海河流域河流生态基流量整合计算

以海河流域为对象 ,对河流生态基流量整合计算模型进行了实例研究 ,提出了海河流域生态基流量的整合计算的基本原则 ,即 :分阶段恢复原则、恢复模式原则、等级制原则和时空优化配置原则 .海河流域生态环境恢复对象包括 2 4条河段和 12块湿地 .根据河流生态基流量整合计算模型 ,计算得到海河流域的河流生态基流量 :高方案为 2 12 5 2× 10 8m3·a- 1 ,中方案为 13 1 79× 10 8m3·a- 1 ,低方案为 69 3 2× 10 8m3·a- 1 .并计算 3年内不同月份的生态基流量 .在高中低方案中 ,生态基流量的最大值均在 8月份 ,最小值均在 2月份 ,按照从大至小的顺序依次为 :8月份、7月份、9月份、6月份、10月份、5月份、11月份、4月份、3月份、12月份、1月份、2月份 .建议管理部门首先保证低方案的生态基流量 ,充分关注枯水年份和枯水季节的生态基流量 ,加强监测和管理生态敏感性强的河段、湿地和河口     

梯级水电开发中最小生态流量的研究——以宝兴河为例

河流梯级水电开发对河道生态环境造成一定影响,为保证河道基本生态环境用水需要,须保证河道最小下泄流量。在宝兴河流域河段上的硗碛电站、宝兴电站、小关子电站、铜头电站布置14个代表断面,利用MIKE软件进行断面形状绘制及相关水力生境参数计算,建立河道断面湿周与流量关系曲线,估算推荐最小生态流量。并通过Tennant法、生态水力学法和湿周法三种方法的分析对比,结果表明:1宝兴河梯级电站引水式开发对生态流量的影响,表现为枯水期入库流量增加,丰水期入库流量减少,平水期则相差不大;2硗碛、宝兴、小关子、铜头电站分别下泄2.39m~3/s、3.89m~3/s、8.91m~3/s和9.86m~3/s生态流量,可保证下游生态系统的稳定。     

基于鱼类保护目标的太子河环境流量研究

环境流量是流域水资源合理配置的基础.因此,本文借鉴FLOWS法,以太子河重要鱼类为保护目标,构建了流量组分与鱼类生态需求关系模型.同时,结合栖息地指标与流量关系曲线,计算了包含基流、脉冲流、平滩流和漫滩流4种组分在内的太子河环境流量.结果表明：太子河本溪、辽阳、唐马寨河段鱼类保护年基流量分别为2.93×108、3.12×108、2.88×108m3;现状径流总体可以满足年基流量的要求,但水文过程需要通过水库调度以匹配鱼类生态过程.推荐的各河段脉冲流、平滩流和漫滩流的量级、频率、历时、出现时间等水文参数,可以体现环境流量组分与自然径流过程的一致性要求.该研究可为太子河流域水库生态调度提供理论依据.     

基于IGAWDU的滦河中游河道生态基流量研究

提出能计算平均年和典型年生态基流量的基于CAWDU（建设项目水资源论证导则）的代表年法（简称IGAWDU法）,建立了相应的公式,应用于滦河中游典型河段。通过天然径流量趋势分析,确定自然与人为干扰的转折点,选取用于生态基流量计算的数据。采用双因素方差分析法比较逆月最小生态径流法（M—MMER法）和IGAWDU法与Tennant法的差异度。结果表明：（1）基于IGAWDU法的多年平均生态基流量为1．412亿m^3,丰、平、枯水年的年生态基流量分别为2．977亿m^3,1．736亿m^3,0．834亿m^3,占年均天然径流量32．4％,18．9％,9．1％,丰、平水年可满足维持生态系统所需基本水量;（2）M—MMER法与Tennant法的差异性较大。基于GAWDU的平均年法与Tennant法差异性不显著;（3）基于IGAWDU法的生态基流量略高于Tennant法,更利于河道生态系统健康发展,适于滦河流域生态基流量的估算。     

