环境毒物检测方法──细菌培养顶空气相色谱法及其应用研究

用顶空气相色谱技术测定环境毒物对大肠杆菌（Ｅ．Ｃｏｌｉ）代谢产物ＣＯ２的抑制程度,以ＩＣ５０（５０％抑制浓度）判断毒性大小,旨在探索一种快速检测环境污染物毒性的方法。本试验选择最佳条件为;细菌浓度１０９个／ｍｌ,ｐＨ值７２—７．４,顶空管气液比１：２．５,培养４ｈ,以及适宜的ＣＯ２测定色谱条件。用该方法检测８种离子毒性,ＩＣ５０值顺序为Ｈｇ２＋（０．８６×１０—６）＞Ｃｕ２＋（８．００×１０—６）＞Ｃｄ２＋（８．３９×１０－６）＞ＣＮ－（１０．２０×１０－６）＞Ｐｂ２＋（１１．２０×１０－６）＞Ｓｎ２＋（２０．１０×１０－６）＞Ｎｉ２＋（３９．７０×１０－６）;研究了Ｃｄ２＋、Ｈｇ２＋、Ｃｕ２＋、Ｚｎ２＋和ＣＮ－５种离子间联合毒性作用,大多数表现为相加作用,也有协同和拮抗作用;芳香族化合物结构活性与毒性两者间有密切关系,取代基种类和数目不同,毒性各异;探讨硝基废水处理过程中毒性随硝基苯类化合物的浓度、ＣＯＤ值降低而减弱。     

云南寻定几种农作物籽粒中重金属的比较研究

通过对四种农作物（玉米、小麦、水箱、蚕豆）籽粒中八种重金属元素（Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ、Ｃｒ、Ｎｉ、Ａｓ、Ｈｇ）的调查研究。结果表明，四种农作物籽粒中重金属元素量与土壤重金属含量呈正相关，籽粒中重金属的吸收系数大致为Ｃｄ〉Ｚｎ〉Ｃｕ〈Ｐｂ，玉米籽粒Ｃｄ〈Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ，可能由于元素间的交互作用，Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ含量均处于较高水平，由于不同农作物和物的生物学特性之间的差异，Ｃｒ，Ｎｉ、Ａｓ、Ｈｇ在     

氨基酸型螯合树脂的合成及其吸附性能

以三乙烯四胺，环氧氯丙烷和氯乙酸为原料，合成了氨基酸结构的螯合树脂，并研究了Ｃｕ＾２＋，Ｐｂ＾２＋，Ｎｉ＾２＋，Ｚｎ＾２＋的吸附性能。结果表明，该树脂对Ｃｕ＾２＋，Ｐｂ＾２＋，Ｐｂ＾２＋，Ｎｉ＾２＋比对Ｚｎ＾２＋具有良好的吸附性能，其吸附量可达１．４０，，１．３９，１．２０及０．４ｍｏｌ／ｇ。     

湄洲湾生物体内重金属含量及其评价

以湿法消化和火焰原子吸收分光光度计测定了福建湄洲湾海域５种海洋生物体内Ｃｕ，Ｐｂ，Ｚｎ，Ｃｄ，Ｎｉ，Ｆｅ，Ｍｎ，Ｃｏ的含量，并计算了生物对重金属的富集系数。结果表明：各种生物体内重金属含量Ｆｅ，Ｍｎ，Ｃｕ，Ｚｎ＞Ｐｂ，Ｃｄ，Ｎｉ，Ｃｏ。对多数其含量大小趋势为：双壳类软组织＞海带＞虾、鱼肌肉。牡晟对Ｃｕ，Ｚｎ，Ｃｄ的富集系数比其它生物高得多，湄洲湾生物体内重金属含量与国内外某些海域相近，远低于海洋生     

滇池,洱海水及沉积物中重金属元素的行为

洱海水中重金属元素的含量不同，平均值以１０＾－９计算：Ｃｕ１．６，Ｐｂ０．５９，Ｚｎ９．８，Ｃｄ０．００９，Ｃｒ０．２４，水质较好；沉积物中每一样品同一元素的含量一般均趋于平均值，以１０＾－６计算：Ｃｕ１１１，Ｐｂ６０，Ｚｎ１２７，Ｃｄ０．５９１，Ｃｒ１３０。因此，洱海至今仍是一个较清洁的湖泊。滇池水质较差，内草海段水中重金属元素含量明显上升，以１０＾－９计算：Ｃｕ５．８，Ｐｂ０．５５，Ｚｎ３２，     

