上海西郊农田土壤中多氯联苯分布特征及生态风险评价

采用GC／MS法测定了上海市西部郊区某农田土壤中多氯联苯（PCBs）的含量,讨论了PCBs的分布特征及生态风险。PCBs浓度为261．80ng／g,处于低污染水平。共有11种PCBs的同系物不同程度检出,主要以五氯联苯为主。多氯联苯毒性当量为3．26μg／kg,其中PCB126的贡献量最大,占总量的99．6％。     

滴水湖水系表层沉积物中多氯联苯残留与风险评价

于2012年,每2个月采集一次上海人工滩涂湖泊——滴水湖水系表层沉积物,对其多氯联苯(PCBs)的残留水平进行了检测和分析.结果表明,研究期间闸外引水河和闸内引水河沉积物中7种PCBs的总量各月间变化较大,且总体呈上升趋势,而滴水湖沉积物中其总量四季变化幅度不大;空间分布上,闸外引水河[(844.74±687.62)ng/g]>闸内引水河[(516.83±645.45)ng/g]>>滴水湖[(81.63±72.18)ng/g].研究区PCBs组成以六氯联苯和七氯联苯为主,其次为五氯联苯和三氯联苯.采用主成分分析法对PCBs进行源解析,结果显示:PCBs污染源中进口电容器中PCBs的迁移占43%,油漆添加剂污染占33%;国产电容器和变压器污染占11%.生态风险评估表明,闸外引水河和闸内引水河沉积物PCBs对生物体的暴露有严重威胁;滴水湖沉积物PCBs对生物体的暴露有一定的潜在威胁.与国内外研究相比,闸外引水河和闸内引水河属于严重污染水平,滴水湖属于中等污染水平,相关部门应加强污染监管.     

北京地区地表水中OCPs和PCBs的污染分析

在夏、冬两季对北京地区密云,潮白河,玉渊潭和通惠河等地表水中17种有机氯农药（OCPs）和84种多氯联苯（PCBs）的含量进行了分析及来源解析.实验结果表明,OCPs总量在7.86～53.1ng/L之间,平均值为（16.9±14.6）ng/L.PCBs总量在2.99～32.7ng/L之间,平均浓度为（10.9±10.4）ng/L.HCHs,硫丹,DDTs和HCB是主要的OCPs污染物,其含量分别为（13.9±11.5）ng/L,（2.20±2.01）ng/L,（0.63±1.51）ng/L和（0.12±0.14）ng/L.α-HCH/γ-HCH平均比值为1.53,小于工业HCH中比值4～7,表明北京地区地表水中存在林丹的使用.而DDT/（DDD+DDE）比值<1.22,表明北京地区并无新的DDTs污染源输入环境.PCBs以低氯代联苯为主,其中二氯,三氯,四氯和五氯联苯总和占∑₈₄PCBs总量的79.2%.北京地区地表水中不同氯取代数PCBs组成与我国历史PCB产品组成相符,均以低氯代联苯为主,表明北京地区地表水中PCBs污染来源为历史使用.相比于国内其他区域水质而言,北京地区地表水OCPs和PCBs污染水平较低.     

台州污染区蔬菜中多氯联苯污染特征分析

多氯联苯（polychlorinated Biphenyls,简称PCBs）已成为全球性的重要污染物之一。实验确立了浸泡-超声提取、硫酸硅胶-去活化硅胶-硝酸银硅胶复合层析柱净化、毛细管柱气相色谱法测定植物样品中痕量多氯联苯的方法。对浙江台州地区典型污染点玉露洋村、横街、莄李王村三地的植物样品（卷心菜、南瓜）进行测定,结果显示台州典型污染区内卷心菜中PCBs的浓度范围在5.98~112.36 ng/g,南瓜叶中PCBs平均值达130.70 ng/g,茎中达59.12 ng/g,三地在总体上污染严重。PCBs同系物间的污染水平存在显著差异,二氯联苯残留量大,四氯、五氯、六氯联苯分布较广、残留较高,高氯联苯有少量存在。     

黄河中下游流域表层土壤中多氯联苯的残留特征

采用气质联用仪（GC-MS）对黄河中下游流域18个国家控制断面处表层土壤（0～15cm）样品中的多氯联苯含量进行测定,分析其残留特征、可能的污染源和生态风险.结果表明,黄河中下游表层土壤中∑PCBs变化范围为0.43～39.83ng/g dw,均值为3.72ng/g,和其他地区研究结果相比,黄河中下游流域表层土壤中PCBs 含量水平较低.类二英类PCBs的毒性当量DL-TEQ变化范围为1.85～27.22pg/g dw,均值为15.24pg/g dw,远低于其他国家相应的限值,极少存在生态风险. PCB18、PCB33、PCB49、PCB44、PCB52的检出率和残留量均比较高,是黄河中下游流域表层土壤中的优势污染物.二氯联苯、三氯联苯和四氯联苯是主要的同族体,分别占总量的10.71%.13.48%、63.43%,说明黄河中下游流域表层土壤中主要是低氯联苯污染.主成分分析表明黄河中下游流域表层土壤中PCBs主要是来自Aorclor1242、1248、1254、1260系列PCBs产品和国产变压器油的混合污染源.     

