几种湿地植物对景观水体富营养化治理研究

研究了唐山南湖人工湿地中芦苇、酸模、石龙芮、车前草四种优势植物的生物量和污水净化效果,分析了根系和地上部分生物量与污水净化效果之间的关系,结果如下：不同湿地植物生物量变化比较大（1.38-5.212g/株）,地上部分植株氮、磷吸收量变化范围分别是3.48-4.37和2.27-3.36 mg/g,地下部分植株中氮、磷变化范围分别是2.77-3.06和2.14-2.88 mg/g。芦苇、车前草、石龙芮地上部分与地下部分植株中氮磷含量的比值大于1,说明这三种湿地植物地上部分积累的氮、磷比较高。湿地植物对氮、磷的吸收量与其生物量有关。酸模和芦苇有比较大的生物量,对氮、磷的吸收影响比较大。     

铁碳填料和硫铁矿填料强化两段式人工湿地处理农村生活污水

以强化用于农村污水处理的两段式人工湿地对氮、磷去除能力为目的,搭建了前段为砾石填料,后段分别投加部分铁碳填料和硫铁矿填料的两段式水平流人工湿地系统,以模拟农村生活污水为处理对象,在水力停留时间为3 d,曝气量为0. 2 L/min的条件下,研究填料在去除污染物中的作用及其机理。结果表明:3种人工湿地中,对模拟农村生活污水处理效果最好的是铁碳人工湿地,中后段处理效果强于其他2种人工湿地,出水TN、TP、NH_4~+-N和COD平均质量浓度分别为2. 75,2. 65,1. 90,20. 33 mg/L。硫铁矿人工湿地处理效果与砾石人工湿地差别不大,铁碳人工湿地在中性条件通过微电解除氮时,未产生中间产物NH_4~+-N与NO_2~--N。     

复合人工湿地系统强化处理单元的运行特性与效果

针对目前人工湿地运行中的水流分布不均、易堵塞、溶解氧不足导致NH4+-N硝化不充分及除磷率低下等问题,研究了作为复合人工湿地系统组成要素的高负荷水解酸化池、自然复氧/沉淀一体化装置、强化除磷脱氮槽等强化处理单元的运行特性及对全系统处理效果的影响.结果表明,高负荷水解酸化池对COD、SS有较强的去除作用,分别占系统总去除率的38.05%和34.82%;一体化装置对SS的去除占系统总去除率的22.01%,并使DO提高到2.5 mg·L-1以上;经两段强化除磷脱氮槽的强化处理,TP综合去除率提高8%以上,并使湿地出水各类污染物全面达到GB 18918-2002一级A标准.     

不同水生植物在暴雨湿地中的水质净化作用

选择菖蒲、芦苇、美人蕉、鸢尾和水花生(空心莲子草)5种典型的湿地水生植物,以武汉动物园猩猩馆流域为研究区域,通过三年的长期定位试验,研究了这5种典型水生植物对暴雨径流湿地中氮、磷等不同污染物的吸收能力、养分负荷变化、吸附解析性能以及去除贡献率。结果表明,水生植物对氮、磷的吸附能力主要与水生植物的生物量有关,随着生物量的增加逐渐升高。在降雨量逐渐减少的情况下,植物体吸收的氮磷占流域年输入总氮的百分比可以从7.8%升高到35.9%,占流域输入总磷的百分比从21.8%升高到69.4%。在这5种典型水生植物中,芦苇对湿地中氮的吸收能力最强,鸢尾对湿地中磷的吸收能力最强;芦苇和菖蒲茎叶中的氮、磷、钾元素含量要高于根系中的养分含量;不同的植物种类在腐烂时污染物的释放量差异较大,其中鸢尾释放量最大,其次是菖蒲和美人蕉,芦苇释放量最少;而菖蒲对水中高锰酸盐指数和TP的吸附量最大,其次是鸢尾、美人蕉和芦苇。     

潜流-垂直流改进型人工湿地处理河道水的研究

针对微污染河道水C/N比不足和磷浓度低的问题,将传统人工湿地改进后用于处理。改进后的人工湿地包含潜流段和垂直流段,潜流段填充沸石和腐木,其中腐木作为补充碳源,垂直流段填充水泥砖块,并种植美人蕉。试验结果表明:改进型人工湿地脱氮除磷效果良好,氮的去除主要发生在潜流段,氨氮和总氮的去除率达到90%以上,填充的补充碳源不会恶化水质;磷的去除主要发生在垂直流段,水泥砖块具有良好的去除低浓度磷的性能,但其寿命不长,需要及时的更换;美人蕉对湿地脱氮影响非常小。     

