商品氯氰菊酯对斜生栅藻生长的影响及其生理生化效应

研究了商品氯氰菊酯对斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)生长及生理生化指标的影响,以了解除虫菊酯农药对水生态系统的影响.在氯氰菊酯暴露下,藻细胞生长受到明显抑制,氯氰菊酯对斜生栅藻生长的72h半效应浓度(EC50)为2.37mg/L.藻细胞所有生理生化指标对氯氰菊酯响应迅速,12h到达最大促进或者抑制效果,48h后趋于平稳.其中12h处理,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量上升,中等浓度组的促进作用最强;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性则呈现出低浓度促进、高浓度抑制效应.氯氰菊酯能促进藻细胞膜脂氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)的产生,且呈现出明显的剂量—效应关系,MDA含量可以作为监测氯氰菊酯污染的生物标记指标之一.研究结果表明,SOD活性抑制以及膜脂氧化是氯氰菊酯对斜生栅藻的重要致毒机理,但自然环境中的氯氰菊酯水平不会对淡水水体浮游藻类的生长产生抑制作用.     

Effect of Cd on GSH and GSH-related enzymes of Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L existing in Antarctic ice

Glutathione(GSH) and GSH-related enzymes play a great role in protecting organisms from oxidative damage. The GSH level and GSH-related enzymes activities were investigated as well as the growth yield and malonyldialdehyde(MDA) content in the Antarctic ice microalga Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L exposure to the different cadmium concentration in this paper. The results showed that the higher concentration Cd inhibited the growth of ICE-L significantly and Cd would induce formation of MDA. At the same time, it is clear that GSH level, glutathione peroxidases(GPx) activity and glutathione S-transferases(GST), activity were higher in ICE-L exposed to Cd than the control. But GR activity dropped notably when ICE-L were cultured in the medium containing Cd. Increase of GSH level, GPx and GST activities acclimate to oxidative stress induced by Cd and protect Antarctic ice microalga Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L from toxicity caused by Cd exposure. These parameters may be used to assess the biological impact of Cd in the Antarctic pole region environment.     

儿茶酚抑制藻细胞活性过程中IOM的三维荧光特性

以天然水体中藻类为研究对象,研究了儿茶酚对藻类的抑制效应,并采用三维荧光法分析了抑藻过程中胞内有机物的释放及降解情况。水样A和水样B分别采自某护城河和一景观水体。结果显示,儿茶酚能够有效抑制实际水体中藻细胞活性,当儿茶酚终浓度为10 mg/L培养6 d后,水样A和水样B的抑藻率分别达90%和94%,且抑藻率随着投加浓度的增加、培养时间的延长相应增加。在投加儿茶酚后,水样类蛋白荧光峰强度显著增加,但随着培养时间的延长,峰强均有所降低,细胞释放的类蛋白物质发生降解。当投加儿茶酚浓度低于1 mg/L时,藻细胞活性受轻度抑制,会释放类富里酸物质,当儿茶酚投加浓度高于5 mg/L,藻细胞活性受到强烈抑制,不会释放类富里酸物质。投加儿茶酚会增大水样COD浓度,但对水样TN浓度没有影响。     

Cobalt and manganese stress in the microalga Pavlova viridis （Prymnesiophyceae）： Effects on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes

Pollution of marine environment has become an issue of major concern in recent years.Serious environmental pollution by heavy metals results from their increasing utilization in industrial processes and because most heavy metals are transported into the marine environment and accumulated without decomposition.The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects on growth,pigments, lipid peroxidation,and some antioxidant enzyme activities of marine microalga Pavlova viridis,in response to elevated concentrations of cobalt(Co)and manganese(Mn),especially with regard to the involvement of antioxidative defences against heavy metal-induced oxidative stress.In response to Co~(2 ),lipid peroxidation was enhanced compared to the control,as an indication of the oxidative damage caused by metal concentration assayed in the microalgal cells but not Mn~(2 ).Exposure of Pavlova viridis to the two metals caused changes in enzyme activities in a different manner,depending on the metal assayed:after Co~(2 )treatments,total superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity was irregular,although it was not significantly affected by Mn~(2 )exposure.Co~(2 )and Mn~(2 )stimulated the activities of catalase(CAT)and glutathione(GSH),whereas,ghitathione peroxidase(GPX)showed a remarkable increase in activity in response to Co~(2 )treatments and decreased gradually with Mn~(2 )concentration,up to 50μmol/L,and then rose very rapidly,reaching to about 38.98% at 200μmol/L Mn~(2 ).These results suggest that an activation of some antioxidant enzymes was enhanced,to counteract the oxidative stress induced by the two metals at higher concentration.     

