污染场地修复技术分类研究与案例分析

污染场地修复是一项复杂的工程实践,包括场地调查、方案筛选、修复施工等多个环节。中国在该领域还处于起步阶段,因此全面了解污染场地修复技术的分类、筛选流程以及应用现状,对于在我国开展污染场地的修复工作具有重要意义。本文详细阐述了污染场地修复的各类技术、筛选程序和现阶段存在的问题,并以某化工厂治理工程为例,介绍土壤淋洗技术的应用现状,以期为该类污染场地修复技术的筛选及工程应用提供参考。     

污染场地修复技术筛选方法及应用

污染场地修复技术的筛选是场地监管中的重要环节,修复技术的适用性直接影响场地修复效果及费用.确定最适修复技术时需综合考虑污染物特征、场地条件、修复费用及时间等多种因素,目前我国在污染场地修复技术筛选时多依赖专家赋值评分,在决策方法的推广上受到限制.本文在国内外相关研究基础上,考虑我国污染场地监管需求,提出土壤修复技术初筛及详细评价方法,并建立了修复技术筛选指标体系.为解决在各指标赋值及评价过程中存在的模糊性问题,利用可拓理论进行修复技术等级划分.以我国某铬渣污染场地为例,开展了土壤修复技术筛选研究,提出了最适的修复技术,研究成果可为我国污染场地监管工作提供科技支撑.     

污染场地修复技术的分类、应用与筛选方法探讨

污染场地修复是污染场地管理的重要环节,目前该领域在我国还处于起步阶段,全面了解污染场地修复技术的分类、适用范围、筛选程序以及应用现状与趋势,对于在我国开展污染场地的修复与管理工作具有重要意义. 系统地论述了污染场地修复技术的分类方法,以美国超级基金场地修复为例,阐述了目前不同污染场地修复技术的应用状况,并对一些常用的污染场地修复技术进行了参数比较. 同时,介绍了美国超级基金污染场地修复技术的筛选方法与技术政策. 通过对数10年来超级基金场地修复技术的选择与应用进行分析,提出我国污染场地修复的对策和建议.      

污染场地修复决策支持系统的设计与实现

在城市化进程中由于企业搬迁产生了大量的污染场地,其潜在的环境风险和再利用问题,已成为城镇管理者和公众关注的焦点。污染场地修复是一项复杂的工程实践,包括场地调查、风险评估、场地修复等多个环节。针对污染场地修复过程中场地信息管理和修复技术决策问题,基于最新颁布的污染场地修复技术导则,采用GIS组件式开发技术与可视化编程语言C#结合SQL Server 2008数据库,设计并开发了污染场地信息管理与修复决策支持系统。系统具有污染场地信息综合管理、场地特征分析和修复技术筛选3项主要功能,并支持在线专家咨询,辅助完成污染场地修复相关报告。系统为污染场地修复工作者提供方便的管理工具和决策参考,在编制污染场地修复技术方案过程中发挥辅助作用。     

基于PROMETHEE Ⅱ法的POPs污染场地修复技术评价体系

随着城市化进程和经济结构调整,许多生产POPs化工厂关停并转或迁出主城区,遗留了许多POPs污染场地。鉴于POPs的长期残留性和高毒性,污染土壤严重影响周围的生态环境,阻碍土地再利用。对POPs污染场地实施修复,可有效阻止对人体健康造成危害、促进土地资源的保护与可持续发展。在江苏省目前开展的POPs污染场地修复工程基础上,整理了目前较为主流化的修复技术,并参照国内外污染场地修复技术筛选的基本方法,梳理了POPs污染场地修复技术选择路线。利用PROMETHEE II评价方法,初步构建POPs污染场地修复技术评价筛选体系。运用该体系评价省内一处已修复的POPs污染场地,得出的评价结果符合实际情况,表明所构建的体系具有可行性和实用性。     

