黄河流域典型湿地生态环境需水量研究

运用科克兰(Cocnran)Q检验法,将黄河流域湿地分为河道湿地型、河滨湿地型、河口型3类.基于生态水文学方法,计算了黄河流域典型湿地生态环境需水量,提出了“湿地生态环境需水量计算时应主要关注湿地消耗水量”的观点,并进一步将黄河流域湿地生态环境需水量分为最小、适宜和理想3个等级.计算结果表明,黄河流域湿地最小、适宜、理想生态环境需水量分别为2 0 .3×10 8m3、3 7.6×10 8m3和5 4.9×10 8m3;黄河流域典型湿地与河道重复量为1.9×10 8m3.研究结果显示,要维持湿地基本的生态环境功能,需每年最小向湿地分配水量2 0 .3×10 8m3.为使黄河流域湿地恢复到理想状态的需水量为5 4.9×10 8m3.     

吉林西部植被生态环境需水量供需平衡研究

吉林西部地处半湿润、半干旱气候区,水资源的紧缺已成为制约生态环境修复和地区经济发展的重要因素.在对已往生态环境需水量研究成果进行总结,分析该区自然环境的基础上,提出了植被生态环境需水量的概念,即保证植物正常、健康生长,同时能够抑制土地沙化、碱化,乃至荒漠化发展所需的最小水资源量.采用统计年鉴资料,并利用TM卫星影像解译数据进行修正,计算出了农田、草地和林地面积.分别采用面积定额法、水量平衡法、潜在蒸散量法求得农田、草地和林地的生态环境需水量,分别为60.698亿,42.942亿和32.852亿m3.通过供需水平衡分析,得出该区植被生态环境需水量为136.492亿m3,尚缺水19.25亿m3.      

基于生态保护目标的太子河下游河道生态需水量计算

河流生态需水量计算是进行生态水权分配的一项基础性工作,是生态环境保护和水资源配置的依据.随着社会经济的发展,流域水资源短缺和生态环境问题日益突出.针对太子河下游河段水资源开发利用现状及存在的生态环境问题,在确定生态保护目标的基础上,采用月保证率法和生态水力学法计算下游河道不同等级生态需水量,既可以从各月角度反映河道生态需水是一个与自然径流相适应的过程,又注重水生生物的关键期和生境需求.通过Tennant法验证月保证率法和生态水力学法计算结果可靠,最终确定太子河下游河道最小、适宜和理想等级年生态需水量分别为:5.31×108m3、8.52×108m3和12.17×108m3,而且现状流量可以满足最小生态需水量的要求.     

白洋淀湿地生态环境需水量研究

采用生态水位法对白洋淀湿地生态环境需水量进行了计算.该方法主要是从湿地的水文条件出发,通过对其长序列的水文资料分析,得出该湿地较适宜的水文条件,然后再与生态环境状况进行对照分析,从而得出湿地的理想和最小生态环境需水量.通过计算,得出白洋淀湿地的最小生态水位系数是0.94,理想生态水位系数大于1.10.由此,进一步计算出生态水位和生态环境需水量,该生态水位系数也为其它类似湿地提供了生态水位计算标准.白洋淀全年的月平均最小生态环境需水量为0.87×108m3,理想生态环境需水量为2.78×108m3.计算结果表明,湿地生态环境需水量夏季最大,冬季最小,符合季节气候水文条件变化规律;从实践角度看,其生态水的配置是可行的.同时,该方法可为国内其它湿地的生态环境需水计算提供参考.     

河口生态环境需水量计算方法研究

提出了河口生态环境需水量的计算方法.计算中考虑了水循环消耗、生物循环消耗、生物栖息地等不同类型需水及其随时间的变化,根据“加和性”和“最大值”原则计算了河口生态环境需水年度总量,以保持河口径流自然状态为目标确定了生态环境需水量年内随时间的变化率.根据“生态环境需水量阈值性”的要求,将计算结果划分为最低、适宜和高3个等级.对海河流域主要河口的计算结果表明,海河口、滦河口和漳卫新河口最低等级生态环境需水量分别为5 97×10 8m3、6 81×10 8m3和4 96×10 8m3.河口径流量的减少将首先影响泥沙的输运,进而改变河口生态系统的盐度平衡     

