全球能源消费释热对全球增温的直接效应Ⅱ: 区域差异及趋势

从人均和国别责任的角度,探讨了全球一次能源消费的地区不均衡性及其对全球变暖的贡献。在理想状态下,分两种发展情景对未来世界能源消费量进行了预估。计算了未来不同情境下世界一次能源消费量的热值与功率,并与引起地表气候变化的太阳辐射变化量进行了比较。结果表明：在两种情境下,未来世界能源消费均会继续增长;在未来几十年人类一次能源消费释热引起的辐射强迫将逐渐超过到达地表的太阳辐射在十年尺度的变化量;在能源消费总量增加的前提下,仅改变能源消费结构,无法降低能源消费对大气的直接加热作用。     

人类对全球能源的影响

正ENN环境新闻网新闻2016年3月26日英国莱斯特大学研究人员研究发现:人类因生产资源和消费资源对地球产生的影响已经形成了全球能源流动的"惊人新格局"。研究表明,地球现在具有一种前所未有的"全球能源流的地质模式"新特点,进而得以维护复杂的现代人类社会。这项新研究     

浅谈温室效应的潜在威胁及近期对策

一、引言太阳每秒钟向地球输送1.74×10~(17)焦耳的能量。按理论计算,地表吸收太阳辐射和放出红外辐射后的平衡黑体温度仅为-18℃。幸而地球周围包围着一层厚厚的大气,大气中的H_2O和CO_2等气体对地表红外辐射有相当程度的吸收,使大气变暖。同时,大气也有红外辐射, 其中向下的一部分为地表所吸收,从而使地表的净向上辐射大为减少,地表的平均温度可达到17℃左右。大气的这种使地表温度升高,保持地球有较高温度的热平衡过程,与玻璃温室的作用有相似之处,故被称为“温室效应”。正是这种效应,保证了地球的温度环境。     

基于STIRPAT模型分析中国环境压力的时间差异——以1952-2003年能源消费为例

人类活动已经显著地改变了全球环境,定量分析人类活动对环境的影响,是当前可持续发展研究的热点之一。分别采用能源消费总量和能源消费产生的污染作为环境压力的衡量指标,利用STIRPAT模型,以1952-2003年中国能源消费总量时间序列数据为例,分析人口数量、富裕度、能源强度和能源消费的选择行为等人类驱动力对环境压力的影响。结果表明:人口数量或能源强度发生1%的变化,将分别引起环境压力相应发生1.992%或0.777%的变化;随着富裕度的增加,富裕度对环境压力的弹性系数逐渐增加。在观测数据范围内,分析结果不支持环境Kuznets曲线的观点。在不同时期,人类驱动力对环境压力的作用存在明显的差异,人口数量和富裕度的增加对环境压力产生正效应;而能源强度的波动变化使得其对环境压力的作用有正效应,也有负效应。选择清洁能源的消费行为,有利于抑制以能源消费产生的污染为衡量指标的环境压力的上升。各种人类驱动力的净效应决定环境压力总体变化趋势。     

中国地表太阳辐射资源空间化模拟

基于1981—2010年全国122个气象台站的太阳辐射和气温日较差观测数据,将Bristow-Campbell太阳辐射估算模型在中国八大自然区分别进行了参数校正和验证;利用地理信息空间分析平台,采用PRISM模型对中国区域平均最高与最低气温空间化的结果,将其输入Bristow-Campbell模型,实现太阳总辐射的空间栅格化模拟;通过斯忒藩-玻耳兹曼定律计算全国地表长波辐射平衡;进而根据太阳辐射平衡公式,得到中国地表太阳辐射平衡的空间格局。结果表明:经过校验的Bristow-Campbell可以较准确地估算中国区域太阳总辐射资源;基于Bristow-Campbell辐射估算模型,结合气象数据的空间化模型,是实现太阳净辐射资源空间化模拟的有效途径;我国地表太阳净辐射总体空间格局表现为高值区位于青藏高原,每年可达9 000 MJ·m^-2,东部地区的净辐射年总量较低,东北稍高,浙闽地区稍低,低值区位于川黔地区,年平均约为2 000 MJ·m^-2左右。     

人类正在改变气候吗?

