城市污水处理厂恶臭挥发性有机物的感官定量评价研究

采用自制低温吸附装置和臭气袋采集了广州典型城市污水厂6个处理车间的空气样品.应用热解析/气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析恶臭挥发性有机物的组成和含量,参照国标的三点比较式臭袋法测量样品的恶臭浓度,并针对恶臭挥发性有机物进行感官定量评价.结果表明,①城市污水处理厂检测出烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃等7大类共70种挥发性有机物,其中30种属于恶臭挥发性有机物,它们的浓度范围为0.37～1 872.24μg.m-3,在污泥脱水、污泥浓缩和曝气池最高;②主成分分析可以将主要恶臭挥发性有机物分为苯系物、卤代烃、醛类、碳氢化合物和含氮、硫的挥发性有机物5类;③多元线性回归分析能建立化学浓度与恶臭感官浓度的定量表达式,计算出恶臭挥发性有机物对该厂恶臭气味的贡献率占25%,感官浓度的预测值和实测值拟合良好,建立的预测方程对污水处理车间低浓度恶臭挥发性有机物的敏感度高于人鼻嗅辨的敏感度.     

城市污水处理厂的挥发性恶臭有机物组成及来源

采用GDX-502采样管和二次热解吸与GC-MSD联用仪研究广州一个典型城市污水处理厂不同污水处理单元和周边环境空气中挥发性恶臭有机物(MVOC)的组成和含量,通过对源排放特征、分子标志物和大气化学活性分析,建立该污水处理厂的MVOC源成分谱.结果表明,该污水处理厂检出烷烃、卤代烃、烯烃、芳香烃、含氧有机物和硫醚等6类40种挥发性有机物(VOC),其中34种为MVOC成分,各处理单元排放的MVOC含量占其VOC总量的95%以上;苯系物、2-丁酮、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯和甲硫醚等为该污水处理厂重要的MVOC分子标志物,其中苯系物的含量最高,占源排放MVOC总量的75.89%;经归一化和重整的MVOC源成分谱与环境受体点的MVOC组成之间具有显著相关性.     

城市污水处理厂恶臭挥发性羰基化合物的排放特征

选取广州市猎德污水处理厂进行为期4 d的现场采样,采用PFPH衍生化-GC/MS联用技术分析恶臭挥发性羰基化合物的组成特征和含量水平,研究它们的排放特征.结果表明,在该污水处理厂共检测出18种羰基化合物,其中具有恶臭气味的组分包括15种,它们在6个处理车间的浓度范围为0.39～19.92μg·m-3,总浓度均值为（68.66±10.05）μg·m-3.采取归一化方法获得了该类污染源的恶臭挥发性羰基化合物成分谱,并发现了分子标志物为甲醛、乙醛、丙醛、2-丁酮、丁醛和己醛,它们占该成分谱总含量的78.91%,其中己醛含量最高,浓度均值达到11.71μg·m-3.应用恶臭面源源强的计算方法,估算出该污水处理厂恶臭挥发性羰基化合物的年排放总量为2 302.33 kg·a-1,各车间的排放量贡献率由高至低为：生化池〉浓缩池〉A级曝气池〉提升泵房〉沉砂池〉脱水机房.由于污水处理厂的恶臭污染排放过程较为复杂,因此在一定程度上影响了排放量估算的准确度.     

石化废水挥发性有机物排放特征分析

采用吹扫捕集-气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)的方法,对某炼油企业污水处理厂废水中的挥发性有机物(VOCs)进行指纹图谱解析,共鉴别出VOCs 215种,主要包括烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃、醇、酮;浓度最高的VOCs为苯、甲苯,由于其具有致癌作用,应当作为重点管控和治理对象;甲硫醇、乙硫醇、二硫化碳含量虽然低,但由于其嗅域值较低且具有恶臭气味,是污水处理厂气味感官的主要来源。对整个污水处理流程中的VOCs组分种类和浓度进行分析可知,逸散量较大的为低分子量的烷烃、烯烃、醇类等组分;停留较为持久的是酮类、芳香烃类、含硫化合物类。为减少炼化企业VOCs排放,管控废水输送、处置过程中VOCs的无组织排放,应对隔油、气浮、生化环节加设密封罩,并对挥发性有机物成分进行收集及处理。     

城市污水处理过程中恶臭气体释放的研究进展

长期以来,我国城市污水处理相关工作人员职业病频发,与城市污水处理过程中会释放出大量的有毒有害气体有重要关系,我国现有的《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》对水质排放指标作了明确规定,但对于污水处理过程中释放的气体污染物的类型及排放限值缺少详细说明.本文对城市污水处理厂不同污水处理工艺及不同污水处理单元在运行中所释放的气体污染物的特征进行了归纳总结,阐述了城市污水处理厂释放的主要恶臭挥发性有机物的产生途径、释放量及影响因素,并指出目前城市污水处理厂释放的气体污染物主要通过尾气末端收集综合处理的方式进行治理,而对于工艺运行参数与气体污染物释放特征之间的相关性关系仍需深入研究.     