滇池、洱海水及沉积物中重金属元素的行为

洱海水中重金属元素的含量不同,平均值以１０＾－９计算：Ｃｕ１．６,Ｐｂ０．５９,Ｚｎ９．８,Ｃｄ０．００９,Ｃｒ０．２４,水质较好;沉积物中每一样品同一元素的含量一般均趋于平均值,以１０＾－６计算：Ｃｕ１１１,Ｐｂ６０,Ｚｎ１２７,Ｃｄ０．５９１,Ｃｒ１３０。因此,洱海至今仍是一个较清洁的湖泊。滇池水质较差,内草海段水中重金属元素含量明显上升,以１０＾－９计算：Ｃｕ５．８,Ｐｂ０．５５,Ｚｎ３２,     

Zn等金属离子对栉孔稚贝成活的毒性影响

本文通过实验讨论了Ｚｎ，Ｃｄ，Ｐｂ，Ｃｕ金属离子对栉孔稚贝生长的毒性影响。提出了上述四种金属离子２４～９６ｈ的ＬＣ５０值及稚贝生长安全浓度。Ｚｎ，Ｃｄ，Ｐｂ，Ｃｕ离子对栉孔稚贝９６ｈＬＣ５０分别为０．０４７、０．００８、０．１００及０．００７ｍｇ／Ｌ。四种金属离子对稚贝生物毒性顺序是Ｃｕ＞Ｃｄ＞Ｚｎ＞Ｐｂ。     

重金属对方形网纹蚤的毒性研究

在静置换水条件下，研究了重金属对方形网纹溲的急性毒性和生活周期毒性。Ｈｇ＾２＋、Ｃｕ＾２＋、Ｃｒ＾６＋和Ｚｎ＾２＋在２５±１℃下对方形网纹溲的４８ｈＥＣ５０分别为０．０１００、０．０２５４、０．１４４５和０．２８２８ｍｇ／Ｌ，Ｈｇ＾２＋对方形网纹溲的７ｄ生活周期毒性试验，以存活、生长和生殖为毒性指标，未觉察反应浓度（ＮＯＥＣ）为５．９１μｇＮＬ，最低觉察反应浓度（ＬＯＥＣ）为１１．８３μｇ／Ｌ，其     

煤中部分潜在毒害微量元素在表生条件下的化学活动性

利用连续化学浸取实验方法，对采自贵州省二叠经龙潭组的３２个煤样中的１０种潜在毒害微量元素化学的活动性进行了研究，结果表明：煤中Ｈｇ、Ａｓ、Ｓｅ、Ｃｄ等元素具有极强的化学活动性，其中平均８３．８％的Ｈｇ、９３．５％的Ａｓ、８０．３％的Ｓｅ．６３．３％的Ｃ在．１％的Ｃｕ的８６．８％的Ｐｂ可以被带出煤中而进入表生环境；煤中Ｚｎ的化学活动性次之，只有平均４６．６％的Ｚｎ可能迁移进行环境中；Ｔｌ、Ｃｒ、Ｎｉ     

重金属对方形网纹溞的毒性研究

在静置换水条件下，研究了重金属对方形网纹的急性毒性和生活周期毒性。Ｈｇ２＋、Ｃｕ２＋、Ｃｒ６＋和Ｚｎ２＋在２５±１℃下对方形网纹的４ｓｈＥＣ５０分别为０．０１００、０．０２５４、０．１４４和０．２８２８ｍｇ／Ｌ。Ｈｇ２＋对方形网纹的７ｄ生活周期毒性试验，以存活、生长和生殖为毒性指标，未觉察反应浓度（ＮＯＥＣ）为５·９μｇＮＬ，最低觉察反应浓度（ＬＯＥｃ）为１１．８３μｇ／Ｌ，其毒性阈限在二者之间。重金属对方形网纹与大型及鱼类的急性毒性比较和Ｈｇ２＋对类生活周期的毒性比较均表明方形网纹较为敏感。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.