崇明东滩湿地植被类型和沉积特征对土壤碳、氮分布的影响

滨海湿地碳、氮储量的分布可能受盐沼植被和外源沉积物的综合影响.本文以长江口典型滨海湿地为研究对象,分别在崇明东滩湿地北部、中部和南部设置3条样线,根据外源沉积物的区域特征研究了3种主要盐沼植被(芦苇(Phragmites australis)、互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)、海三棱藨草(Scirpus mariqueter))和土壤中的有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)的季节变化及空间特征.结果显示,崇明东滩湿地北、中部为淤积型滩涂,南部呈侵蚀态势.盐沼植被中芦苇和互花米草生物量TOC、TN累积量均显著高于海三棱藨草带.北、中样线的相同植被类型中的土壤TOC、TN显著高于南样线.高潮滩的芦苇带土壤TOC储量高于中潮滩的互花米草带,而互花米草带土壤TN储量略高于芦苇带,海三棱藨草带和光滩土壤TOC、TN储量最低.盐沼植被类型显著影响土壤各层次TOC和TN储量的分布,其中,0~10 cm层次储量受植被类型和表层外源沉积物空间特征的交互作用影响.     

杭州湾潮滩湿地植物不同分解过程及其磷素动态

湿地植物枯死物分解影响湿地营养物质循环.为分析杭州湾潮滩植物枯死物分解过程和磷素动态,开展了3种优势植物芦苇(Phragmites australis)、互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)和海三棱藨草(Scirpus mariqueter)立枯阶段的观测和分解袋法模拟实验.结果表明,观测期间立枯干物质量逐渐降低,180 d后逐步凋落至地面;立枯磷含量则波动下降.植物分解具有明显的阶段性,初期(0~15 d)损失最快,然后降低.地下根系分解速率表现为:海三棱藨草>芦苇>互花米草,地上部分则相反.分解95%所需时间在1.2~8.3 a之间.植物磷含量先下降后上升,绝对含量则表现为净释放.分析表明,植物分解速率与C/N比没有显著的相关关系,而受C/P比的影响较大.环境因子中的大气温度对分解也有影响.立枯阶段和分解袋法模拟下植物所处的环境不同是影响两者分解过程差异的主要原因.     

芦苇与海三棱藨草中重金属的累积及季节变化

通过分析上海滨岸潮滩芦苇和海三棱藨草根系、茎叶中Cu、Pb、Fe、Mn、Zn、Cr、N的含量，发现Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu在芦苇与海三棱藨草根系、茎叶中含量较高，而Pb、Cr、N含量较低；Mn在芦苇与海三棱藨草茎叶中的含量接近或超过根系中的含量，而Fe在茎叶中的百分含量较少；聚类分析表明，Pb、Cr在芦苇和海三棱藨草体内的迁移能力非常相近，Zn、Cd、Cu也表现出类似的规律；芦苇和海三棱藨草分别在夏季和春季开始大量吸收重金属元素，之后含量降低，冬季时重金属元素在这两种潮滩植物根系和茎叶中再次出现富集。在同一采样断面，除Cr以外，其余重金属元素在海三棱藨草体内的含量明显高于芦苇。     

互花米草入侵对长江口湿地土壤碳动态的影响

为了评价互花米草入侵对长江河口湿地土壤碳动态的影响,利用配对的试验设计在长江口崇明东滩湿地的高潮滩和低潮滩各设置1条入侵种互花米草与土著种的配对样线.结果表明,与土著植物相比,互花米草入侵显著增加了长江口湿地的植物碳库、土壤微生物碳、土壤总碳库和有机碳库,而对占土壤总碳库60%以上的无机碳库无显著影响,意味着互花米草入侵导致的土壤总碳库改变主要是通过增加土壤有机碳库来实现的.高潮滩互花米草和芦苇群落的年均土壤呼吸强度分别为（210.02±4.90）,（157.79±6.39）mg/（m²·h）;低潮滩互花米草和海三棱藨草群落年均土壤CO₂排放速率分别为（157.41±5.27）,（110.90±5.16）mg/（m²·h）,表明互花米草入侵显著增加长江口湿地的土壤呼吸.上述结果意味着互花米草入侵同时增加土壤碳输入和碳输出,但入侵也显著增加了土壤碳库表明入侵增加的土壤碳输入显著高于增加的土壤碳输出.本研究表明互花米草入侵可能会增强了长江河口湿地的土壤碳汇强度和固碳能力.但仍然需要长期系统的监测研究,以便全面定量评估互花米草入侵我国滨海湿地的综合生态影响.     