为了发展生产,提高人民生活水平,人类正在大量使用石油、天然气和煤炭等化石能源,这势必对全球气候变化产生不利的影响。大气主要是由氮、氧以及某些痕量气体(水蒸汽和二氧化碳)组成的。这些痕量气体具有维持地球上生物生存温度的特性。它们允许太阳辐射的能量穿过大气到达地表,同时防止地球反射的能量逸散到天空。这些气体的作用犹如一个温室的罩子,因此俗称“温     

地热能

极具潜力的新能源在所有用于发电的能源中,不论是可再生能源还是其他能源,地热能也许最易被忽略也是最不为大众所关注的一种能源。地热能来自于地球产生的热量。地球上有很多地热能量,其范围非常广,从距离地表很近的热水和热岩,到处于地表以下几公里处具有极高温度的水和岩石。根据理论,几乎可以从地球任何地方深入到距地表很深的地方去开采这些热能,甚至可以到达极端高温的岩浆——地球核心处融化的岩石。尤其是对于有着活跃火山活动和温泉的国家,如新西兰和冰岛。     

风电“领跑”新能源

风能“点风成金”风是地球上的一种自然现象,它是由太阳辐射热引起的。太阳照射到地球表面,地球表面各处受热不同,产生温差,从而引起大气的对流运动形成风。风能是指地球表面大量空气流动所产生的动能。由于地面各处受太阳辐照后气温变化不同和空气中水蒸汽的含量不同,     

煤矿区环境保护与清洁开采技术

煤炭开采在给社会带来经济效益的同时，也导致了矿区的环境污染和生态破坏，如煤炭开采引起地表塌陷，煤炭开采过程中的废弃物、噪声污染和破坏人类生活环境等。为了保护好生态环境，必须采用清洁开采技术，才能保持能源生产、消费和生态之间的平衡。     

挽救森林救赎自己

森林是以树木为主体的地表生物群落.与它盘根错节、遮天蔽日的外表一样,它丰富的物种、复杂的结构、多种多样的功能同样令人叹为观止.森林与其所在空间的非生物环境有机地结合在一起,构成了地球上最大的陆地生态系统,是地球生物圈重要的一环.它是地球的蓄水库、能源库,更是基因库、碳贮库,它的存在对维系整个地球的生态平衡至关重要,是人类生存和发展的重要依靠.     

Assessment of global bioenergy potentials

So far, various studies assessed global biomass potentials and came up with widely varying results. Existing potential estimates range from 0 EJ/a up to more than 1,550 EJ/a which corresponds to about three times the current global primary energy consumption. This paper provides an overview of the available research on bioenergy potentials and reviews the different assessments qualitative way with the objective to interpret previous research in an integrated way. In the context of this paper we understand bioenergy as energy from biomass sources including energy crops, residues, byproducts and wastes from agriculture, forestry, food production and waste management. In this review special attention was paid to the difference between residue and energy potentials, land availability estimates, and the geographical resolution of existing potential estimates. The majority of studies concentrate on energy crop potentials retrieved from surplus agricultural land and only few publications assess global potentials separated by different world regions. It results that land allocated to the exclusive production of energy crops varies from 0 to 7,000 ha, depending on land category and scenario assumptions. Only a small number of available potential assessments consider residue potentials as well as energy crop potentials from degraded land. Future energy crop potentials are assumed to vary in the mean from 200 to 600 EJ/yr. In contrast residue potentials are expected to contribute between 62 and 325 EJ/yr. The highest potentials are assigned to Asia, Africa and South America while Europe, North America and the Pacific region contribute minor parts to the global potential.     

The emergence of global environmental awareness

An effective plan for global ecosystem management must be developed in the next 10 or 20 years. Awareness of the need has recently emerged, but still no integrated resource management system is universally accepted. A fragmented management approach has not been effective. Any successful course of action must be based on three assumptions: (1) that science can determine how ecosystems function, (2) once this is known, the social/political system will be able to protect ecosystems to the extent needed for the survival of human society, and (3) reality will take precedence over political expediency because Mother Nature cannot be fooled. This discussion focuses on the transition from awareness to taking effective action.     