城市景观河流最小生态环境需水量的计算方法——以沈阳城区南运河为例

以沈阳城区南运河为例,从生态学理论和水水功能区划分的角度出发,结合南运河水质现状,通过所建立的水质模型模拟提出了南运河枯水期和丰水期的最小生态环境需水量和水质。在此基础上,提出了城市景观河流最小生态环境需水量的计算方法,从而为城市景观河流生态环境需水量的研究起到一定指导作用。     

白洋淀湿地不同时空水生植物生态需水规律研究

在对白洋淀典型水生植物的蒸腾量实地监测的基础上,确定了不同时间和空间下水生植物的蒸散系数,对白洋淀湿地基于现状和恢复目标下的植物生态需水量进行了等级划分和计算.研究结果表明,6～9月综合蒸散系数为3.21、6.24、6.02和1.86.水生植物需水量的时间分布规律为7月>8月>6月>9月,空间分布规律为陆地>水陆过渡带>水中.现状条件下,白洋淀水生植物6～9月的最小需水量分别为0.49×108m3、0.80×108m3、0.60×108m3、0.16×108m3,分别占湿地最小生态需水量的44%、56%、49%、50%(未包含湿地土壤需水量),与湿地最小生态需水量对应的最低生态水位为7.50m、7.50m、7.50m、6.30m.基于生态恢复目标,计算得到6～9月的水生植物最小生态需水量分别为0 56×108m3、0.91×108m3、0.69×108m3、0.19×108m3,为湿地最小生态需水量的30%、41%、35%、21%.对比白洋淀水生植物生态需水量的实际值和计算值发现,白洋淀水生植物的生态需水量在6～9月间分别是计算值的5.75倍、6.42倍、5.00倍和2.29倍.     

河道生态环境分区需水量的计算方法与实例分析

为真实反映流域各区间的河道生态环境需水量差异 ,同时解决流域上下游河道生态环境需水量的重复计算问题 ,提出了河道生态环境分区需水量的概念 ,对流域分区、河道功能确定和河道生态环境分区需水量计算方法进行了研究 .以黄河流域为例进行了实证分析 .结果表明 ,黄河流域的河道需水分区需水量差异显著 ,黄河下游区间的河道分区需水量最大 ,为 14 8 93× 10 8m3·a- 1 ,上游兰州—河口干流区间最小 ,为-5 0 12× 10 8m3·a- 1 ,龙羊峡—兰州干流区间和黄河下游区间河道分区需水量超过区间的自产水资源量 ,需要其它区间的水量补充 ,才能维持其河道的生态环境功能 .黄河流域的河道分区需水量之和为 2 3 0 6× 10 8m3·a- 1 ,约为流域地表水资源量的 3 9% ,说明黄河流域地表水资源的最大利用率应低于 61% .     

城市水生态足迹研究——以北京市为例

以"水"为要素评价城市资源利用的可持续性,并以水资源短缺的北京市为案例城市进行剖析.探讨了城市水生态足迹的内涵和4种典型城市水生态足迹的发展轨迹,提出了基于城市生态需水量的水生态足迹的核算方法.对案例城市北京的研究结果表明:(1)北京城市河湖多年平均生态需水量为10.45×108m3,地下水多年平均生态需水量为26.34×108m3;(2)北京市多年平均的水生态足迹为1.42.以上结果表明北京的水资源利用是不可持续的.     

基于生态目标的河道生态环境需水量计算

以生态目标的确定为基础,通过建立目标参数与径流间的关系计算得到河道生态环境需水量.其中生态目标由关键期生态目标和时间变化目标2部分组成.考虑不同功能生态环境需水量间的兼容性,以最高等级为标准确定关键期生态目标.采用河道多年平均天然径流量年内时间变化率作为生态环境需水量时间变化目标.海河流域永定河官厅水库下游河道计算中,以生态、生产需水矛盾最突出的4月生物繁殖初始时期对流速的要求作为关键期生态目标,根据河道断面实测资料确定目标参数与径流间的关系.计算结果表明,最小、适宜以及理想等级年度生态环境需水量分别为1.56×10⁸m³,5.97×10⁸m³和11.02×10⁸m³,分别占河道天然径流量的7.19%,27.51%和50.78%,年内汛期8月及春季生物繁殖期(4月～6月)需水量需分别达到年度总量的20%.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.