松花江哈尔滨江段表层沉积物中多氯联苯残留状况调查

本文对松花江哈尔滨江段沉积物中多氯联苯(PCBs)的残留现状进行调研,以揭示该江段PCBs的分布特征、污染程度及污染来源。结果表明,16个典型断面表层沉积物中PCBs总量变化是4.6-20.6ng/g,平均值为11.7ng/g,该平均值低于加拿大沉积物环境质量标准所给定的淡水沉积物ISQG值。以三、五、六氯联苯为主要污染物,污染源主要来自于松花江上游及城市废水。     

珠江三角洲地区大气和土壤中多氯联苯分布特征研究

为了考察珠江三角洲地区大气和土壤中多氯联苯(PCBs)残留现状,于2012年在珠江三角洲地区采集了空气和土壤样品,并利用GC-MS进行PCBs分析测定。结果表明,大气中Σ24PCBs的总浓度为240~2 258 pg/m3,平均为1 243 pg/m3,且PCBs主要存在于气相中,占24种PCBs总浓度的90%以上,单体分布主要以三氯~五氯联苯为主。自2001年以来珠江三角洲地区大气中PCBs浓度有小幅波动,说明部分地区有PCBs源释放的可能。土壤中24种PCBs的总浓度为ND~20.68 ng/g,平均为3.77 ng/g。三氯联苯是土壤中PCBs的主要同类物,平均占土壤中24种PCBs总浓度的45%,其次是四氯联苯,平均占19%。部分地点低氯代PCBs比例下降,高氯代比例升高。     

天津市区表层土壤中多氯联苯的污染特征

用GC/ECD分析、GC/MS验证的方法测定了天津市区41个表层(0~10 cm)土壤样品中84种PCB异构体. 结果表明:w(PCBs)为0.82~8.86 ng/g,平均值为3.56 ng/g,其中工业区>路边绿化带>公园. 7种PCB指示异构体的浓度(以w计)范围为0.08~2.05 ng/g,占总量的22.89%,与w(PCBs)具有较好的相关性(R=0.74,P<0.000 1). 5氯联苯和3氯联苯是主要的异构体,分别占总量的28.30%和22.14%. 浓度位居前10位的异构体分别是PCB31/28、PCB201、PCB6、PCB84、PCB92、PCB101、PCB16/32、PCB89、PCB180和PCB12/13. 主成分分析显示,国产变压器油与电容器油、Aro1242、Aro1248、Aro1254、A30和KC300以及现有工业的排放是天津市区表层土壤中PCBs的主要来源. 关键词:多氯联苯(PCBs); 表层土壤; PCB指示异构体; 异构体      

上海崇明岛农田土壤中多氯联苯的残留特征

在上海崇明岛采集了101个耕层土壤样品,利用GC-μECD测定了8种多氯联苯(PCBs)浓度,并对其进行多元统计分析,探讨了其可能的污染来源.结果表明,样品PCBs浓度范围为n.d.~261ng/g,均值为56.0ng/g,低氯联苯含量和检出率均较高.不同土壤利用方式对PCBs残留量有一定影响,表现为水稻田土壤>大棚蔬菜西瓜田土壤>露天蔬菜西瓜田土壤.主成分分析和相关性研究结果显示,土壤中低氯联苯同系物间相关性较好,污染来源可能为同一类.     

长江表层土壤多氯联苯污染特征及风险评价

采用气质联用仪（GC-MS）对长江流域13个干流断面及18个支流断面处沿岸表层土壤样品中的多氯联苯（PCBs）进行测定,分析其残留特征、污染来源和健康风险.结果表明,长江流域表层土中ΣPCBs的含量范围为：1.05~50.11ng/g dw,平均值为5.71ng/g dw,含量处于较低污染水平.干流的PCBs含量从上游到下游呈现逐渐增大的趋势,且PCBs在宜昌、岳阳、武汉、重庆等二三线城市总含量较高.PCB 17,PCB 18,PCB 44,PCB 74,PCB 87的检出率较高,三氯联苯、四氯联苯是主要的同系物,表明长江流域表层土壤主要以低氯联苯污染为主.主成分分析表明研究区域PCBs主要来自于1号国产变压器油、Aorclor 1242、1248、大气沉降及地表径流的混合污染源;对长江流域表层土壤健康风险评价表明,PCBs存在较小健康风险,呼吸摄入潜在风险低于经口摄入及皮肤接触.     

