Aerobic granulation of pure bacterial strain Bacillus thuringiensis

The objective of this study is to cultivate aerobic granules by pure bacterial strain, Bacillus thuringiensis, in a sequencing batch reactor. Stable granules sized 2.0–2.2 mm were formed in the reactor after a five-week cultivation. These granules exhibited excellent settling attributes, and degraded phenol at rates of 1.49 and 1.19 g phenol/(g VSS?d) at 250 and 1500 mg/L of phenol concentration, respectively. Confocal laser scanning microscopic test results show that Bacillus thuringiensis was distributed over the initial small aggregates, and the outer edge of the granule was away from the core regime in the following stage.     

Kinetics of phenol and m-cresol biodegradation by an indigenous mixed microbial culture isolated from a sewage treatment plant

An acclimatized mixed microbial culture, predominantly Pseudomonas sp., was enriched from a sewage treatment plant, and its potential to simultaneously degrade mixtures of phenol and m-cresol was investigated during its growth in batch shake flasks. A 2² full factorial design with the two substrates at two different levels and different initial concentration ranges (low and high), was employed to carry out the biodegradation experiments. The substrates phenol and m-cresol were completely utilized within 21 h when present at low concentrations of 100 mg/L for each, and at high concentration of 600 mg/L for each, a maximum time of 187 h was observed for their removal. The biodegradation results also showed that the presence of phenol in low concentration range (100–300 mg/L) did not inhibit m-cresol biodegradation. Whereas the presence of m-cresol inhibited phenol biodegradation by the culture. Moreover, irrespective of the concentrations used, phenol was degraded preferentially and earlier than m-cresol. A sum kinetics model was used to describe the variation in the substrate specific degradation rates, which gave a high coefficient of determination value (R² > 0.98) at the low concentration range of the substrates. From the estimated interaction parameter values obtained from this model, the inhibitory effect of phenol on m-cresol degradation by the culture was found to be more pronounced compared to that of m-cresol on phenol. This study showed a good potential of the indigenous mixed culture in degrading mixed substrate of phenolics.     

p-Cresol mineralization and bacterial population dynamics in a nitrifying sequential batch reactor

The ability of a nitrifying sludge to oxidize p-cresol was evaluated in a sequential batch reactor （SBR）. p-Cresol was first transformed to p-hydroxybenzaldehyde and p-hydroxybenzoate, which were later mineralized. The specific rates of p-cresol consumption increased throughout the cycles. The bacterial population dynamics were monitored by using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis 0DGGE） and sequencing of DGGE fragments. The ability of the sludge to consume p-cresol and intermediates might be related to the presence of species such as Variouorax paradoxus and Thauera mechernichensis, p-Cresol （25 to 200 mg C/L） did not affect the nitrifying SBR performance （ammonium consumption efficiency and nitrate production yield were close to 100% and 1, respectively）. This may be related to the high stability observed in the nitrifying communities. It was shown that a nitrifying SBR may be a good alternative to eliminate simultaneously ammonium and p-cresol, maintaining stable the respiratory process as the bacterial community.     

处理城市污水的好氧颗粒污泥培养及形成过程

在中试序列间歇式活性污泥法(SBR)反应器中采用有机物浓度低的城市污水培养好氧颗粒污泥. 运行过程中考察了污泥性能,并通过调整、优化沉淀时间和排水比等运行参数,培养出了高性能且稳定的好氧颗粒污泥. 活性污泥接种40 d后反应器内开始出现细小颗粒,160 d后颗粒污泥趋于成熟,粒径可达0.8 mm,且其周围有大量的原生动物. 颗粒化过程中,污泥密度、沉降速率和ρ(MLSS)分别从初期的1.004 0 g/cm3,6.8 m/h和4 000 mg/L升至1.010 5 g/cm3,38.5 m/h和8 000 mg/L,污泥容积指数(SVI₃₀)则从75 mL/g降至40 mL/g. 形成后的颗粒污泥对城市污水中COD_Cr和NH₄+-N有很好的去除效果,出水中ρ(COD_Cr)和ρ(NH₄+-N)分别在50和5 mg/L以下.      

Nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria in aerobic granules formed in sequencing batch airlift reactors

The purpose of this study was to investigate nitrifying bacteria and denitrifying bacteria isolated from aerobic granules. Aerobic granules were formed in an internal-circulate sequencing batch airlift reactor (SBAR) and biodegradation of NH₃ ⁻-N was analyzed in the reactor. Bacteria were isolated and determined from aerobic granules using selected media. The growth properties and morphology of bacteria colonies were observed by controlling aerobic or anaerobic conditions in the culture medium. It was found that bacteria in aerobic granules were diverse and some of them were facultative aerobes. The diversity of bacteria in aerobic granules was a premise of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. Translated from China Environmental Science, 2005, 25(2): 218–221 [译自: 中国环境科学]     

实际污水培养好氧颗粒污泥及其特性研究

采用实际城市污水在序批式反应器(SBR)中试装置中成功培养出好氧颗粒污泥.颗粒污泥的沉降速率>21 m·h-1,显示了良好的沉降性能.颗粒污泥对化学需氧量(COD)、氮(N)、磷(P)具有同步去除的能力.在3 h的运行周期中,反应器出水COD<50 mg·L-1,氨氮(NH+4-N)<5.0 mg·L-1,总氮(TN)<15 mg·L-1,对TN和总磷(TP)的去除率达到50%.采用共聚焦激光扫描显微镜(CLSM)对好氧颗粒污泥的结构分析表明,好氧颗粒污泥的胞外多聚物(EPS)在整个颗粒污泥中均匀地分布,构成颗粒污泥的骨架.对颗粒污泥的X射线衍射(XRD)分析显示,在好氧颗粒污泥的内部存在许多无机矿物质,在颗粒污泥形成初期,废水中的无机成分可能具有"晶核"的作用.     

Performance study and kinetic modeling of hybrid bioreactor for treatment of bi-substrate mixture of phenol-m-cresol in wastewater: Process optimization with response surface methodology

Performance of a hybrid reactor comprising of trickling filter(TF) and aeration tank(AT) unit was studied for biological treatment of wastewater containing mixture of phenol and m-cresol,using mixed microbial culture.The reactor was operated with hydraulic loading rates(HLR) and phenolics loading rates(PLR) between 0.222-1.078m3/(m2·day) and 0.900-3.456kg/(m3·day),respectively.The efficiency of substrate removal varied between 71%-100% for the range of HLR and PLR studied.The fixed film unit showed better substrate removal efficiency than the aeration tank and was more resistant to substrate inhibition.The kinetic parameters related to both units of the reactor were evaluated and their variation with HLR and PLR were monitored.It revealed the presence of substrate inhibition at high PLR both in TF and AT unit.The biofilm model established the substrate concentration profile within the film by solving differential equation of substrate mass transfer using boundary problem solver tool ’bvp4c’ of MATLAB 7.1 software.Response surface methodology was used to design and optimize the biodegradation process using Design Expert 8 software,where phenol and m-cresol concentrations,residence time were chosen as input variables and percentage of removal was the response.The design of experiment showed that a quadratic model could be fitted best for the present experimental study.Significant interaction of the residence time with the substrate concentrations was observed.The optimized condition for operating the reactor as predicted by the model was 230mg/L of phenol,190mg/L of m-cresol with residence time of 24.82 hr to achieve 99.92% substrate removal.     

温度对好氧颗粒污泥脱氮性能及颗粒稳定性的影响

以乙酸钠与葡萄糖混合基质为碳源,采用间歇式气升内循环反应器(SBAR),以颗粒解体后含有大量丝状菌的污泥为接种污泥,考察了颗粒污泥反应器的启动及温度对好氧颗粒污泥脱氮性能与颗粒稳定性的影响.结果表明,在温度为20℃时,成功实现了颗粒污泥反应器的启动,形成的颗粒结构致密,表面光滑;污泥容积指数(SVI)为70mL/g,平均粒径为3.2mm,平均湿密度为1.029g/mL.当温度直接升高到26℃时,出水NH4+-N由10.6mg/L降为0.2mg/L,同时出现了出水亚硝酸盐的积累,积累率达到93.9%.但是,在温度升高后的47d中,由于胞外多聚物(EPS)中蛋白质与多糖比值的降低,导致颗粒表面的电负性的增加,最终使得颗粒逐渐解体.     

