紫外辐射对腐殖酸化学稳定性影响机制研究

腐殖酸广泛存在于各类地表水体中,分子结构对其物化性质有着显著影响.为探明紫外辐射过程对腐殖酸化学稳定性的影响途径,本研究采用光谱学和电化学技术考察了酚羟基和羧基等活性位点含量、胶体Zeta电位及其平均粒径等结构参数在辐射前后的变化特征.研究发现,未经辐射的水样,混凝过程对腐殖酸无明显去除效果.随着辐射时间的增加,腐殖酸的去除率大幅提高.照射3 h后,腐殖酸的去除率在80%以上.光谱分析结果表明,紫外辐射后腐殖酸分子中部分具有荧光效应的基团可能发生脱落或重排,但其芳香结构并未发生明显变化.胶体的Zeta电位和平均粒径均呈下降趋势,不利于腐殖酸的聚集沉淀;然而,腐殖酸分子中的羟基含量在辐射后略有下降,并伴随羧基和羰基等官能团的形成.活性位点数量及其反应活性的改善是腐殖酸化学稳定下降的主要原因.     

水中无机阳离子混凝剂的电动检测特性研究

为了在本质特征上定量说明水中无机阳离子混凝剂浓度与胶体稳定性的关系,提出了一种新的研究混凝过程胶体电荷变化的本质参数－流动电流。研究了无机阳离子混凝剂的性质和家度与电动特性参数之间的一般规律及等电点特征,考察了以ＳＣ表征混凝剂对水中胶体颗粒物作用的特性与效能,从而提出了一种研究混凝和在线监测水中胶体电荷对于混凝剂投加量变化的有效方法。     

水中天然有机大分子对混凝影响的电动特征

以流动电流为特征参数，研究了水处理混凝过程中，天然有机大分子对水中悬浮胶体颗粒，无机盐混凝剂及其相互作用过程所表现出的电动性质特征，探讨了ＨＡ和ＤＡ影响混凝过程电动特性的条件与机理。结果表明，ＨＡ和ＤＡ的存在大大降低了无机盐混凝剂对水中悬浮胶粒作用的电动效果，这与二对混凝效果的影响具有一致性。     

化学法综合治理草浆造纸黑液的研究

本文采用凝聚-离心分离法对黑液进行预除硅,酸析沉淀法回收黑液中的木质素,并重点研究了混凝法和催化氧化法除去经提取木质素后的黑液中COD的最佳条件.研究结果表明,采用预先除硅-酸析沉淀-混凝-催化氧化联合流程可有效地处理黑液,处理水COD小于300mg/L,同时回收了木质素.     

流动电流沿水厂工艺的变化研究

在水厂现场,以流动电流为主线对净水工艺进行了分析。结果显示,流动电流对混凝和滤床过滤的运行工况有类似的决定作用,加药混合之后胶体颗粒的流动电流值不再随后续工艺而有大的变化,因此投加混凝剂保持混凝单元操作的最佳状况,也有利于过滤单元的运行。     

胶态水合二氧化锰絮凝粒子的结构形貌及其混凝机理

采用透射电镜技术观察了胶态水合二氧化锰絮凝粒子的结构形貌并采用Zeta电位测定仪对粒子的荷电特征进行了研究;利用红外光谱、XRD等技术对粒子的界面性质进行了表征;通过混凝试验考察了KMnO₄ 还原法制备的水合二氧化锰胶体对原水的混凝性能并探讨了混凝机理.结果表明,胶态水合二氧化锰粒子在去离子水和原水中荷负电,在去离子水中,粒子直径为10　nm并形成网状结构,有利于发挥吸附架桥作用;粒子具有丰富的表面羟基,比表面积为151.422　m²/g,为δ-MnO₂,表现出优良的吸附污染物的界面特性;较低投量的胶态水合二氧化锰表现出对原水的优良混凝效能和去除有机微污染的效能.     

