潮生物的去除。结果表明，对于海洋原甲藻（Prorocentrum micans)体系，在含铜可溶玻璃中引入一定量的Ag2O，可以减少除藻材料中CuSO4的用量。由于其具有同时缓释Cu^2 、Au^ 的作用，用量为2.0mg/L时，藻细胞的去除率在12h内可达到96.8%，并维持7d以上时间藻细胞数目没有明显增加。掺铜可溶玻璃除藻剂较CuSO4避免了投药过程中易造成局部Cu^2 浓度过高而伤害鱼类的缺点。     

杉木粉对两种赤潮藻去除的试验研究

利用船基围隔试验,探讨了杉木粉对东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu)、米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)两种赤潮藻的去除效果.并以斑马鱼(Brachydanio rerio)和卤虫无节幼体(Artemia sinica)为材料,对杉木粉及其有效成分杉木精油的毒性进行了测试.结果显示,杉木粉用量为76.9 mg/L时具有显著去除米氏凯伦藻的作用;浓度为38.4mg/L时可显著去除东海原甲藻.杉木粉对斑马鱼的24 h、48 h半致死浓度分别为2.8 g/L、2.4 g/L,安全浓度为0.6 g/L.利用杉木粉控制赤潮有一定的应用前景.     

石油烃类污染物对中肋骨条藻和微型原甲藻的毒性效应研究

选择中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）,微型原甲藻（Prorocentrum minimum）作为受试生物,测定了原油、燃料油分散液（WAF）以及添加溢油分散剂后的乳化液（DWAF）对两种微藻的毒性效应参数。结果表明:低浓度的原油WAF和DWAF以及燃料油DWAF均对中肋骨条藻的生长起促进作用,其中,当原油WAF浓度为0.3 mg/L时,促进作用最强;而原油DWAF浓度低于0.5 mg/L时,开始促进生长,当浓度低至0.1 mg/L时,种群增长速率最大。两种微藻在4种不同石油烃类污染物体系中的96 h-EC₅₀差异较大,96 h-EC₅₀值介于0.07~30.77 mg/L之间;其中燃料油DWAF毒性最强,对中肋骨条藻和微型原甲藻的96 h-EC₅₀分别为0.45 mg/L和0.07 mg/L;而微型原甲藻对原油WAF毒性效应敏感性最低,其96 h-EC₅₀高达30.77 mg/L。     

癸二烯醛对3种常见浮游植物光合色素的影响

本研究选取东海原甲藻（Prorocentrum donghaiense）、并基角毛藻（Chaetoceros decipiens）和小普林藻（Prymnesium parvum）等3种常见海洋浮游藻类为材料,将处于指数生长期的藻细胞置于不同浓度的癸二烯醛（2E,4E-Decadienal,DEC）中,癸二烯醛是一种毒性较强的常见多不饱和醛,观察癸二烯醛对藻类光合色素种类及含量的影响。利用高效液相色谱技术检测到东海原甲藻含有5种光合色素,并基角毛藻含有8种光合色素,小普林藻含有9种光合色素,3种藻类的共有色素有4种。经浓度为1 mg/L癸二烯醛处理后,3种藻类的光合色素浓度无显著变化。癸二烯醛浓度为3 mg/L时,对东海原甲藻光合色素浓度产生显著的抑制作用,其所有色素浓度在第一天内几乎都未检测到;而并基角毛藻的硅甲藻黄素和硅藻黄素浓度均在第一天显著增加,其他色素浓度则无显著变化;小普林藻的硅甲藻黄素、硅藻黄素、岩藻黄素的浓度在实验的不同时间有不同程度下降,其余色素不受该浓度的癸二烯醛影响。当癸二烯醛浓度达到5 mg/L时,并基角毛藻中除玉米黄素外的其他7种光合色素浓度显著下降;小普林藻中除玉米黄素外的多种色素浓度受到显著影响。     

二氯异氰脲酸钠和三氯异氰脲酸对棕囊藻细胞去除的研究

研究了二氯异氰脲酸钠和三氯异氰脲酸对球形棕囊藻的灭杀和控制作用,及其投药时间对除藻效果的影响,并比较2种药剂的除藻效果,初步探讨了除藻机理.结果表明,这2种除藻剂可以缓释次氯酸,提高其稳定性,有较长的药效期.当有效氯浓度达到4.5mg/L时,2种药剂均能有效地控制和灭杀球形棕囊藻,具有高效、低毒的优点.有效氯浓度为5.0mg/L,藻细胞去除率在24h可达到90%以上.在等于和大于5.0mg/L有效氯浓度时,三氯异氰脲酸的除藻效果优于二氯异氰脲酸钠,通过对2种药剂除藻率的t检验进一步证实了这一结论.     

二氯异氰脲酸钠和二氯异氰脲酸对棕囊藻细胞去除的研究

研究了二氯异氰脲酸钠和三氯异氰脲酸对球形棕囊藻的灭杀和控制作用,及其投药时间对除藻效果的影响,并比较2种药剂的除藻效果,初步探讨了除藻机理.结果表明,这2种除藻剂可以缓释次氯酸,提高其稳定性,有较长的药效期.当有效氯浓度达到4.5mg/L时,2种药剂均能有效地控制和灭杀球形棕囊藻,具有高效、低毒的优点.有效氯浓度为5.0mg/L,藻细胞去除率在24h可达到90%以上.在等于和大于5.0mg/L有效氯浓度时,三氯异氰脲酸的除藻效果优于二氯异氰脲酸钠,通过对2种药剂除藻率的t检验进一步证实了这一结论.     

Zn~(2+)和Pb~(2+)对东海原甲藻生长的影响

研究了赤潮藻东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)在不同浓度下的生长情况。结果表明,东海原甲藻的生长符合Logistic生长模型,用此模型对其生长过程进行非线性拟合,可以得出在不同浓度Zn2+、Pb2+存在下东海原甲藻的终止生物量和最大生长速率等数据。其中最大生长速率与Zn2+、Pb2+浓度的关系可用Lorentz方程进行拟合,所得结果表明,Zn2+、Pb2+浓度分别小于0.027和0.48 mg/L时,对藻的生长及藻体内叶绿素a的增长有促进作用。当Zn2+、Pb2+分别达到1.2和6.0 mg/L时,藻的生长及藻体内的叶绿素增长受到明显的抑制。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.