不同浓度藻类水华对两种沉水植物的影响

为了研究藻类水华对沉水植被恢复的影响,通过模拟不同浓度的藻类水华,开展了篦齿眼子菜（Potamogeton pectinatus）和伊乐藻（Elodea nuttallii）在不同浓度藻类水华下（0,6.25×10⁸,2.5×10⁹,10¹⁰cell/L）的生长和生理试验.结果表明,低浓度（6.25×10⁸cell/L）处理组中伊乐藻的干重显著低于对照组,而藻浓度达到10¹⁰cell/L时,篦齿眼子菜的干重才显著低于对照组.与其它处理组相比,在藻浓度为10¹⁰cell/L的情况下,篦齿眼子菜的株高最矮,而伊乐藻的株高最高.叶绿素荧光特性表明藻浓度为10¹⁰cell/L的情况下,篦齿眼子菜的光合活性从0.77降低至0.50,而伊乐藻的光合活性无显著性变化,在0.72～0.79之间波动.沉水植物的抗氧化酶活性在藻类水华胁迫环境下先增加后降低.这表明,藻类水华对水生植物的生长影响有差异性;水体中过高的藻浓度会影响植物的抗性生理.沉水植物能忍耐短期低浓度的藻类水华胁迫,但是长期高浓度的藻类水华会严重影响沉水植物的生长,进而影响水生植被的恢复.     

商品氯氰菊酯农药对蛋白核小球藻的毒性效应研究

研究了氯氰菊酯对蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)生长、细胞内含物(可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖)及抗氧化酶类(超氧化物歧化酶,SOD)、膜脂氧化产物(丙二醛,MDA)的影响.结果表明,在氯氰菊酯暴露下,藻细胞的生长受到不同程度的抑制,且抑制程度随氯氰菊酯浓度的增大而增大,氯氰菊酯对蛋白核小球藻生长的72h半效应浓度(EC50)为4.89mg·L-1.藻细胞所有生理生化指标对氯氰菊酯响应迅速,在暴露初期较为敏感,24h后趋于平稳.其中,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量上升,中等浓度组(3.2,5.6mg·L-1)上升趋势最为显著.SOD活性则呈现出低浓度(1.0,1.8mg·L-1)促进、高浓度(>3.2mg·L-1)抑制效应.氯氰菊酯可使藻体内丙二醛(MDA)含量升高,氯氰菊酯浓度越高,藻体内MDA含量越高.研究结果表明,对藻细胞SOD活性的抑制及膜脂过氧化可能是氯氰菊酯对蛋白核小球藻产生毒害作用的重要原因.     

2,4-二氯苯酚低浓度长期暴露对鲫鱼肝脏抗氧化系统的影响

在室内模拟条件下,研究了低浓度2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)长期暴露(40d)对鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)幼体肝脏抗氧化系统的影响结果表明:过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Se-GPx)活性、氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量可被显著诱导;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性在0.005mg·L^-1 2,4-DCP污染胁迫下即被显著诱导;还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量几乎持续受到抑制;谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性则先受到抑制后逐渐回升;谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)的活性变化较小,仅在2个低浓度组中有轻微诱导.GR、GSH,尤其是SOD,对2,4-DCP较为敏感,可以作为水生生态系统中2,4-DCP污染的一项早期监测指标.     

丙溴磷影响海洋微藻生长机理的初步研究

研究了丙溴磷对三角褐指藻和青岛大扁藻生长的影响及其可能的机理。结果显示，低浓度的丙溴磷可以刺激它们的生长，高浓度的丙溴磷则对其生长产生抑制作用；低浓度丙溴磷还使藻细胞的脂质过氧化程度在低水平增高，ＳＯＤ活性有所降低；高浓度时则使其指质过氧化程度过量升高，ＳＯＤ活性显著下降，加入抗氧化剂不仅可抑制低浓度丙溴磷对微藻生长的刺激效应，而且能缓解高浓度丙溴磷对微藻的毒害作用，因此，丙溴磷作用于微灌的抗氧化     

Growth response and toxic effects of three antibiotics on Selenastrum capricornutum evaluated by photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll biosynthesis

The effects of three types of antibiotics (erythromycin,ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole) on the photosynthesis of freshwater algae,Selenastrum capricornutum Printz,were investigated by determining the growth rate,chloroplast pigments content,seven main precursors (including δ-aminolevulinic acid,porphobilinogen,uroporphyrinogen III,coproporphyrinogen III,protoporphyrin IX,Mg-proporphyrin IX and protochlorophyllide),and photosynthetic rate during chlorophyll biosynthesis.The antibiotics significantly decr...     