高浓度Vc生产废水培养好氧颗粒污泥的试验研究

采用高浓度难降解的Vc生产废水可以在SBR反应器中培养出好氧颗粒污泥.转化母液反应器中污泥实现完全颗粒化,得到的好氧颗粒污泥粒径为0.2～1 mm,平均沉降速度为31.2 m·h^－１;精制或提取母液反应器中污泥部分颗粒化,得到的颗粒粒径为0.5～2.5 mm,平均沉降速度为26.3 m·h^－１.由于形成好氧颗粒污泥,反应器系统表现出良好的运行性能,在进水COD 1 000～1 500　mg·L^－１时去除率达到80%左右.如果反应器进水中补充加入一定浓度的易降解有机物,处理系统的去除效率还可进一步提高并能缩短启动时间.通过观察和比较不同进水反应器中的生物相发现,好氧颗粒污泥中出现的原后生动物种类及生物相丰富程度不仅与反应器运行状态有关,更重要的是取决于反应器中的进水水质.实验中好氧颗粒污泥的形成过程经历了污泥复活、污泥驯化和污泥颗粒化3个阶段.在运行控制过程中通过将沉降时间作为培养好氧颗粒污泥的一个关键控制参数,它既可以去除反应器中沉降性差的污泥还可以在短时间内调节反应器中的运行负荷,从而促进反应器中好氧污泥快速实现颗粒化.     

表层附着累枝虫的好氧颗粒污泥特性

在序批式反应器(SBR)中处理实际生活污水,并接种城市污水处理厂活性污泥,培养出表层附着大量累枝虫的好氧颗粒污泥.运行120 d时,颗粒污泥浓度可达4482 mg·L-1,污泥容积指数(SVI)为55 m L·g-1左右,颗粒的粒径主要在1.6~2.5 mm之间,平均沉速为55.4 m·h-1,累枝虫密度可达30450 ind·m L-1.CODCr和NH+4-N的平均去除率分别为87.9%和91.8%.采用直接免疫荧光法证实累枝虫可吞食游离细菌,能有效减少出水SS,且出水SS与累枝虫的密度变化整体呈相反趋势.表层附着生长的累枝虫略微降低了颗粒污泥的沉速.结构分析可看出累枝虫根植于颗粒表层,柄的部分成为颗粒污泥的"骨架",有利于颗粒污泥结构强度和稳定性.     

选择压法培育好氧颗粒污泥的试验

以普通絮状活性污泥为接种污泥,葡萄糖为碳源,在序批式反应器中培育出好氧颗粒污泥增加COD负荷的同时,减少沉降时间以造成选择压,强化好氧颗粒污泥的形成根据污泥的形态变化,颗粒污泥的形成可分为3个阶段.反应器启动67d出现颗粒污泥COD负荷4.8kg/(m³·d)、表面气体流速0.0175m/s时,反应器中活性污泥完全颗粒化颗粒污泥粒径大多6～9mm,MLSS 7800mg/L,最小沉降速率32.7m/h.好氧颗粒污泥具有在高负荷下良好的COD去除率.对好氧颗粒污泥的基本性质及其形成的影响因素进行了初步分析.     

低DO下AGS-SBR处理低COD/N生活污水长期运行特征及种群分析

本研究在序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)中接种好氧颗粒污泥(AGS),构成AGS-SBR系统,研究其在低DO(0.5~1.0mg·L~(-1))条件下,处理低COD/N比(4.0)生活污水同步脱氮除磷的长期稳定运行特性,并解析反应器的主要菌群构成.结果表明,在反应器运行的180d里,AGS-SBR系统表现出了良好且稳定的除污能力,反应器对水体中COD、NH~+_4-N、TN和TP平均去除率分别达到87.17%、95.21%、77.05%和91.11%.好氧颗粒污泥沉降性能一直很好,污泥始终保持着完整的颗粒外观和密实紧凑的结构,并没有出现明显的颗粒污泥解体的现象.同时,高通量测序结果表明,变形菌门、厚壁菌门、绿菌门、绿弯菌门和拟杆菌门为SBR-AGS反应器中主要优势菌群.Denitratisoma、Planctomycetaceae、Thauera、Comamonas、Nitrosomonas和Nitrospira是反应器中与脱氮有关菌群;Clostridium和Anaerolinea是除磷相关细菌.     

