大鹏湾春季海水理化因素与拟尖刺菱形藻种群密度的灰色系统模型研究

对1990年3月30日－6月25日在大鹏湾盐田海域的海水采样结果，用灰色理论的系统分析方法研究并计算大鹏湾地区海水中的拟尖刺菱形藻与浮游动物数量等15个海水理化因子变化的灰关联度，关联排序结果表明：浮游动物、Fe、浊度、Me、DO、V、Se、酸碱度、盐度和温度对拟尖刺菱形藻的种群增殖态有着较大的影响。进而建立灰色系统模型{GM（1，h )}对拟尖刺菱形藻种群增殖的动态辨识分析。     

温度和光照对两株赤潮硅藻生长的影响

利用多因子实验设计,研究了主要环境因子温度、光照对尖刺拟菱形藻(Pseudo-nitzschia pungens)和中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatuma)生长的影响。经ANOVA统计分析(Tukey test),结果表明,在实验范围(温度15,20,25,30℃和光照强度1500,4000,7000lx)内,温度对尖刺拟菱形藻的生长有显著影响(0.01相似文献   

营养盐比例对硅藻水华优势种小环藻生长和生理的影响

近年来,一些淡水水体如河流、水库等暴发了以小环藻为优势种的硅藻水华,对水生态系统健康产生了不利影响.为探究不同营养盐水平下营养盐结构对小环藻生长的影响作用,研究了不同N/P（N与P质量浓度之比,下同）、Si/P、Si/N下小环藻培养物的藻细胞密度、叶绿素a浓度以及叶绿素荧光参数的变化.结果表明:在试验所设定的营养盐浓度范围内,随着N/P、Si/N的升高,小环藻的藻细胞密度和叶绿素a浓度显著增加,在N/P为30、Si/N为5.0的环境中有较好的生长潜力.小环藻在磷浓度低于0.10 mg/L的水体中,生长潜能与Si/P呈正相关,最适Si/P为100;在磷浓度为0.30 mg/L条件下,最适Si/P为50.综合对比分析,水体Si/P对小环藻生长的影响最为显著.在保持水体营养盐比例不变的条件下,营养盐浓度的变化对小环藻生长亦有明显的影响.当水体氮浓度高于6.0 mg/L、磷浓度高于0.10 mg/L时,硅是小环藻的主要限制元素,其最适浓度为15 mg/L.此外,在初始磷浓度为0.03 mg/L,氮浓度低于0.6 mg/L、硅浓度低于1.5 mg/L时,小环藻生长较为缓慢,光合活性低,因此,若实际水体营养盐浓度低于此水平,将能有效控制硅藻水华的暴发.研究显示,小环藻生长最适N/P为30、Si/N为5.0;最适Si/P与初始磷浓度有关,在磷浓度低于0.10 mg/L时,最适Si/P为100;磷浓度为0.30 mg/L时,最适Si/P为50.总体而言,小环藻生长受Si/P的影响最为明显.      

2008年夏季飞云江口浮游植物分布特征及与环境因子的相关性

根据2008年夏季飞云江口海域生态与环境调查数据,分析了飞云江口浮游植物分布特征以及与环境因子的关系.结果表明:2008年夏季共鉴定浮游植物69种,其中硅藻类28属62种,甲藻类3属7种.主要的优势种为中肋骨条藻(Skele-tonema costatum)、尖刺拟菱形藻(Pseudonitzschia pungens)、柔弱伪菱形藻(Pseudonitzschia delicatissima)、环纹娄氏藻(Lauderia annulata)、菱形海线藻(Thalassionema nitzschioides)等.通过CCA梯度分析,影响浮游植物群落结构的主要环境因子为盐度、营养盐、悬浮物、DO、pH,浮游植物不同种群受到的不同的环境因子的影响,甲藻受盐度的影响较大.而硅藻中的角毛藻受到铵盐和亚硝酸盐的影响较大,而中肋骨条藻、尖刺拟菱形藻、菱形海线藻等主要优势硅藻受到环境因子的限制较少.     

水网藻(Hydrodictyon reticulatum)在不同环境条件下对氮磷的吸收能力

研究了不同环境条件下,水网藻对N、P的吸收能力,结果表明,水网藻在富营养化水体至污水一级、二级处理出水中的N、h农度条件下,对N、P均有较强的去除能力,6天内的最大去除率分别为67．3％和gi％．在含4．2－50．4mg／LN、0．18oh2．232mg／LP条件下,单位湿重的水网藻对N、P的去除能力随N、P浓度的增加而增加温度对水网藻N、P去除能力的影响与生长一致,生长越旺盛,去除能力越强水网藻对门扶乏的自然水体中的N、P去除能力也较强,去除率分别为70％和50％以上;而添加P,对TN、TP的去除率也增加因此,使用水网藻作为富营养化治理植物具有一定的可行性     

近年来渤海湾营养盐变化趋势研究

通过对2004~2007年海水样品的采集、检测及分析获得渤海湾N、P、Si营养盐的数据资料。讨论了渤海湾N/P比、Si/P比、Si/N比的变化趋势、年际变化影响因素,以及N/P比与植物生长限制因子的关系。分析结果表明:4 a来,渤海湾水质富营养化严重。营养盐类发生了不同程度的变化,无机氮含量一直处于较高水平,磷酸盐含量则呈明显的下降趋势。近年来营养盐污染有加重趋势,N/P比大致呈逐年增加趋势,P成为近年来渤海湾浮游植物生长的限制因子。     