氧化石墨烯对淡水微藻生长及生物活性物质的影响

为掌握氧化石墨烯（GO）的水环境风险,以斜生栅藻（Scenedesmus obliquus）和湖泊微拟球藻（Nannochloropsis limnetica）为研究对象,探究了GO对淡水微藻生长及其生物活性物质（碳水化合物、总蛋白质、总脂）的影响.结果表明,GO对2种微藻具有中等毒性,72h EC₅₀值分别为25.63和48.44mg/L.透射电镜（TEM）观察发现,GO纳米片层既能附着于藻细胞表面也能进入藻细胞内部,造成藻细胞超微结构明显变化,包括：质壁分离;叶绿体收缩;淀粉粒数量减少甚至消失.较低浓度（10mg/L）GO会促进微藻中光合色素（叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素）合成;而较高浓度（100mg/L）GO暴露下,2种微藻的类胡萝卜素和斜生栅藻叶绿素a的含量显著降低.2种浓度的GO总体上刺激了藻细胞内生物活性物质的合成,这是污染胁迫下的一种主动防御机制;而较高浓度GO造成碳水化合物含量显著降低,可能原因是细胞中储能物质由淀粉向中性脂转化.     

萘胁迫对金鱼藻生理特性的影响

为探讨NAP(萘)对金鱼藻的毒性及其机理,采用1/10Hoagland营养液水培法,研究了ρ(NAP)分别为1.25、2.5、5、10、20和40mg/L下金鱼藻中w(叶绿素)、w(可溶性蛋白)、w(GSH)(GSH为还原型谷胱甘肽)、MDA(丙二醛)含量及SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)和POD(过氧化物酶)活性的变化. 结果表明,在ρ(NAP)为1.25和2.5mg/L时,金鱼藻的各项生理活动与对照组基本没有显著差异(P>0.05). ρ(NAP)越高,对金鱼藻的毒性越大,当ρ(NAP)达40mg/L时,金鱼藻的生理活动受到显著影响(P<0.05). 在胁迫后期(第5、7天),随着ρ(NAP)的增加,w(叶绿素)、w(可溶性蛋白)以及SOD活性均有不同程度的下降,同时w(GSH)和MDA含量上升,膜脂过氧化加剧. 说明w(叶绿素)、MDA含量和SOD活性等是金鱼藻对萘胁迫较为敏感的参数,能表征萘胁迫的毒性.      

营养盐比例对硅藻水华优势种小环藻生长和生理的影响

近年来,一些淡水水体如河流、水库等暴发了以小环藻为优势种的硅藻水华,对水生态系统健康产生了不利影响.为探究不同营养盐水平下营养盐结构对小环藻生长的影响作用,研究了不同N/P（N与P质量浓度之比,下同）、Si/P、Si/N下小环藻培养物的藻细胞密度、叶绿素a浓度以及叶绿素荧光参数的变化.结果表明:在试验所设定的营养盐浓度范围内,随着N/P、Si/N的升高,小环藻的藻细胞密度和叶绿素a浓度显著增加,在N/P为30、Si/N为5.0的环境中有较好的生长潜力.小环藻在磷浓度低于0.10 mg/L的水体中,生长潜能与Si/P呈正相关,最适Si/P为100;在磷浓度为0.30 mg/L条件下,最适Si/P为50.综合对比分析,水体Si/P对小环藻生长的影响最为显著.在保持水体营养盐比例不变的条件下,营养盐浓度的变化对小环藻生长亦有明显的影响.当水体氮浓度高于6.0 mg/L、磷浓度高于0.10 mg/L时,硅是小环藻的主要限制元素,其最适浓度为15 mg/L.此外,在初始磷浓度为0.03 mg/L,氮浓度低于0.6 mg/L、硅浓度低于1.5 mg/L时,小环藻生长较为缓慢,光合活性低,因此,若实际水体营养盐浓度低于此水平,将能有效控制硅藻水华的暴发.研究显示,小环藻生长最适N/P为30、Si/N为5.0;最适Si/P与初始磷浓度有关,在磷浓度低于0.10 mg/L时,最适Si/P为100;磷浓度为0.30 mg/L时,最适Si/P为50.总体而言,小环藻生长受Si/P的影响最为明显.      