上海交通沿线农田土壤中PAHs分布特征及源解析

为探讨交通干线对周围农田土壤环境中16种优先多环芳烃（PAHs）累积的影响,采集了上海市交通干线旁与道路垂向分布的70个农田土壤表层样品及2个土壤柱样品,系统分析了土壤中16种优控PAHs的含量、组成及来源.结果表明上海交通干线旁农田表层土壤PAHs含量范围为23.16~21250.25ng/g,平均值为928.16ng/g,且随着与防护林距离的增加呈现出先下降后增加而后又下降的趋势,农田土壤柱中PAHs含量则表现出随着距土壤深度的增加而上升的趋势.基于正定矩阵因子分析（PMF）模型及特征因子比值法的来源辨析结果,表明表层土壤和土壤柱中的PAHs均主要来源于煤、生物质的燃烧及交通排放.     

丹江口水库迁建区土壤PAHs的分布特征与来源及其生态风险评价

为评价丹江口水库迁建区土壤中PAHs的污染水平及该区域被淹没后的生态风险,采用GC/MS(气相色谱-质谱联用仪)分析技术,检测了该区域表层(0～20 cm)土壤中的w(PAHs),并探讨不同土地利用方式下PAHs的分布特征及来源. 结果表明:①研究区域表层土壤中w(PAHs)为4.04~181 ng/g,平均值为41.3 ng/g,在不同土地利用方式下表现为居住地>玉米地>菜地>其他耕地>养殖地>林地>果园. ②特征化合物指数法分析结果显示,菜地、居住地和其他耕地表层土壤中PAHs主要来自柴油燃烧,少部分属既有燃料燃烧又有石油污染的混合源,养殖地和玉米地表层土壤中PAHs主要来自燃料燃烧,说明土地利用方式对表层土壤中PAHs的质量分数、组成及其来源等均产生一定影响. ③与国内其他地区湖泊和水库沉积物相比,研究区域表层土壤中w(PAHs)较低,属于清洁无污染等级. 迁建区表层土壤被淹没成为沉积物后,由于PAHs污染程度较小,因此潜在生态风险较低.      

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations, compositions, sources, and associated carcinogenic risks to humans in farmland soils and riverine sediments from Guiyu, China

The concentrations of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) were measured in 23 farmland soil samples and 10 riverine sediment samples from Guiyu, China, and the carcinogenic risks associated with PAHs in the samples were evaluated. Guiyu is the largest electronic waste(EW) dismantling area globally, and has been well known for the primitive and crude manner in which EWs are disposed, such as by open burning and roasting. The total PAH concentrations were 56–567 ng/g in the soils and 181–3034 ng/g in the sediments.The Shanglian and Huamei districts were found to be more contaminated with PAHs than the north of Guiyu. The soils were relatively weakly contaminated but the sediments were more contaminated, and sediments in some river sections might cause carcinogenic risks to the groundwater system. The PAHs in the soils were derived from combustion sources,but the PAHs in the sediments were derived from both combustion and petroleum sources.     

电子废物拆解区农业土壤中多氯联苯的污染特征

用GC-μECD分析法测定了路桥表层土壤中144种多氯联苯同类物的含量.目的是了解该地区表层土壤中PCBs的污染水平、空间分布特征和来源.结果表明,样品中ΣPCBs为0.779～937 ng.g-1,均值为75.7 ng.g-1,研究区域中南部污染水平较高.同族体组成特征表明,38个样品组成以penta-CBs、hexa-CBs和tetra-CBs为主,含量范围分别为13.0%～61.1%、4.59%～48.8%和10.1%～31.5%;另外3个样品组成以di-CBs为主,范围为47.1%～75.2%.聚类分析表明,大多数样品主要受到Ar1254工业品的污染,少数样品的污染与Ar1221工业品有关.ΣPCBs与TOC显著相关,表明土壤中TOC的含量是影响PCBs在土壤中蓄积的重要因素之一;各PCBs同族体(除di-CBs与nona-CBs之间外)显著相关,表明各PCBs同族体有相似的输入途径.与国内外其它研究相比,研究区域表层土壤PCBs污染处于中高水平.     