张家口市某机械厂原址电镀污染场地土壤修复工程实践

机械厂电镀加工过程中产生的电镀废水,会造成土壤六价铬和氰化物污染。以长期利用电镀工艺的污染场地修复项目为依托,通过前期场地环境调查和风险评估结果,分析场地土壤污染程度和污染范围,确定修复目标和工程量;综合场地特性和污染特征,进行修复技术筛选,确定以"化学氧化+化学还原-固化/稳定化"为核心的污染土壤修复技术工艺;通过小试和中试,获得最佳修复药剂组成和添加比例,并进行工程实施。结果表明:Cr(Ⅵ)和氰化物复合污染土壤经化学氧化+化学还原-固化/稳定化工艺处理后,最大超标浓度由原来的37.3,186.0 mg/kg,分别降低至对应的标准限值3.0,22 mg/kg以下,Cr(Ⅵ)浸出浓度<0.5 mg/L,满足修复要求。该修复工程的成功实践,可以为其他复合污染场地修复工程的设计与实施提供参考。     

基于模糊综合评估的污染场地可持续修复效果综合评价方法研究

污染场地修复的目的是消除土壤污染并实现再利用.为防止消极修复和过度修复带来的新的环境影响,本研究基于可持续修复理念,以系统科学地综合分析污染场地修复工程的可持续效果为研究目标,结合理论分析法和频度分析法确定污染场地可持续修复效果评价模型的候选评价指标,采用灰色关联度分析法对评价指标进行系统筛选,并应用AHP-熵权法计算推导出评价指标权重值,利用模糊综合评估(fuzzy comprehensive evaluation,FCE)结合评价标准体系和评价指标权重值构建了污染场地可持续修复综合评价方法,对我国东北地区某化工污染场地修复效果进行了综合评估.结果表明：在污染场地可持续修复综合评价中环境指标组合权重值(0.473 57)最大,其中土壤质量状况改善的权重(0.215 02)最高;健康风险削减和污染场地地价提升分别为社会和经济指标中的重要因素.实例验证中案例污染场地的最终可持续性评分为7.70分,在“良好”的评价区间内,与实际修复情况一致,结果可指导修复方案的优化.研究显示,构建的污染场地可持续修复综合评价方法具有可行性,可对污染场地修复方案的制定、比选以及修复后效果的综合评价提供技术支...     

污染场地修复决策支持系统的几个关键问题探讨

场地土壤和地下水环境污染问题已成为近年来我国环境保护领域关注的焦点和热点.污染场地修复决策支持系统是在场地勘察与风险评估基础上,筛选最佳的修复技术,以制定经济高效的场地污染治理方案.本文探讨与分析修复决策系统的框架、模型、方法等关键环节,评估与总结了国际上现有40多种修复决策软件的模块及功能.针对我国场地污染问题,综合国际前沿的思想与理念,提出适合我国现阶段经济社会发展水平的决策支持系统开发思路.     

上海某工业场地绿化土壤修复工程案例研究

以上海某工业场地的修复工程为例,介绍了对于工业场地绿化土壤的一种高效、廉价、安全和绿色的修复方式.通过添加土壤改良剂和绿化种植,采用土壤修复技术及其工程措施实施修复,取得较好的修复效果.工程实施过程包括施工前的准备、施工工艺、修复后土壤的养护、二次污染防治和工程项目验收等.结果表明:该修复方式不仅可以促进绿化改善,起到很好的绿化景观效果,对现场周围环境干扰较小,还能实现"边生产边修复",可为其他同类工程项目的实施提供借鉴和参考.     

某焦化厂旧址氰化物污染地下水修复工程实例分析

介绍了某焦化厂旧址氰化物污染地下水原位注入修复工程。前期场地调查及风险评估,确定场地污染现状、修复目标及修复工程量。通过修复技术比选,确定适合项目的修复技术路线。小试试验确定适宜的氧化药剂(二氧化氯)及药剂添加范围。现场中试试验,确定单井注入影响半径、注入压力及药剂的最佳投加比。修复施工完成后,由第三方检测机构对修复工程进行采样、检测,根据检测结果评估修复效果。该项修复工程的成功实施能够为其他类似污染场地土壤修复项目提供参考。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.