壬基酚对波纹巴非蛤(Paphia undulata)外套膜毒性效应研究

实验室条件下获得了壬基酚(Nonylphenol,NP)对波纹巴非蛤(Paphia undulata)的96 h LC50值为0.26 mg/L。同时研究了波纹巴非蛤外套膜中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量和丙二醛(MDA)含量在低、中、高(浓度分别为1、10和25 g/L)3个浓度NP曝毒以及清水释放下的胁迫响应。结果表明:胁迫1 d时波纹巴非蛤外套膜SOD活性只有低浓度组被轻度抑制,随后总体呈先诱导后抑制的变化趋势;POD活性在整个胁迫期间只有15 d的低、中浓度组被抑制,其他时间总体呈被诱导状态;GSH含量在胁迫1 d和7 d基本上均低于对照组,而15 d时3个浓度组GSH含量均极显著高于对照组(P 0.01);MDA含量随胁迫时间延长呈明显升高的变化趋势。清水释放后,低浓度组SOD活性、POD活性和GSH含量均恢复正常;中、高浓度组只有GSH含量恢复至对照水平。本研究表明NP对波纹巴非蛤外套膜有明显的氧化损伤,且随着NP浓度升高其受损程度增大,高浓度NP胁迫后外套膜SOD活性、POD活性和MDA含量释放实验结束后未能恢复至对照水平。     

重金属离子胁迫对赤潮微藻的急性毒性

重金属污染和赤潮都是较为突出的海洋环境问题,为给相关研究提供基础试验数据,在实验室条件下研究了Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+对米氏凯伦藻和微小原甲藻的急性毒性效应. 通过2种藻的EC₅₀(半数抑制浓度)比较了其敏感性差异,分析了不同浓度重金属胁迫对微藻的影响;同时,利用TEM (transmission electronic microscopy,透射电镜技术)和FCM (flow cytometry,流式细胞术)研究了重金属Cu2+的急性毒性胁迫在亚细胞水平上对米氏凯伦藻的损伤. 其中,Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+对微小原甲藻的48 h EC₅₀和96 h EC₅₀分别为0.514和0.276 mg/L、0.835和1.215 mg/L及4.376和7.976 mg/L;对米氏凯伦藻的48 h EC₅₀和96 h EC₅₀分别为1.881和1.881 mg/L、5.405和6.268 mg/L及13.134 和18.732 mg/L. 结果表明:2种微藻的种群相对增长率随着胁迫浓度的增加而下降,3种重金属离子的毒性表现出Cu2+>Cd2+>Zn2+的趋势,微小原甲藻对重金属胁迫更敏感;Cu2+胁迫可使米氏凯伦藻细胞体积增大,内容物复杂程度增高,但叶绿素a的MFI(mean fluorescence intensity,平均荧光强度)的变化不明显;Cu2+胁迫对藻膜结构的损伤较明显,但对线粒体及叶绿体的结构影响不明显.      

Toxic effects of crude-oil-contaminated soil in aquatic environment on Carassius auratus and their hepatic antioxidant defense system

Under the indoor simulant conditions, toxic effects of crude-oil-contaminated soil which was put into aquatic environment on the young fishes Carassius auratus and their hepatic antioxidant system after a 20-d exposure were investigated. Results showed that the relationship between the mortality of C. auratus and the exposed doses could be divided into 3 phases: fishes exposed to the low dose groups (0.5-5.0 g/L) were dead due to the ingestion of crude-oil-contaminated soils in aquatic environment; at the m...     