基于生态保护目标的太子河下游河道生态需水量计算

河流生态需水量计算是进行生态水权分配的一项基础性工作,是生态环境保护和水资源配置的依据.随着社会经济的发展,流域水资源短缺和生态环境问题日益突出.针对太子河下游河段水资源开发利用现状及存在的生态环境问题,在确定生态保护目标的基础上,采用月保证率法和生态水力学法计算下游河道不同等级生态需水量,既可以从各月角度反映河道生态需水是一个与自然径流相适应的过程,又注重水生生物的关键期和生境需求.通过Tennant法验证月保证率法和生态水力学法计算结果可靠,最终确定太子河下游河道最小、适宜和理想等级年生态需水量分别为:5.31×108m3、8.52×108m3和12.17×108m3,而且现状流量可以满足最小生态需水量的要求.     

水电站项目生态用水工程措施设计

电站引水发电以及堤坝式电站调峰运行将使坝下河段减(脱)水,调水、引水和供水等河道以外用水水利工程也将造成下游河道减(脱)水,水文将对水生生态、生产和生活用水、河道景观等产生一系列的不利影响.为维护河流的基本生态需求,水利水电工程必须下泻一定的生态流量,将其纳入工程水资源配置统筹考虑,使河流水电动能经济规模和水资源配备向"绿色"方向发展.本文以火溪河阴坪水电站为例,简述水电工程下泄生态流量确定的主要方法和下泄生态流量的工程措施设计.     

黄河流域生态系统特征及下游生态修复实践

根据黄河流域地势、地貌和气候、水文、植被等特点,将流域划分为3个生态区和10个生态亚区,在分析各生态分区特点的基础上,初步识别了黄河流域主要生态环境问题。针对黄河下游存在的频繁断流、水环境恶化、河槽淤积萎缩以及河口三角洲湿地面积萎缩等诸多生态问题,分析了黄河水量调度、调水调沙对黄河下游河道生态修复的作用,介绍了河口生态修复工程实践,并提出了黄河河流生态系统修复的方向与目标。     

马仲河流域污染状况及其生态修复分析

根据马仲河流域污染状况,通过采取河道底泥治理、排污干管截流、建造人工湿地和河道护岸等一系列生态修复措施来恢复马仲河流域生态功能,并以此达到净化河流的目的。本文为北方地区中小河流及支流河的全面达标提供了可借鉴的成功经验。     

关于《长江保护法》明确"生态水量"的思考与建议

现阶段的流域环境管理,越来越重视河流、湿地或河口的生态功能,强调保证生态水量。但通过梳理相关法律法规,发现存在法律中涉及生态水量问题的规定较少、对于"生态水量"一词的用法不统一、规定可操作性不强、维持合理水位的目的不统一、水量调度考虑生态环境保护的因素较少等问题。针对以上问题,建议在《长江保护法》中明确"生态水量"的内涵、生态水位的标准和设置目的、下泄水量(非汛期)时考虑流速的因素、设置预警流量。     

矿山疏干水排放对流域水环境影响分析

矿山疏干水的排放势必对流域水环境系统形成一定的影响。胜利煤矿地处海拉尔河流域,设计疏干排水量为5 810.26 m3/d,拟排入海拉尔河的一个支流中,矿山疏干排水作为流域人工"源"项,其水质、水量的控制和排放口、排放时间的选择是水环境影响的主控因素。在检测疏干水水质的基础上,对拟排入河段的河势、流量、水质和水生动植物等水文水环境条件进行勘查,利用河道水文测站资料和不同河道断面的流域控制面积,引入SWAT水文模型,测算断面的流量过程,分析了在不同断面设置排入口时,矿山疏干水对流域水文、水环境、地下水以及第三者的影响,结果表明,最终确定的排入口不仅对海拉尔河流域水文和水环境影响甚微,而且在一定程度上会改善排入口所在支流水资源利用条件。     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.