N、P、Fe、Mn对亚历山大藻LC3生长的影响

利用正交试验研究了N、P、Fe、Mn四种物质对亚历山大藻LC3生长的影响，比较无机营养盐及微量金属元素对亚历山大藻LC3增殖影响的大小顺序，结果显示无机N对藻的生长有促进作用，882—2646μmol／L浓度时LC3生长较好，2646μmol／L下生长速率略快。无机P对亚历山大藻LC3生长的影响差异显著，一定浓度的P对LC3的生长有促进作用。Fe及Mn对藻生长均有促进作用，分别在3．5μg／L的Fe浓度下及18—36gg／L的Mn浓度下藻可获得较快的生长速率。四种元素对亚历山大藻LC3生长均有促进作用，各元素对生长影响的大小顺序依次为：P〉Mn〉N〉Fe。     

长江口赤潮多发区潜在有毒藻类和赤潮毒素的初步调查

通过长江口赤潮多发区2003年-2005年的有毒藻类和贝类原产地赤潮毒素的监测,初步结果表明该海域存在多种潜在有毒藻类,主要包括产麻痹性贝毒(PSP)的链状亚历山大藻(Alexandrium catenella)、塔玛亚历山大藻(A．tamarens),产腹泻性贝毒(DSP)的渐尖鳍藻(Dinophysis acuminata,)、具尾鳍藻(D．caudata)、倒卵形鳍藻(D．fortii);产记忆缺失性贝毒(ASP)的尖刺拟菱形藻(Pseudo-Nitzschia pungens)、多列拟菱形藻(P．multiseries)、柔弱拟菱形藻(P.delicatissima )和多纹拟菱形藻(P．multistriata);产神经性贝毒(NSP)的短凯伦藻(Karenia brevis),其他有毒有害藻类包括红色裸甲藻(Gymnodinium sanguineum)、Heterocapsa circularisquama、米氏凯伦藻(K．mikimotoi)、Chatenela marina,Heterisigma akashiwo等其他有毒藻类。有毒藻类种类5、6月份较多,产腹泻性贝毒(DSP)和产记忆缺失性贝毒(ASP)的潜在有毒藻类常年均在该海域出现,这些有毒有害藻类多数密度并不高,Heterocapsa cirularisquama曾在2003年和2005年两次形成赤潮,并导致部分养殖贻贝死亡,米氏凯伦藻于2005年5-6月在长江口海域形成大规模赤潮,并导致养殖鱼类死亡。与有毒藻类监测同步开展了赤潮毒素检测,长江口贝类赤潮毒素检出时段主要集中在5-8月份,麻痹性贝毒和腹泻性贝毒的检出率分别为5％和15％左右,敏感种类为养殖的紫贻贝。     

河口滨岸潮滩沉积物-水界面N、P的扩散通量

选择了长江河口及上海海滨岸作为研究对象，分析了潮滩上覆水、沉积物孔隙水中营养物质N、P的含量，并初步估算了潮滩沉积物－水界面向N、P的扩散通量。上覆水中NH4^ －N含量分布在0．0082－2．56mg／L，NO2^-－N灾0．03－0．58mg／L，NO3^-－N为0．69－5．38mg／L之间，溶解态磷（DP）的含量为0．035－0．53mg／L之间；表层沉积物孔隙水中NH4^ －N的含量为0．0025－1．35mg／L，NO2^-的含量为0．0055－0．20mg／L，NO3^-－N的含量为0．61－1．14mg／L，DP的含量为0．11－0．53mg/L；计算表明，沉积物－水界面间NH4^ －N、NO2^-、NO3^-－N和DP的扩散通量分布范围分别为0．11－0．99、－0．39－0．0019、－3．09－－0．12和－0．48－0．12μg(cm^2.d）之间。研究揭示，沉积物是水体中N的重要蓄积库和P的可能输入源。     

硅酸盐影响浮游藻类群落结构的围隔试验研究

在新开湖设置浮式围隔,通过调控围隔水体硅酸盐含量,研究了硅对富营养化水体浮游藻类群落生长及演替的影响.结果表明,随着硅酸盐浓度的增加,硅藻的生物量提高,其种类所占比例明显增加,由10.2%上升到22.1%;蓝藻和绿藻的种类比例则下降,由76.8%下降到61.5%.加硅处理中,硅藻虽然没有完全取代蓝、绿藻的绝对优势地位,但是出现了尺骨针杆藻(Synedra ulna)、细齿菱形藻(Nitzschia denticula)、针状拟菱形藻(Nitzschia acicularis)、缢缩异极藻头状变种(Gomphonema constrictum var. capitata)、橄榄形异极藻 (Gomphonema olivaceum)等在对照处理中并未检出的藻种.中硅(原子比N∶Si∶P=16∶8∶1)和高硅(N∶Si∶P=16∶16∶1)处理中,Shannon多样性指数分别为2.17±0.40和2.12±0.21,而对照组为1.89±0.55.试验末期,对照围隔的水体表面出现铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)水华,而硅酸盐含量高的围隔中,同期没有水华出现.硅酸盐的增加能够促进硅藻及其它藻类生长,改变少数几种蓝、绿藻占据优势的状态,提升水生生态系统的多样性水平,并对淡水蓝藻水华的产生起到一定削弱作用.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.