Toxicity of the xenoestrogen nonylphenol and its biodegradation by the alga Cyclotella caspia

Alkylphenols (APs), the breakdown products of alkylphenol polyethoxylates that are widely used as surfactants, have been proven to exert estrogenic effects. With industrial development, higher concentrations of APs are discharged into aquatic environments. Nonylphenol (NP), the most noxious AP, is included in the blacklist of several countries. The toxicity of NP to the alga Cyclotella caspia and the biodegradation of NP by C. caspia were studied in the laboratory. The median effective concentration at 96 hr (96 hr EC50 ) of NP for C. caspia was found to be 0.18 mg/L. Five toxicity and three degradation indices were selected for toxicity and biodegradation experiments, respectively, in five or three concentrations of NP set by the 96 hr EC50 of NP. The algal growth rate and chlorophyll a contents decreased as NP concentration increased. The main manifestations of morphological deformity of the cells included volume expansion and the presence of cytoplasmic inclusions (lipid droplets). The abnormality rate of the cells increased with NP concentration and time, and was 100% at 0.22 and 0.26 mg/L of NP after 192 hr of culture. Superoxide dismutase activity initially increased and then declined at a higher NP toxicity of greater than 0.18 mg/L. After 192 hr of culture, the biodegradation rates of NP by C. caspia with initial concentrations of 0.14, 0.18, and 0.22 mg/L were 37.7%, 31.7%, and 6.5%, respectively. The kinetic equation of C. caspia biodegradation on NP was correlated with algal growth rate and initial NP concentration.     

氧化石墨烯对嗜热四膜虫的毒性效应

以嗜热四膜虫（Tetrahymena thermophila）作为受试生物,考察了纳米材料氧化石墨烯（GO）对其细胞生长率、乙酰胆碱酯酶（AchE）和氧化应激酶活性、生物膜损伤及细胞凋亡的影响,以探究GO的毒性效应.结果表明,GO浓度高于32mg/L时显著抑制嗜热四膜虫的细胞增殖（P<0.05）,细胞存活率低于50%;在0~64mg/L实验范围内,随GO暴露浓度增加,细胞内活性氧自由基（ROS）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）水平呈先升后降的趋势,AchE活性受抑;GO抑制位于线粒体内膜的琥珀酸脱氢酶（SDH）活性,促进细胞质中乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）的释放;64mg/L GO导致四膜虫细胞出现明显凋亡现象.以上结果显示,中低浓度GO（0~8mg/L）暴露下,氧化应激机制对细胞毒性起主要贡献作用;高浓度GO（32和64mg/L）作用下,四膜虫凋亡现象的产生可能是GO抑制其生长作用导致的.     

亚硝态氮胁迫对日本蟳消化酶活力及同工酶表达的影响

亚硝态氮是养殖水体中常见的胁迫因子.为探讨亚硝态氮对养殖蟹类的毒性作用,采用生物酶测定及聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的方法,研究了水体中不同浓度(0.15,0.3,2,5,10,20mg/L)亚硝态氮胁迫下日本蟳肝胰腺消化酶活力的变化,以及高浓度(20mg/L)亚硝态氮胁迫对日本蟳同工酶表达的影响.结果表明:低浓度(0.15,0.3mg/L)的亚硝态氮胁迫对碱性蛋白酶,酸性蛋白酶,脂肪酶和淀粉酶活力均产生一定的诱导效应,且在处理7d时,除淀粉酶活力略低于对照组外,其他3种消化酶活力仍保持在较高的水平.较高浓度(2,5,10mg/L)亚硝态氮的短期胁迫(0.5~1d)会诱导酸性蛋白酶,碱性蛋白酶和脂肪酶活力的迅速升高,但随即快速下降.高浓度(20mg/L)的亚硝态氮胁迫对蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力表现出明显的抑制效应.处理7d时,胁迫浓度2mg/L及以上的实验组各消化酶活力与剂量浓度间均呈显著负相关关系.20mg/L亚硝态氮胁迫下,除肌肉中新增两条酶带(MDH-2和MDH-4)外,日本蟳鳃,肝胰腺,胃,心脏,卵,精子等组织中的α-淀粉酶(α-AMY)同工酶,乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)同工酶,苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)同工酶和过氧化物酶(POD)同工酶均出现活性减弱或酶带数量减少现象.结果显示高浓度亚硝态氮胁迫对日本蟳消化酶活力和同工酶表达均表现出明显的抑制作用.     

四溴联苯醚对剑尾鱼毒性及其抗氧化系统的影响

研究了四溴联苯醚(tetrabromodiphenyl ether,BDE-47)对剑尾鱼的急性毒性及其肝脏还原型谷光甘肽(GSH)、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)、丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)及7-乙氧基异吩恶唑酮-脱乙基酶(EROD)活性的影响.结果表明,BDE-47对剑尾鱼毒性作用属于高毒.GST和EROD...