长江口盐沼带湿地生态演替过程中甲烷排放研究

甲烷(CH4)作为河口湿地碳循环的重要中间产物,是大气中仅次于二氧化碳(CO2)的第二大温室气体,其排放清单对于全球气候变暖趋势的预测具有重要意义.因此,本研究采用静态箱-气相色谱技术,针对长江口盐沼带湿地CH4的排放通量展开了为期2年、每月1次的现场观测.研究结果表明,长江口盐沼带湿地持续表现为大气CH4的净排放源,其中,2011年在海三棱藨草覆盖情况下,全年CH4平均排放通量达到了1.00 mg·m-2·h-1,2012年互花米草大规模入侵后,海三棱藨草生物量显著减小,全年CH4排放通量减小为0.55 mg·m-2·h-1.Pearson相关性分析表明,沉积物有机碳含量、光合有效辐射及含水率等均不是影响长江口盐沼带湿地CH4排放的重要环境因子.在2011年,海三棱藨草生物量(p=0.001,r=0.928)、气温(p0.01,r=0.432)均与CH4排放通量呈现显著正相关,全年CH4最大排放通量出现在生物量最大的夏季8月份;2012年随着互花米草的入侵,CH4排放通量在5月份达到了最大值,自5月份之后逐渐减小,互花米草的入侵使长江口中潮滩盐沼带湿地CH4排放通量整体呈现出了下降的趋势.     

乐清湾盐沼湿地有机碳密度及碳储量估算

滨海盐沼湿地是蓝色碳汇的重要组成部分,充分挖掘盐沼湿地碳汇能力对我国应对气候变化具有重要的理论和现实意义。本研究在探明乐清湾盐沼植被分布的基础上,采用野外采样和实验室测定相结合的方式,研究了典型盐沼植被的固碳能力,定量估算乐清湾盐沼湿地的碳储量,并系统地分析了不确定性。结果表明：（1）乐清湾主要优势种为入侵种互花米草,分布面积为3352.87 ha,另有盐地碱蓬、芦苇等本地盐沼植物呈零星分布;（2）互花米草具有强大的固碳能力,其碳密度由地上生物量碳密度、地下生物量碳密度、沉积物碳密度构成,共计（102.97±9.52）Mg C/ha,其中沉积物碳密度的贡献最大,达（91.11±9.49）Mg C/ha;(3)乐清湾互花米草盐沼湿地总碳储量达（345244.99±31935.38）Mg C,不确定性为12.01%。其中,地上生物量碳储量为（16700.11±4814.43）Mg C,地下生物量碳储量为（23076.19±10005.75）Mg C,沉积物碳储量为（305468.70±31823.15）Mg C。研究结果可为海湾盐沼湿地保护提供科学依据,为建立完善的碳储量监测和评估体系提供...     

崇明东滩海三棱藨草生长期沉积物有机碳含量变化

对长江口崇明东滩(CM-S)海三棱藤草(Scirpus mariqueter)生长期(4～12月)柱样沉积物有机碳含量及变化分析,发现柱样沉积物有机碳含量与温度、海三棱蔗草地上生物量呈显著负相关(p＜0.05).在陆源沉降、温度和海三棱藤草生长、死亡等因素的共同作用下,崇明东滩沉积物有机碳库随时间推移呈明显的"盈""亏"变化.夏季是潮滩沉积物有机碳库的"碳亏"期,秋季9月起,海三棱蔗草死亡分解使得有机碳在沉积物中累积,沉积物碳库进入"碳盈"期.可见死亡倒伏的海三棱藤草是潮滩盐沼带沉积物有机碳库的主要碳源,海三棱蔗草在生长期中通过光合作用所固定的大气碳素在生长末期输送补偿入沉积物有机碳库中.     