聚合铝混凝过程研究:不同形态硅酸的影响作用

研究了不同形态硅酸对聚合铝混凝过程的影响作用 .实验结果表明经预制形成的具有不同形态分布组成的硅酸与聚合铝 ,在投加后相互间发生了十分复杂的物理化学作用 ,并受溶液pH值的影响 ,从而最终决定了混凝效果 .反应过程中所生成的形态产物及其物化特征 ,很大程度上取决于聚合铝碱化度以及所投加的Si Al比 .其中碱化度越高 ,最终产物所带电荷越高 .而不同硅酸所起影响作用分别取决于聚合程度 ,在与聚合铝反应过程中表现出一定的规律性 .单体硅酸与单体铝迅速发生较强的络合作用 ,抑制了多聚水解铝阳离子的形成 .聚合硅酸则倾向于与聚合铝形态相互作用形成一定的胶状化合物 ,从而在溶液中稳定存在 .对于胶体硅酸 ,在聚合铝作用下迅速凝聚形成更大的聚集体 ,在颗粒物间架桥形成粗大的絮体 .所得结果对混凝机理的解释与复合混凝剂的发展提供了一定的参考作用     

腐殖酸混凝过程FI曲线的特征参数分析

在pH=5.0条件下，通过PDA2000对腐殖酸的混凝过程进行了在线监测，并对PDA输出信号——FI曲线进行了解析，分析了FI曲线的特征参数s、、h、t1、t2与投药量及絮凝体大小之间的关系。FI曲线与混凝过程中絮凝体粒径变化曲线具有相同的趋势，其特征参数s和h与絮凝体最大成长粒径几乎成正比关系。FI曲线及其特征参数受混凝剂投药量的影响很大，其变化情况与胶体稳定情况（ζ电位）及混凝效果（TOC去除率）具有良好的相关性。     

饱和多孔介质中胶体运移模拟方法研究进展

阐述了国内外针对胶体在饱和多孔介质中运移模拟方法的研究进展：胶体在多孔介质中由于对流和弥散作用发生运移,而由于表面沉积和筛滤作用滞留在多孔介质中,通常采用含有滞留项的对流弥散方程对胶体的运移行为进行宏观描述,并通过拟合得到胶体运移和滞留的宏观参数,但是对流弥散方程是对试验曲线的宏观描述,无法解释其背后的微观机理;胶体的运移和滞留作用由胶体的微观受力决定,包括胶体在水中的布朗运动和有效重力,胶体-胶体/胶体-固相表面之间的相互作用以及流场作用在胶体上的力3个部分;为了实现从微观受力到宏观参数的升尺度计算,研究者们提出了胶体过滤理论及其后续的修正方法对沉积速率等宏观参数进行预测,然而现有方法通常基于简化的流场,忽略了多孔介质复杂孔隙结构和表面特性的影响;孔隙结构模型是多孔介质孔隙结构的简化模型,基于该模型能够从胶体在多孔介质中的微观力学分析出发,预测胶体的宏观运移行为,然而已有研究中尚未全面的考虑胶体在多孔介质中运移和滞留的多种作用.本文总结了该领域待解决的问题,包括建立考虑微观机理的对流弥散方程,发展考虑多孔介质孔隙结构的胶体过滤理论以及完善基于孔隙结构模型的胶体运移模拟方法.     

IPF-PACl混凝动力学研究:形态组成的重要性

应用一种新近发展起来的基于浊度脉动测定的混凝监测技术结合经改进的传统混凝烧杯试验方法 ,对具有不同形态组成的聚合铝 (PACl)产品的混凝性能进行了细致地研究 .结果表明 :聚合铝不同形态在混凝过程中起着十分重要的影响作用 .混凝反应途径随预制后产品形态分布的不同而得到改变 .其中 ,A1b 是起电中和作用的主要形态 .PACl中A1b 的含量越高 ,其电中和能力越强 ,因此大大增加了颗粒间的碰撞效率 .然而 ,PAC2 5则表现出更为优越的混凝性能 ,在于其中A1c 含量的不同而引发“静电簇”混凝效应 ,导致混凝的快速动力学过程     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.