近年来我国海域多发性赤潮生物种类以及赤潮风险指数分级预警方法

根据国家海洋环境监测中心赤潮数据库2006~2010年资料,依据年平均发生次数和累计面积,将近年来在我国海域多次引发赤潮的赤潮生物分成三类——高发性赤潮生物、频发性赤潮生物和易发性赤潮生物。按各种赤潮生物的细胞大小,分析研究了每种赤潮生物引发赤潮的基准密度,探讨了根据赤潮生物密度、叶绿素a浓度赋值建立的赤潮风险指数,以及应用赤潮风险指数和海水营养状态质量指数分级预警赤潮的方法。     

2006年夏季浙江海域赤潮生物群落分布

研究了2006年夏季浙江海域(120°～128°E,26°～30°N)91个站位赤潮生物物种组成及群落分布,共检出赤潮生物4门30属69种,其中角毛藻属和原多甲藻属种类数占优势.赤潮生物种类数及数量分布由近岸向外海递减且有随水深增加而减少的趋势,高值区为舟山群岛和南麂列岛海域.舟山群岛海域夏季赤潮生物优势种为旋链角毛藻,是新的引发赤潮的潜在藻种;南麂列岛海域夏季赤潮生物优势种为中肋骨条藻,与往年调查结果相符.舟山群岛和南麂列岛海域仍然是浙江海域赤潮发生敏感区.     

福建沿海近10 a赤潮基本特征分析

收集整理了自2001～2010年近10 a的福建沿海161起赤潮事件,通过统计的方法综合分析.结果表明福建沿海赤潮在时间和空间上具有以下特征:①时间分布上,赤潮主要发生在4～9月,高发期为5～6月,大部分赤潮的持续时间为2～4 d,且发生面积在50 km2以下.近年来赤潮初发期的时间提早,且其持续时间较长;②引发赤潮的生物有20种,其中硅藻类10种,甲藻类9种,原生动物类1种.引发赤潮最多的生物为东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense),其次为夜光藻(Noctilucascintillans)、中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)和角毛藻(Chaetoceros sp.).引发赤潮的种类具有演替规律,不断有新的种类引发赤潮;③空间分布上,赤潮主要发生在宁德市沿海、福州市沿海和厦门市沿海海域.福建省平潭以北沿海海域引发赤潮的藻种主要为东海原甲藻和夜光藻,而平潭以南沿海海域引发赤潮的藻种主要为中肋骨条藻和角毛藻;④引发有毒赤潮的藻种主要为米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi),主要发生在福建平潭以北沿海海域.通过对近10 a福建沿海赤潮的全面分析,为福建省赤潮的防灾减灾和赤潮预警工作提供科学合理的依据.     

浅淡赤潮的危害及防治

１赤潮的成因赤潮又名潮靛，通常是指生活在海水的浮游生物爆发性繁殖而使海水变色的现象。赤潮生物有多种颜色，但大多呈红色，发生时使海水变红，故称赤潮。１．１赤潮生物赤潮生物属种较多，目前已知的赤潮生物约５０多属、１５０多种。据调查，目前我国沿海海域赤潮生...     

赤潮对近岸水体生物光学特性的影响

研究了赤潮对近岸水体生物光学特性的影响.从大连湾采集11个站位的水体生物光学数据,分析了赤潮发生时生物要素、反射光谱以及吸收光谱的变化特征.结果表明,大连湾本次赤潮由微微型藻类引起;赤潮对水体遥感反射率的光谱形状影响明显,与正常水体相比,由于高浓度叶绿素a的强吸收作用,导致440、632 nm波段附近出现反射谷,红光波...     

赤潮的研究动向与防治对策

赤潮现象日益频繁，对海洋水产以及整个海洋环境造成负面影响，该文研究了海域赤潮发生，发展，消亡过程和赤潮生物毒素在食物链的传递，富集作用及其有关机理问题，探索赤潮对海洋生态系统和地球生物化学过程的影响，以及寻求海洋赤潮的防治途径。     

舟山海域具齿原甲藻赤潮初探

通过 2 0 0 1年 5月对舟山海域赤潮区的一次综合性调查 ,对赤潮生物、及其与各个环境要素进行了相关分析。结果表明 :本次赤潮生物是具齿原甲藻 (Prorocentrumdantatum) ;赤潮的发生主要与舟山海域特有的水文气象条件、潮流、营养盐等因子密切相关 ;赤潮生物的数量与表层水体中的DO、pH呈很好的正相关 ,与无机氮呈负相关 ;该赤潮以无机氮为营养盐主导因子 ,并且NH4 是赤潮生物吸收无机氮的主要形式。     

河北省近岸海域赤潮灾害特征分析

对河北省近岸海域1989~2014年间发生的赤潮灾害进行综合分析,结果表明:全省赤潮灾害发生的频次及累计面积呈现上升趋势;每年的5~10月是赤潮灾害的发生期,其中5~6月是赤潮频发期;秦皇岛市、黄骅市附近海域是河北省赤潮灾害的多发海域,也是深受赤潮灾害危害较为严重的海域;甲藻门引发赤潮灾害的比例较大,尤其夜光藻引发的赤潮灾害的次数最多;有毒赤潮生物种较多,达12种;新的赤潮生物种抑食金球藻引发的赤潮灾害扩散快,影响面积大,持续时间长。建议采取有效措施,严格控制陆源污染物超标排放;加强海水养殖业的科学管理,控制养殖废水的排放;加大对抑食金球藻引发赤潮的机理、快速检测与识别方法的研究,减少或避免赤潮灾害的发生。     

申南指数在大连湾海域环境质量评价及赤潮调查中的应用

本文通过三年来对大连湾海域浮游植物监测,按春、夏、秋三季及赤潮时的连续监测,将获得的分类及定量资料应用 Shinnonqueaver指数公式处理后发现,用生物多样性指数值,能客观,综合地反映海域不同水期的环境质量;同时发现,在赤潮发生时,指数值小于1大于零的符合率占82.1%,越趋于零的站住,赤潮程度越严重.未发生赤潮时,多样性指数值大于1的符合率占86.3%,H 值能客观的反映赤潮程度.     

探讨运用多元回归分析预报赤潮

对大亚湾澳头水域19972001年赤潮监测资料的统计分析，发现可以以潮汐、风向、天气状况和水温作为影响赤潮发生的重要因子，用参数表征各因的权重，建立多元回归方程，并绘制出赤潮生物的变化趋势图。可根据现场的生物观测资料分析，预报在生物高峰期是否将发生赤潮。该预报方法，可对陆源污染不明显，水质状况较稳定、浮游植物种群丰富的半封闭溺谷湾海水增养殖区的赤潮预报提供参考。     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.