长江口盐沼植物对营养盐和重金属的吸收、分布与滞留研究

测定3种盐沼植物体内TN、TP、重金属Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的含量,计算了3种盐沼植物地上部分TN、TP和重金属库的大小.结果表明,3种盐沼植物在养分的分配模式上显著不同,3种盐沼植物地上部分重金属含量均低于地下部分;互花米草地上部分的养分库和重金属库均大于芦苇和海三棱镳草,表明其对养分和重金属的吸收与滞留效率更高.如果从湿地植物净化的角度来考虑,收获互花米草对河口环境的净化作用最佳,特别对P的去除效率最高;但另一方面,互花米草的入侵将会显著改变长江口湿地生态系统的生物地球化学循环过程,如提高沉积物中重金属的生物可利用性,有可能把更多的重金属输入河口水体和食物网,使湿地成为重金属的源而不是汇.     

互花米草入侵对长江河口湿地CH4排放的影响

为了探讨互花米草入侵对长江河口湿地CH₄排放的影响以及入侵至不同潮位对CH₄排放影响程度的差异及其可能机制,采用邻近互花米草与土著植物群落相配对的试验设计,在长江口东滩湿地的高潮滩和低潮滩各设置1条样线.结果表明,与土著植物相比,互花米草入侵显著增加了长江河口湿地的植物生物量,显著增加了土壤含水量、土壤有机碳含量、总氮含量、微生物碳和氮含量.高潮滩互花米草群落年均CH₄排放强度为（0.68±0.08）mg/（m²·h）,显著高于芦苇群落（0.21±0.01）mg/（m²·h）,低潮滩互花米草和海三棱藨草群落年均CH₄排放速率分别为（8.31±0.50）和（3.93±0.18）mg/（m²·h）,前者显著高于后者.此外,高潮滩互花米草与芦苇群落之间年均CH₄排放强度的差异为（0.47±0.08）mg/（m²·h）,显著低于低潮滩互花米草与海三棱藨草群落之间年均CH₄排放强度的差异（4.37±0.48）mg/（m²·h）.上述结果表明,互花米草入侵通过改善CH₄产生所需底物的质和量,增加土壤含水量和微生物的量,从而显著增加了长江河口湿地CH₄排放量.互花米草入侵至低潮滩增加的CH₄排放量是互花米草入侵至高潮滩的10倍左右,表明互花米草入侵至长江河口湿地对CH₄排放的影响程度可能会有很强的空间异质性,互花米草入侵至更厌氧的土壤环境可能会对CH₄排放的影响程度更大.本研究可为准确估算互花米草入侵对中国海岸带湿地CH₄排放的影响程度,科学管理和合理利用海岸带湿地资源以及应对全球气候变化提供理论依据和科技支撑.     

长江口崇明东滩海三棱藨草对沉积物有机碳库的贡献研究

湿地植被通过光合作用、埋藏分解等方式将有机碳输送至沉积物中,为了探究植被对于湿地沉积物有机碳库的贡献率,本文使用埋管与长石粉样方两种手段,以崇明东滩为例,定量估算了海三棱藨草植被对潮滩沉积物有机碳库的贡献率.埋管研究显示,不同温度下死亡植被分解输入和沉积物呼吸降解过程的差异是造成沉积物中冬夏两季有机碳含量差异明显的主要原因.冬末时节埋管沉积物有机碳平均含量为5.72mg·g-1,碳库呈"积累"状态;夏季含量减少为4.89 mg·g-1,碳库呈"亏损"状态.海三棱藨草死亡、倒伏和掩埋,使得沉积物有机碳含量剖面出现显著分层,埋管样品中分层间隔为10 cm左右,与长石粉样方测研究区域当年沉积速率相对应(11.6 cm·a-1:2012年8月28日—2013年9月2日).沉积物有机碳含量与δ13C值的显著负相关性(p0.01)表明,植被输入有机碳的累积和降解是沉积物碳库动态变化的主要因素.忽略有机质降解中碳的分馏作用下,根据碳同位素质量平衡混合模型,计算得出春夏季植被有机碳净输入为0.65 mg·g-1,约占沉积物有机碳库含量的7.35%,秋冬季节植被有机碳净输入为2.06 mg·g-1,约为占有机碳库含量的31.20%.     