好氧颗粒污泥处理制糖工业废水厌氧出水的除磷特性研究

制糖工业废水经厌氧生物处理后,COD大幅下降,但是出水中N、P含量仍然较高,严重破坏水体生态平衡.利用好氧颗粒污泥对制糖工业废水的厌氧出水进行脱氮除磷处理,讨论了其除磷过程.经复合底物(乙酸盐、丙酸盐、丁酸盐)培养的好氧颗粒污泥直径1.7 mm,SVI为38.43 mL.g-1,TP去除率达90.9%,出水磷含量仅为1.3 mg.L-1,单位COD释磷率为0.571,厌氧条件下磷的释放速率达到5.73 mg.(g.h)-1,好氧颗粒污泥表现出较好的沉淀性能和较高的除磷活性.由于底物中丙酸盐、丁酸盐含量增加,使得聚磷菌在反硝化过程中NO3--N的利用率增加,即消耗单位质量的NO3--N可以吸收更多的磷.好氧颗粒污泥及其胞外聚合物中P元素的含量与其中Mg、Ca、Fe元素的含量表现出很高的相关性,胞外聚合物对P的吸附使得体系除磷能力进一步增强.通过对污泥反硝化除磷的研究发现,反硝化聚磷菌占总聚磷菌的61.9%,其吸磷量与消耗硝酸盐的比值[m(P)/m(NO3--N)]为1.14.     

沉淀时间及生物膜对实际生活污水形成好氧硝化颗粒污泥的影响

利用3个间歇式活性污泥反应器（sequencing batch reactor,SBR,命名为R1、R2、R3）和1个间歇气提式内循环反应器（sequencing batch airlift reactor,SBAR,命名为R4）,处理低碳氮比实际生活污水,系统考察改变沉淀时间的方式及器壁生物膜对快速启动硝化好氧颗粒污泥（aerobic granular sludge,AGS）反应器的影响.结果表明,R1、R2、R4的沉淀时间骤降为2、4、2 min,由于一次性施加的沉速选择压过强,造成污泥大量流失,反应器崩溃,而后反应器器壁不断长出生物膜,混合液和出水中出现大量絮状、棒状、颗粒状污泥,经过35～40 d的培养,出水NH⁺₄-N小于1 mg/L,这主要是器壁生物膜的作用.反应器中的松软颗粒状污泥并非AGS,但它和AGS周围都有大量的轮虫等原生动物和后生动物,这表明生物膜和AGS同源.根据污泥沉淀的实际情况,逐步降低R3反应器的沉淀时间为8、6、5、4 min,当沉速达到10 cm/min时,污泥开始颗粒化;沉速达到12 cm/min时,污泥颗粒化基本完成,共经历了33 d.AGS与絮状污泥长期共存,以0.3 mm为界,两者质量比约为2∶1,AGS平均粒径在0.5　mm左右, NH⁺₄-N降解速率是污泥未颗粒化之前的5倍.     

基于反硝化聚磷菌的颗粒污泥的培养

采用SBR反应器,利用絮状污泥为接种污泥,培养反硝化聚磷菌颗粒污泥,在提高污泥氮磷去除率的同时,实现污泥的颗粒化.结果表明,经过三个阶段45d的培养,体系达到稳定状态,利用其处理模拟生活废水时,磷的去除率在90%左右,氨氮、COD的去除率在95%左右,单位硝态氮反硝化吸磷量达到0.876mg/mg,反硝化聚磷菌占聚磷菌的比例为74.36%.污泥的平均粒径在1.0~2.0mm之间,平均沉降速度为44~72m/h.由此可以看出,通过调节溶解氧,使污泥处于厌氧、缺氧及好氧状态,可以实现基于反硝化聚磷菌的污泥颗粒化.     

固定化Lysinibacilluscresolivorans的PVA-SA-PHB-AC复合载体制备及间甲酚的降解

针对生物降解过程容易受到外界不利环境影响及低浓度下动力学效率不高的问题,制备了具有吸附功能的微生物固定化载体并研究了对间甲酚的降解.在聚乙烯醇(polyvinyl alcohol,PVA)固定化载体中加入海藻酸钠(sodium alginate,SA)、聚羟基丁酸酯(poly-3-hydroxybutyrate,PHB)和粉末活性炭(activated carbon,AC),采用循环冷冻-解冻结合硼酸法制备了具吸附功能的PVA-SA-PHB-AC复合载体,并用其包埋固定化1株间甲酚优势降解菌Lysinibacillus cresolivorans,考察了载体微观结构、稳定性及扩散性对固定化微生物降解间甲酚的影响.结果表明,PVA-SA-PHB-AC载体比表面积和平均孔径分别为15.30m2.g-1和33.68 nm,对间甲酚的吸附容量和扩散系数分别为3.86 mg.g-1和5.62×10-8m2.min-1,可稳定使用60 d以上;固定化L.cresolivorans的间甲酚去除为吸附-降解的耦合,去除速率由载体传质速率与微生物降解速率共同决定,间甲酚浓度低于350 mg.L-1时,载体传质速率小于微生物降解速率,间甲酚去除速率由传质速率决定,浓度高于380 mg.L-1时相反;添加了吸附剂的载体扩散系数会减小,但能耐受更高的底物浓度,且在更宽的浓度范围可以实现高效的降解作用.间甲酚的降解规律及其差异性显示出经吸附功能改性的载体因传质作用的加强而实现反应动力学的提高,并且存在一个合理的浓度区间.     