处理低污染水的复合人工湿地脱氮过程

为了解人工湿地处理低污染水的脱氮过程,以洱海流域邓北桥湿地为例,采用水质分析、细菌数量分析与硝化/反硝化强度分析相结合的方法,研究了复合型人工湿地处理低污染河水过程中的氮转化过程及污染物去除效果. 结果表明:在氧化塘-表流湿地-潜流湿地-表流湿地的复合型人工湿地中,ρ(NH₃-N)和ρ(TN)呈逐级降低的趋势,NH₃-N和TN的平均去除率分别可达53.24%和48.21%. 氧化塘和表流湿地的硝化强度显著高于潜流湿地,二级表流湿地中硝酸菌数量和表层硝化强度均为各工艺单元中最高的,分别为93.00×105g-1和8.42×102mg/(m3·h);潜流湿地中ρ(DO)较低,其反硝化作用强度为各单元最高的,其中表层反硝化强度为32.70×102mg/(m3·h),深层反硝化强度为32.09×102mg/(m3·h). 该复合型人工湿地中反硝化的主要单元为潜流湿地.      

人工湿地处理污染河水和湿地植物腐烂分解影响研究

以高原复合型人工湿地为研究对象,在水力负荷为0.067 m/d的条件下,监测湿地对CODCr、TN、TP、氨氮的去除率达到了66.3%、82.5%、43.2%、76%;采集了梭鱼草、美人蕉、芦苇、水葱、茭白、再力花6种挺水植物地上部分,测定了它们的TN、TP、有机质等营养物质含量和它们腐烂分解过程中TN、TP、COD等释放强度。结果表明:梭鱼草、美人蕉、茭白释放强度较强,再力花和芦苇释放强度较弱,在选择湿地植物时综合考虑植物吸收污染物能力情况下,可以优先考虑再力花、芦苇等植物。     

电解强化人工湿地处理低碳氮比污水的效能及机制

针对人工湿地对低碳氮污水处理效果差这一问题,本研究构建了电解强化潮汐流人工湿地系统,通过对比电解强化前后湿地系统脱氮除磷的效果,从微生物群落结构及污染物电化学去除机制等角度揭示电解潮汐流人工湿地强化脱氮脱磷的机制.研究结果表明：电解潮汐流人工湿地对废水中NH₄⁺-N、TN和TP的去除率（分别为88.30%、82.10%和87.74%）均高于未强化的湿地系统.纯电解过程对氨氮的去除没有影响,但是对硝态氮具有还原作用.相比于未强化的湿地系统,电解潮汐流人工湿地阳极附近基质中含有更多的铁氧键、磷氧键、羟基聚合铁等含磷沉淀物,细菌群落结构更为丰富多样,异养反硝化细菌和基于氢气的自养反硝化细菌（Rhodoblastus）丰度都较高,从而实现氮磷的高效同步去除.     

北固山湿地虉草氮磷积累和转移能力的研究

通过研究镇江北固山湿地中优势种虉草(Phalaris arundinaces Linn)的生物量以及不同时期各器官总磷/总氮含量及氮/磷累计的动态变化规律,探讨了虉草对氮磷的转移能力.结果表明:1)虉草生物量呈先增加后减少的趋势,茎的生物量远大于叶和根.2)叶中的氮含量大于茎和根,在4月份时达到峰值33.02 mg·g-1;根中的磷含量远大于叶和茎,在8.94～9.83 mg·g-1之间.3)各器官对氮的累积以茎为最高,在5月份时达峰值,为16272 mg·m-2;根中的磷累积最高,茎其次,峰值分别为3196 mg·m-2、5097 mg·m-2.4)相关性分析结果提示氮/磷的去除量与植物的生物量成正相关,适时收割虉草可以从湿地中转移氮和磷.     

采油废水人工湿地处理效果及植物作用分析

采用水平潜流人工湿地中试系统处理采油废水,考察湿地植物生长状况对污染物去除效果的影响,运用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)技术分析湿地植物对有机污染的吸附情况,并分析了湿地植物对氮、磷的吸收效果。研究结果表明:人工湿地出水达GB 8987—1996《污水综合排放标准》中的一级标准。湿地植物的生长状况与人工湿地的COD及NH 4+-N去除率呈现一定的耦合关系。芦苇及藨草均能吸附多种难降解有机污染物。植物吸收是人工湿地去除氮、磷的途径之一,但并非主要途径。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.