Biogenic silica in intertidal marsh plants and associated sediments

Biogenic silica (BSi) contents in the marsh plants (Phragmites australis, Scirpus mariqueter and Spartina alterniflora) and associated sediments in Chongming Island eastern intertidal flat of the Yangtze Estuary were determined. The BSi contents in P. australis, S. mariqueter and S. alterniflora varied from 25.78–42.74 mg/g, 5.71–19.53 mg/g and 6.71–8.92 mg/g, respectively. Over the entire growth season, P. australis and S. mariqueter were characterized by linear accumulation patterns of BSi. The aboveground biomass (leaves and culms) of the marsh plants generally contained more BSi than underground biomass (roots). BSi contents were relatively higher in dead plant tissues than in live tissues which was probably due to the decomposition and the leaching of labile components of plant tissues such as organic carbon and nitrogen. Comparing with the habitats of S. mariqueter and S. alterniflora, the highest BSi content was recorded in sediments inhabited by P. australis, with an annual average of 15.69 mg/g. Overall, the intertidal marshes in the Yangtze Estuary may act as a net sink of BSi via plant uptake and sedimentary burial.     

人为干扰对闽江河口短叶茳芏湿地N2O排放的影响

采用静态箱-气相色谱法和浮箱-气相色谱法,分别对闽江河口潮间带短叶茳芏(Cyperus malaccensis var. brevifolius)湿地、互花米草(Spartina alterniflora Loisel)入侵斑块湿地、输入养分的短叶茳芏湿地和踩踏形成的裸露湿地N2O通量进行测定,以研究不同的人为干扰方式对短叶茳芏湿地N2O通量的影响.结果表明:互花米草入侵斑块N2O通量[15.37μg/(m2·h)]低于短叶茳芏湿地[18.77μg/(m2·h)],互花米草入侵降低了短叶茳芏湿地的N2O排放,互花米草入侵的减排作用与潮汐关系密切,而与植物生长季节关系不明显;养分输入显著增加了短叶茳芏湿地N2O排放.秋季,养分输入后,短叶茳芏湿地N2O排放平均值为163.72μg/(m2·h),春季,养分输入后,高潮淹水时和高潮无淹水时,短叶茳芏湿地N2O排放平均值分别为227.62μg/(m2·h)和1178.64μg/(m2·h),极显著高于对照,高潮淹水时N2O排放峰值出现较高潮无淹水时早,N2O通量远低于高潮无淹水时;踩踏形成的裸露湿地N2O平均通量为-0.76μg/(m2·h),表明踩踏降低了短叶茳芏湿地N2O通量,但降低程度因植物的生长季节和潮汐环境的差异而不同.     

Biogenic silica in intertidal marsh plants and associated sediments of the Yangtze Estuary

Biogenic silica (BSi) contents in the marsh plants (Phragmites australis, Scirpus mariqueter and Spartina alterniflora) and associated sediments in Chongming Island eastern intertidal flat of the Yangtze Estuary were determined. The BSi contents in P. australis, S. mariqueter and S. alterniflora varied from 25.78-42.74 mg/g, 5.71-19.53 mg/g and 6.71-8.92 mg/g, respectively. Over the entire growth season, P. australis and S. mariqueter were characterized by linear accumulation patterns of BSi. The abovegroun...     

闽江河口互花米草与短叶茳芏湿地土壤无机硫形态分布特征及其影响因素

选择闽江口鳝鱼滩不同淹水环境下两条样带(A样带,远离主潮沟且退潮后无积水;B样带,靠近主潮沟且退潮后有积水)上的短叶茳芏湿地和已被互花米草入侵(入侵前为短叶茳芏湿地)的互花米草湿地为研究对象,探讨不同类型湿地土壤无机硫赋存形态的分布特征及其主控因素.结果表明,B样带上互花米草湿地和短叶茳芏湿地土壤中的水溶性硫(H_2O-S)和吸附性硫(Adsorbed-S)含量总体上低于A样带,而盐酸可溶性硫(HCl-Soluble-S)和盐酸挥发性硫(HCl-Volatile-S)含量则高于A样带.短叶茳芏湿地和互米草湿地土壤中不同形态无机硫的含量在两条样带上整体均表现为HCl-Soluble-SH_2O-SAdsorbed-SHCl-Volatile-S,且二者的总无机硫含量分别占其TS含量的9.02%~15.50%和8.04%~12.73%.与短叶茳芏湿地相比,互花米草入侵分别使A样带土壤中H_2O-S、Adsorbed-S、HCl-Soluble-S、HCl-Volatile-S和总无机硫含量减少了35.2%、36.4%、16.8%、1.8%和26.12%;但使B样带表层土壤的总无机硫含量及0~20 cm土层的HCl-Soluble-S和HCl-Volatile-S含量分别增加了8.34%、15.34%和5.71%.研究发现,非长期淹水条件下,互花米草入侵后可降低湿地土壤有效硫的供给能力;长期淹水条件下,互花米草入侵可通过提高土壤中HCl-Soluble-S的含量增加金属硫化物沉淀,而挥发性硫含量的同步增加则可能对植被生长(特别是根系发育)产生不利影响.     