城市污水处理厂挥发性卤代有机物的排放特征及影响因素研究

建立液氮浓缩采样/热解析脱附/GC/MS联用分析方法,测量了广州猎德污水处理厂6个不同处理单元及2个周边环境点中挥发性卤代有机物的组分及含量水平,研究了其排放特征及影响因素.结果表明,8个采样点共检测出19种挥发性卤代有机物,包括11种卤代烷烃、3种卤代烯烃及3种卤代芳香烃、2种卤代酸酯等,平均检出浓度范围为n.d.～33.39μg·m-3,总浓度均值范围为34.91～127.74μg·m-3·CH2Cl2、CHCl3、CFC-12、C2H4Cl2、CFC-11、C2HCl3、C2Cl4是污水处理厂主要的挥发性卤代有机物,它们主要由污水中相应物质挥发而来.脱水机房挥发性卤代有机物浓度最高,提升泵房次之,污泥浓缩池最低;研究还发现,提升泵房、曝气池及生化池的挥发性卤代有机物排放过程中受温度、湿度因素影响明显.     

城市污水处理厂恶臭污染源调查与研究

以H2S和NH3为主要监测指标,对广州一大型生活污水处理厂主要恶臭源H2S、NH3的排放浓度进行了8个月的连续监测。结果表明,该污水厂恶臭成分H2S的排放浓度为0．01～22mg/m^3,NH3排放浓度为0～0．67mg/m^3。同时,污水厂各处理单元由于其功能和运行条件不同,所产生的恶臭气体成分也不完全一样,在污水进水区段恶臭污染物以H2S为主,其中格栅井H2S浓度最高。其中沉砂池、格栅和污泥浓缩池的H2S、NH,排放浓度呈夏秋季节高、冬春季节低的特征,与季节变化的气温有明显的相关性。对恶臭排放影响因素的研究表明,污水水温越低则H2S和NH3的排放浓度越低,此外,降雨可以显著降低污水处理厂恶臭污染物的排放浓度。     

污水处理厂挥发性硫化物释放特征与风险评价

对城市污水处理厂各处理单元释放的挥发性硫化物（VSCs）进行长期监测,评估VSCs带来的感官效应和健康风险.结果表明,从浓度上看,VSCs以H₂S为主（监测期间的H₂S浓度为N.D.~580μg/m³）,而甲硫醇（MT）的浓度占比最少（监测期间MT的浓度为N.D.~4.7μg/m³）,同时VSCs的浓度分布具有明显的季节性,即夏季>秋季>冬季.在感官方面,H₂S是所有VSCs中气味贡献最大的气体（贡献率为79%~93%）,除二沉池外,其在其他处理单元中均为关键性恶臭气体;虽然MT浓度水平低,但是其对气味的贡献不能被忽略;格栅、沉砂池混合气体气味活性值（SOAV）分别为2591.9、5494.8,预处理单元对该厂的气味贡献最大.在健康风险方面,春季和夏季时,格栅和沉砂池中的H₂S存在非致癌风险.     

马铃薯加工项目恶臭的环境影响与污染防治措施研究

马铃薯淀粉生产企业排放废水中有机物浓度较高,来源于污水处理站的污水接及处理设施以及污泥处理设备在废水的贮输及生化处理过程中产生恶臭气体,对大气环境及周围居民的日常生活影响较大.通过对污水处理厂产生臭气的构筑物单元及从环评角度对污水处理厂产生恶臭的环境影响评价方法进行研究,同时结合大气防护距离的确定综合评价分析,规定污染防治措施,减少恶臭影响,保护和改善周围的大气环境.     

城市污水厂不同时间尺度下恶臭排放特征

该研究在不同的时间尺度(月、日、时)下对某城市污水厂各处理单元恶臭物质排放浓度进行了长期连续监测。结果表明,H2S为该污水厂的主要恶臭污染物。恶臭物质排放浓度较高的处理单元为格栅、曝气沉砂池和储泥池。各处理单元H2S排放浓度月度变化监测结果表明,进水区H2S排放浓度随季节呈现夏季高、冬季低的规律,而污泥区H2S排放浓度变化规律不明显。日变化监测结果表明,1周内各处理单元H2S排放浓度无明显变化规律,但降雨可明显降低进水区H2S排放浓度。时变化监测结果表明,1 d之中在11:00~12:00、18:00~19:00 H2S排放浓度较高,而在凌晨4:00~6:00较低。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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