中国雷琼世界地质公园

雷琼世界地质公园在地质学上属于我国南端跨琼州海峡的陆缘裂谷火山带。公园内火山类型之多样,保存之完整,熔岩构造之丰富,熔岩隧道之巨大均为罕见的地质景观,被称为第四纪玄武岩火山天然博物馆。公园是热带海岛火山生态的代表,具有重要的科学意义与审美价值性,在同类地质景观中更具独特性。公园是地质学家研究的热土,地球科学的大课堂。环境教育有长足的进展。     

全球化的生态圈

治理禽鸟之疫,全球在行动 德国汉诺威大学植物地理学学院的Gian-RetoWalthe教授,在研究全球变暖引发的生态变化模式时指出：蝴蝶、鸟类可以轻易地飞越国界,迁徙到新的栖息地,它们是全球变暖和生态环境改变的最敏感的指示物种之一（《New Scientist》,2003.3）.他的研究成果,可以让我们用来检验近几年频发的禽鸟疫情背后,承托的禽鸟生态圈的变化.     

全球地热能源纵览——2015更新

<正>虽然中美两大能源消耗国已经同意大量削减二氧化碳的排放(美国计划于2025年实现在2005年基础上减排26%-28%)然而,现在全球年均碳排放400亿吨依然是个巨大的数字。为了能完成2025年减缓气候变化的目标,是时候需要找替代能源了。诚然,可再生能源是最好的。但人们往往首先想到太阳能和风能。不过,     

Evaluating the impacts of global environmental assessments

There are currently no widely accepted procedures for comparing the performance of global environmental assessments (GEAs) and this may be a barrier to improving their methodology. To encourage greater self-reflection within the GEA community, it is proposed to introduce consistent evaluation approaches. Two elements from current evaluation practice are reviewed here that could be particularly useful for evaluating GEAs. The first are logic models which provide a transparent visual mapping of how activities in a GEA are intended to have impacts on policies. The second are performance metrics. It is proposed that GEAs adopt two kinds of metrics: (i) A common generic set for use in all GEAs to provide a basis for comparing the performance of GEAs, and (ii) a specific set of measureable metrics for each particular GEA derived from/linked to the generic set. Although many issues arise in applying these and other elements from evaluation theory and practice to GEAs, the potential benefits are greater comparability of GEA performance and new knowledge about how to improve them. This Short Communication is part of a Special Issue on solution-oriented GEAs.     

Assessment of global industrial-age anthropogenic arsenic contamination

Arsenic, a carcinogenic trace element, threatens not only the health of millions of humans and other living organisms, but also global sustainability. We present here, for the first time, the global industrial-age cumulative anthropogenic arsenic production and its potential accumulation and risks in the environment. In 2000, the world cumulative industrial-age anthropogenic arsenic production was 4.53 million tonnes. The world-wide coal and petroleum industries accounted for 46% of global annual gross arsenic production, and their overall contribution to industrial-age gross arsenic production was 27% in 2000. Global industrial-age anthropogenic As sources (as As cumulative production) follow the order: As mining production >As generated from coal >As generated from petroleum. The potential industrial-age anthropogenic arsenic input in world arable surface in 2000 was 2.18 mg arsenic kg^–1, which is 1.2 times that in the lithosphere. The development of substitute materials for arsenic applications in the agricultural and forestry industries and controls of arsenic emissions from the coal industry may be possible strategies to significantly decrease arsenic pollution sources and dissipation rates into the environment.     

Women,politics and global management

The United Nations (UN) sponsored three decennial world population conferences over the period 1974-94. The first such conference was held in 1974 in Bucharest, Romania, at which the North and the South became polarized over the importance of demographics relative to other development concerns. Northern countries proposed vigorous family planning programs to control rapid population growth, while many Southern governments, led by China and India, argued instead that higher priority should be given to socioeconomic development and the more equitable distribution of resources between the North and South. After a decade of extremely rapid population growth, however, most Southern countries had adopted antinatalist policies by the second world population conference held in 1984 in Mexico City. While Southern countries had adopted the 1974 Northern view of world population growth, widespread political and religious conservatism in the US at the time of the second conference had the US delegation opposing abortion and being neutral on demographic factors. The US argued that private markets would solve many population problems and the US government even withdrew financial support to several international organizations, such as the International Planned Parenthood Federation and the UN Population Fund. The third decennial UN-sponsored world population conference, the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) held in Cairo, Egypt, however, succeeded in shifting concern about world demographics into a gender-sensitive, people-centered approach of sustainable human development and bringing sensitive and ideologically charged population issues into the public domain. It was also a landmark in the management of complex global problems such as population. The international consensus achieved in Cairo and summarized in a World Program of Action was truly a monumental achievement. The authors note the shift in rhetoric to concerns about women's status and reproductive health, the involvement of nongovernmental organizations, and the unfinished agenda of the World Program of Action.