Levels of polychlorinated biphenyls in 1,4-dichlorobenzene mothballs

Although polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) are globally recognized pollutant, an understanding of their resources as by-products in chemical industry is poorly investigated. This paper presents data from a study that was conducted in order to determine the extent of PCBs in 1,4-dichlorobenzene(p-DCB) mothballs. Total PCBs and dioxin-like PCBs were detected in five mothball samples. Total PCB concentrations ranged from 328 ng/g to 1798 ng/g, while the levels of WHO-TEQ were between 0.16 pg/g and 13 pg/g. Mean concentrations of total PCBs and WHO-TEQ in the samples were 724 ng/g and 3.2 pg/g, respectively. The highest level of PCB congeners was that of trichlorinated biphenyls(537 ng/g), which maybe due to the relatively low chlorination in the process of p-DCB production. A mechanism of the formation of PCBs from polychlorinated benzene in the presence of chlorine is also suggested. The results suggested that re-estimation on the risk of p-DCB products, especially the products for daily use such as mothballs, is expected.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

废弃农药厂拆除过程对周边土壤DDTs污染影响

分4批次分别采集某废弃农药厂拆除前和拆除后周边土壤,研究土壤中DDTs含量、分布和组成的变化特征.结果表明,拆除1个月后,土壤中DDTs残留量（平均为334ng/g）明显大于拆除前（平均为97.0ng/g）,之后土壤中DDTs的残留量明显下降.拆除前,周边土壤中以p,p'-DDE和p,p'-DDD为主,平均浓度分别为35.6和31.0ng/g;拆除后以p,p'-DDT为主要残留污染物,平均浓度为289ng/g,较拆除前（9.69ng/g）增长了28.9倍.来源分析表明,农药厂拆除前周边土壤中DDTs的污染主要受厂区内历史工业品DDTs生产和农田使用的三氯杀螨醇共同影响,而拆除过程周边土壤DDTs污染的贡献主要来自于厂区内工业品DDTs的挥发.在空间分布上,拆除前和拆除后整体上西部区域土壤的污染程度高于东部区域.     

重金属离子对不同非水溶性有机物含量土壤胶体上十溴联苯醚迁移行为的影响

为了研究复杂土壤环境中非水溶性有机物和重金属离子对BDE-209（十溴联苯醚）的时空迁移过程和变换规律,在旋转混匀仪[转速为（30±1.0）r/min、温度为（25.0±0.5）℃]内避光试验条件下,分析V_水:m_土为5、pH为6.8±0.1条件下,森林土壤和农田土壤中非水溶性有机物含量（分别为2.2%和4.7%）和重金属离子（Fe3+、Cu2+、Zn2+）含量对土壤中BDE-209环境迁移行为的影响.结果表明:重金属离子在森林土和农田土土壤胶体上的平衡时间和平衡含量分别为40、32 h和（49.4±1.2）（81.7±1.9）mg/g.重金属离子对森林土（重金属负荷为0~60 mg/g）和农田土（重金属负荷为0~80 mg/g）土壤胶体混凝沉降强弱作用均依次为Fe3+最强,其次为Cu2+、Zn2+;而当森林土重金属负荷为60~100 mg/g、农田土重金属负荷为80~100 mg/g时,森林土和农田土土壤胶体质量浓度分别稳定在（49.3±1.3）和（50.4±1.1）mg/L,致使上清液中ρ（BDE-209）由（388.5±13.2）ng/L分别降至（24.7±21.7）和（25.4±18.8）ng/L.此外,重金属离子未实现BDE-209由土壤胶体向重金属胶体的再分配过程[上清液中ρ（BDE-209）与土壤胶体质量浓度比值保持在（493.1±6.8）ng/g],仅通过改变土壤胶体环境行为来影响BDE-209迁移过程,进而导致土壤环境中BDE-209时空迁移过程与土壤胶体迁移行为一致.      

Organochlorine compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediment from Baiyangdian Lake, North China： Concentrations, sources profiles and potential risk

Organochlorine pesticides(OCPs),polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs),and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) were determined in nineteen surface sediment samples collected from Baiyangdian Lake and its inflowing river(Fuhe River) in North China.Total concentrations of OCPs,PCBs and PAHs in sediments ranged from 5.4 to 707.6 ng/g,2.3 to 197.8 ng/g,and 101.3 to 6360.5 ng/g,respectively.The levels of contaminants in Fuhe River were significantly higher than those in Baiyandian Lake.For hexachlorocyclohexane(HCHs) and dichlorodiphenytrichloroethanes(DDTs),α-HCH and p,p-DDT were predominant isomers;while for PCBs,PCB 28/31,PCB 40/103,PCB 60,PCB 101,and PCB 118 were predominant congeners.Possible sources derived from historical usage for OCPs and incomplete combustion fuel,wood,and coal and exhaustion of boats or cars for PAHs.Risk assessment of sediment indicated that sediments in Fuhe River were likely to pose potential biological adverse impact.