锁磷剂（Phoslock）对滇池水体的除磷试验研究

在实验性能研究的基础上，用锁磷剂（Phoslock）对滇池水体进行扩大性试验，结果表明，Phoslock对滇池污染水体具有较强的除磷、除藻作用，而且作用效果持久。同时，Phoslock能够增加污染水体的透明度和改善水体的pH值，对处理水体安全，无不良影响，是一种值得推广应用的新型除磷药剂。     

高等水生植物修复双龙湖水体叶绿素a变化试验研究

重庆渝北双龙湖水体因长期受纳城市污水，近几年水体水质恶化并呈加重趋势，为治理修复该水体，进行了水面种植高等植物净化双龙湖富营养化水体的动态和静态试验研究。结果表明，试验植物风车草、蕹菜，芹菜对叶绿素a的降低率分别是17．64％、42．99％、38．05％，附着物与根系重量比（湿重％）是风车草：5．1－132．7、芹菜：100．0、蕹菜：48．3；三种植物对富营养化水体有较好的修复作用，对降低叶绿素a作用明显，对悬浮污染物有较好的吸附作用，其中风车草对修复营养化水体的作用应予重视。     

复合微生物菌剂在近海污水中的修复作用研究

采用直接投加复合微生物菌剂原位修复深圳湾污染水体,去除水体中的有机物、氮和磷等污染物,15天检测分析微生物处理对水体溶解氧（DO）、氨态氮（NH4-N）、悬浮物（SS）、总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）变化的影响。结果表明：采用微生物技术修复深圳湾近海污染水环境具有显著效果,试验期间水体中DO明显提高,最佳复配硝化茵（B2）与枯草芽孢杆菌（B6）对NH4-N降低了53．9％,悬浮物（ss）降低了56．9％,总氮（TN）降低52．1％,总磷（TP）降低57．6％。有害弧菌单一菌落数降低了64．9％     

锁磷剂(Phoslock)对滇池水体的除磷试验研究

在实验性能研究的基础上,用锁磷剂(Phoslock)对滇池水体进行扩大性试验,结果表明,Phoslock对滇池污染水体具有较强的除磷、除藻作用,而且作用效果持久.同时,Phoslock能够增加污染水体的透明度和改善水体的pH值,对处理水体安全,无不良影响,是一种值得推广应用的新型除磷药剂.     

武汉市水体中磷污染情况的调查研究及现状分析

针对武汉市水体污染状况进行调查研究，分析结果表明武汉的河流湖泊均已受到严重的污染，水体中的污染物有凯氏氮、总磷、高锰酸钾指数等，且这些污染物主要来源于生活污水。据相关资料计算可知在生活污水中磷的贡献率依次为：人体排磷69．85％、洗涤剂排磷21．8％、杂排水排磷8．35％。     

鸟粪石法处理高浓度氮磷废水的动态试验研究

本研究以实验室模拟的高浓度氮磷废水为研究对象,采用折流式反应器,探讨了在动态条件下,pH、Mg：P、N：P及水力停留时间对鸟粪石法脱氮除磷的影响。试验结果表明：对于氨氮的去除率,以上四个因素影响相当;对于磷的除率,各因素的影响大小为：N：P〉pH〉Mg：P〉水力停留时间。当模拟水样中的TP浓度为310mg／l,pH为9．7,水力停留时间为60min,Mg：N：P=1．2：1．2：l时,氨氮和磷的去除率分别可高迭85．8％和86．3％。     

巢湖底泥磷的释放模拟实验研究

在实验室条件下，模拟了DO控制、pH值调节、温度调节、水动力条件等，进行了底泥释磷实验。实验表明：（1）厌氧条件下，底泥中的磷向水体释放，且释放强度随pH值的升高而升高。好氧条件下，底泥非但没有向水体释放磷，反而从水体中吸附磷，呈“负释放”状态；且pH值越低，“负释放强度”越大。（2）温度升高有利于底泥中磷的释放，最大释放强度随温度的升高而提前。（3）搅动条件下的底泥磷释放量大于静置条件下的底泥磷释放量。（4）微生物对磷释放有明显的影响。从本次模拟实验结果看，体系温度升高、减少溶解氧、提高pH以及施以水动力作用，均可使底泥中的磷释放量增加，在常温（25℃）、厌氧、pH=7.5条件下，底泥中磷向水体的释放量将增加17％左右。     

沉积物与悬浮物中磷分级分离形态差异的初步研究

以滇池2个典型的严重富营养化湖湾——马村湾和海东湾为研究区域,研究分析了2个湖湾沉积物及水体悬浮物中4种磷的赋存形态：松散吸附态磷（NH4Cl-P）、氧化还原敏感态磷（BD-P）、金属结合态磷（NaOH-P）和钙结合态磷（HCl-P）以及有机质含量及总磷（TP）含量．结果表明：沉积物随着风浪搅动悬浮进入水体后,4种形态的磷含量及其所占总磷的比例均发生了较大变化,NH4Cl—P的含量升高,是由于快速的吸附作用所致;NaOH-P在4种磷形态中的比例下降,含量上升,表明沉积物再悬浮进入水体后磷的活化特性加大,其释放的潜力大为增强,这与湖水的pH密切相关．     

一种改进的MSBR工艺脱氮除磷性能的仿真模拟与试验研究

针对6池MSBR工艺除磷效果不佳和污泥上浮问题,通过新增厌氧池、调整浓缩池位置对其进行改造,提出了一个改进的7池MSBR工艺．应用活性污泥2号模型(ASM2)分别对两种工艺进行了仿真模拟,结果表明,改进工艺具有较好的脱氮除磷性能．在此基础上对7池MSBR工艺开展了实验室试验,试验结果显示,新工艺对耗氧有机物(以COD值计)、NH2．N、TP的去除率分别为94．2％、81．4％和88．7％,脱氮除磷效率均高于有关献报道的6池工艺．新工艺妥善处理了脱氮除磷等各单元之间的关系,因而强化了除磷脱氮能力．试验结果与模型模拟结果基本吻合,表明活性污泥模型对新工艺的开发具有一定的指导意义．     

固定化藻类脱氮除磷效果研究

藻类固定在活性炭上用于去除人工配制污水中的氮、磷等污染物。试验结果表明藻类对氮、磷和浊度的去除率分别达到50％、41．9％和98．2％,氮、磷和浊度相应达到较好去除效果的时间分别为12、60、60h。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.