游离亚硝酸对好氧/延长闲置序批式反应器除磷性能的影响

以合成废水为研究对象,在好氧/延长闲置序批式反应器中研究不同浓度游离亚硝酸对系统除磷性能的影响.通过分析闲置期聚磷水解及微生物体内各储能物质的变化及不同反应器的除磷效果,探究其可能存在的影响机理.结果表明,游离亚硝酸浓度为5.13×10-5mg·L-1时对反应器除磷效果及沉降能力抑制不明显,而当游离亚硝酸浓度达到5.13×10-4mg·L-1时,磷的平均去除率降至40.5%,反应器中出现严重的污泥膨胀,污泥沉降指数值最高达310 mL·g-1.典型周期分析表明,游离亚硝酸可影响聚磷菌对碳源的吸收和胞内聚羟基脂肪酸酯的合成,进而影响好氧吸磷及闲置期聚磷水解.恢复试验表明,当游离亚硝酸浓度高于2.57×10-4mg·L-1时,撤销影响后系统的除磷能力和沉降性能虽有明显回升,但无法恢复至初始水平.     

SFBR中好氧颗粒污泥的培养及特性研究

接种自行培养的活性污泥,以模拟废水为基质,采用连续进水、间歇出水及厌氧/好氧交替的运行模式,尝试了在SFBR中进行好氧颗粒污泥的培养,并研究了好氧颗粒污泥的特性及反应器对污染物的去除效果.结果表明,通过逐步缩短沉降时间,28 d时成功培养出好氧颗粒污泥,所形成的好氧颗粒污泥呈黄色、形状不规则,且粒径较小(平均粒径0.56 mm),正常情况下的SVI保持在70 mL·g-1以下,EPS在59 d时达到最大值(以MLVSS计)373.24 mg·g-1,较培养初期增加了约2.5倍,运行后期由于颗粒出现解体,导致EPS急剧下降;反应器在运行过程中未能保持较高的污泥量,中后期MLSS始终在3 000mg·L-1以下;在63 d的运行时间里,除异常波动外,反应器对COD的去除率基本维持在90%左右,正常情况下出水COD小于100 mg·L-1,反应器对NH+4-N、TIN的去除效果波动较大,去除率分别为44.45%~94.72%及43.87%~93.13%,反应器对TP的去除率在44.50%~97.40%之间,正常情况下TP去除率可维持在60%以上;限于自动控制水平,夜间长时间的好氧饥饿期容易造成丝状菌过度生长,使得AGS在生长竞争中处于劣势,最终导致了AGS的解体.     

好氧硝化颗粒污泥搁置后活性恢复研究

利用气提式内循环间歇反应器(SBAR)考察好氧硝化颗粒污泥搁置2个月后重新投入运行, 其物理性状和微生物活性的恢复情况. 结果表明, 搁置后颗粒由棕黄色转为灰黑色, 粒径及沉降速率无明显变化. 颗粒重新投入反应器, 2周后颜色基本恢复; 污泥浓度、颗粒粒径以及沉降速率迅速增加; 颗粒中异养菌活性在1 d内即可恢复至原水平的86％, COD去除活性5 d后完全恢复, 去除率稳定在80%以上. 活性恢复阶段采用较高的曝气量和较长的循环时间有利于硝化菌的活性恢复, 第41 d曝气量由0.05 m³·h^-1提高到0.10 m³·h^-1后, 亚硝酸菌和硝酸菌活性分别由原水平的88%和82%提高到122%和92%, 氨氮去除率由之前的80% ～ 90%迅速提高到96%以上; 第65 d循环时间由4 h延长至6 h使硝酸菌的活性得到了完全恢复.     

冷冻PN/A颗粒污泥快速活化过程中的污泥形态与菌群演化特征分析

接种颗粒污泥是快速启动高性能自养脱氮反应器的有效方法之一.为建立污泥活化与反应器效能的响应关系,在连续流反应器中接种冷冻储存的颗粒污泥,并采用高负荷和高水力选择压的调控策略,在34 d内成功启动了部分亚硝化/厌氧氨氧化(PN/A)一体化系统.反应器总氮去除率大于83％,总氮去除负荷稳定在1.67 kg·(m3·d)-1...