Winter losses of nitrogen and phosphorus from Italian ryegrass, meadow fescue and white clover in a northern temperate climate

We have studied to what degree Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis L.) are able to preserve nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) in shoots and roots from one growing season to the next in a northern temperate climate. Field experiments were performed during four consecutive winters in central southeast Norway (60°42′N, 10°51′E), and N and P in plant biomass were measured in the autumn and in the spring. We also measured the contents of total N, total P and organic carbon (C) in seepage water that percolated through the aboveground plant material. Uptake of N and P in Italian ryegrass and white clover was substantially larger than in meadow fescue. The winter losses varied greatly from year to year, depending on the winter climate. On the average for all three of the plant species, the winter losses of N from aboveground biomass were 6, 35, 68 and 10% in the four experimental years, respectively. The corresponding P losses were 11, 36, 60 and 22%. On the average for all plant species and experimental years, 43 (±12)% (S.E., n = 12) of the N, 34 (±9)% of the P and 4 (±1)% of the C that was lost from the aboveground plant biomass during the winter, was recovered in seepage water, basically as a nutrient pulse in melt water in early spring. The very low C recovery rate in seepage water suggested a considerable microbial growth on lost plant C. Assuming that all un-recovered plant C was consumed by microorganisms not included in measurements of the seepage water, modelling showed that microbial immobilisation theoretically might explain the unexpectedly low recovery rates of N and P. The study was not designed to investigate the possible effects of psychrophilic microbes on N and P cycling. Therefore, it is inconclusive and underlines the need for more knowledge on this matter.     

湿地植物对外源氮、磷输入的响应研究

通过人工控制试验,研究了氮、磷输入对沼泽湿地植物地上生物量,相对密度以及植物对氮、磷吸收量的影响.结果表明:营养物质氮、磷的长时间累积,导致湿地植物地上生物量和相对密度均呈逐渐下降的年际变化趋势,地上生物量和相对密度之间表现为微弱的单峰变化关系.在氮输入下,随着氮施用量的升高,氮的吸收率从62.3%下降到5.5%;在磷输入下,随着磷施用量的升高,磷的吸收率从3.1%下降到0.8%.氮、磷的施用量愈高,植物对氮、磷的吸收率愈小.氮、磷输入有可能改变湿地生态系统的物种组成和结构及湿地生态系统的稳定和保护,应当考虑湿地中营养物质的长期作用.      

Nitrogen cycle of a typical Suaeda salsa marsh ecosystem in the Yellow River estuary

The nitrogen (N) biological cycle of the Suaeda salsa marsh ecosystem in the Yellow River estuary was studied during 2008 to 2009. Results showed that soil N had significant seasonal fluctuations and vertical distribution. The N/P ratio (15.73±1.77) of S. salsa was less than 16, indicating that plant growth was limited by both N and P. The N absorption coefficient of S. salsa was very low (0.007), while the N utilization and cycle coefficients were high (0.824 and 0.331, respectively). The N turnover among compartments of S. salsa marsh showed that N uptake from aboveground parts and roots were 2.539 and 0.622 g/m2, respectively. The N translocation from aboveground parts to roots and from roots to soil were 2.042 and 0.076 g/m2, respectively. The N translocation from aboveground living bodies to litter was 0.497 g/m2, the annual N return from litter to soil was far less than 0.368 g/m2, and the net N mineralization in topsoil during the growing season was 0.033 g/m2. N was an important limiting factor in S. salsa marsh, and the ecosystem was classified as unstable and vulnerable. S. salsa was seemingly well adapted to the low-nutrient status and vulnerable habitat, and the nutrient enrichment due to N import from the Yellow River estuary would be a potential threat to the S. salsa marsh. Excessive nutrient loading might favor invasive species and induce severe long-term degradation of the ecosystem if human intervention measures were not taken. The N quantitative relationships determined in our study might provide a scientific basis for the establishment of effective measures.