银川市农田土壤中四环素类抗生素的污染特征及生态风险评估

采集银川市农田表层土壤样品共43个,采用高效液相色谱法检测了土霉素（OTC）、四环素（TC）、金霉素（CTC）和强力霉素（DOC）的含量,结合空间克里金插值方法,分析了银川市农田土壤中这4种四环素类抗生素（TCs）的污染特征及空间分布状况,采用风险商值法评价了农田土壤中OTC、TC、CTC和DOC的生态风险.结果表明,四环素类抗生素在所有土壤样品中均有检出,土壤中ΣTCs含量在40.68~1074.42 μg·kg^-1之间,平均值为462.24 μg·kg^-1,在ΣTCs中平均占比为：CTC（69.26%） > OTC（16.34%） > TC（12.86%） > DOC（1.54%）,CTC为主要污染物;在空间分布上OTC、CTC和DOC这3种抗生素的浓度呈现中部高四周低的趋势,而TC则在西北部浓度最高;在不同种植类型土壤中ΣTCs的平均含量为：设施菜地（596.01 μg·kg^-1） > 牧草地（487.04 μg·kg^-1） > 耕地（437.52 μg·kg^-1） > 园地（404.99 μg·kg^-1）;生态风险评价结果显示,农田土壤中OTC、TC、CTC和DOC的风险平均值分别为0.14、0.69、0.14和1.02,其中23.26%样品的TC与6.98%样品的DOC处于高风险水平,应当引起重视.     

褪黑素对水稻幼芽镍胁迫的缓解作用

研究添加外源褪黑素对水稻幼芽Ni胁迫的缓解作用.结果表明,较低浓度Ni（10 μmol·L^-1、50 μmol·L^-1）胁迫对水稻幼芽根系生长影响不大,而较高浓度Ni（100~1000 μmol·L^-1）胁迫显著地抑制水稻根系的生长.与CK处理相比,100~1000 μmol·L^-1 Ni胁迫导致水稻总根长降低63.3%~98.0%,根表面积降低56.9%~96.3%.褪黑素的添加能明显地促进Ni胁迫下水稻幼芽的生长,尤其是对幼芽的根系生长促进作用更明显.当Ni胁迫浓度为100 μmol·L^-1时,两个水稻品种总根长相较于无Ni胁迫的对照组降低了58.4%~83.8%,在添加10 μmol·L^-1褪黑素处理后,水稻总根长相较于无Ni胁迫的对照组仅降低了8.7%~29.1%.添加外源褪黑素导致Ni胁迫下水稻幼芽的O₂^-·产生速率和相对电导率显著降低,CAT活性和可溶性蛋白含量显著提高.与100 μmol·L^-1 Ni胁迫处理相比,添加10 μmol·L^-1褪黑素能显著地降低两种水稻品种O₂^-·产生速率43.2%~50.2%、相对电导率25.7%~31.6%,提高CAT活性21.9%~33.7%、可溶性蛋白含量82.6%~84.6%.褪黑素可以有效地缓解Ni胁迫对水稻幼芽的毒害作用.     

贵阳城市污水及南明河中氯霉素和四环素类抗生素的特征

采用固相萃取-高效液相色谱（UV检测）分析了贵阳城市污水、南明河水和沉积物中氯霉素和四环素类抗生素的特征.结果显示,南北两岸污水中氯霉素、土霉素、四环素和金霉素的平均含量分别为27.0、 2.3、 11.0、 1.1 μg·L^-1和21.2、 2.1、 9.5、 0.5 μg·L^-1,其中以氯霉素的污染为主;污水中抗生素的含量呈现明显的季节变化,这与用水量和疾病特点有关.南明河已广泛受到包括农业、养鱼塘、城市污水等来源的抗生素污染,其中城市污水是最重要的来源,受其影响,污水口下游的抗生素污染尤为严重.河水中氯霉素、土霉素和四环素在冬季的含量范围分别在2.1～19.0、ND～3.0、 0.8～6.8 μg·L^-1之间,夏季分别在0.2～1.3、ND～0.03、 0.2～0.3 μg·L^-1之间,金霉素只在冬季检出,含量范围在0.09～0.14 μg·L^-1之间;沉积物中4种抗生素在冬季的平均含量分别为147.6、 76.6、 99.2和1.6 μg·kg^-1;在夏季分别为195.8、 89.1、 34.4和9.0 μg·kg^-1.数据表明,河水中抗生素的含量受河水流量及来源特点的影响很大,冬季河水中抗生素的含量明显高于夏季;沉积物中抗生素的季节变化不明显.     

城市污水处理厂污水及污泥中典型药物及其代谢产物的定量检测

基于超声溶剂萃取、固相萃取和超高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术（UPLC-MS/MS）,建立了一种适用于城市污水处理厂污水和污泥中2种典型药物（磺胺甲恶唑和卡马西平）及其5种代谢产物的同步分析方法.污水样品添加硫酸酸化、Na₂EDTA络合金属离子后经固相萃取富集净化;污泥样品通过甲醇/0.2 mol·L^-1柠檬酸溶液（1：1,体积比）超声萃取后经固相萃取富集净化.采用UPLC-MS/MS电喷雾电离源在多反应监测模式下进行目标物的定量分析.结果表明,在优化条件下,7种目标物标准曲线的线性可决系数（R²）均大于0.99,方法回收率为74%~217%,日内与日间相对标准偏差稳定（RSD<20%）,污水定量限为0.17~2.42 ng·L^-1,污泥定量限为0.20~2.85 μg·kg^-1.将该方法成功应用于两家城市污水处理厂样品中,除N-AcSMX外其余6种目标物被检出,其在污水和污泥中的浓度分别为3.92（SMX-DG）~667（LCBZ）ng·L^-1和0.41（2OH-CBZ）~2.74（CBZ）μg·kg^-1.     

珠三角地区生活垃圾焚烧厂汞的排放特征

利用OH法对珠三角8家垃圾焚烧厂(6家采用炉排炉工艺,2家采用流化床工艺)进行烟气采样,同时采集飞灰、底渣、煤炭样品进行分析.研究结果表明,珠三角炉排炉焚烧烟气平均总汞(THg)排放浓度为(51.4±28.3) μg·Nm^-3,流化床为(19.5±13.6) μg·Nm^-3.炉排炉飞灰THg含量为6674 μg·kg^-1,流化床飞灰THg含量为2135 μg·kg^-1,底渣中炉排炉THg含量为70 μg·kg^-1,流化床为30 μg·kg^-1.飞灰中的汞含量要远远高于底渣.垃圾焚烧过程中炉排炉70.8%的汞由烟气排放,26.3%存在飞灰中,底渣中的汞仅占2.9%.流化床工艺烟气汞排放占总汞排放的33.2%.利用质量平衡法计算珠三角垃圾中汞含量平均值为0.293 mg·kg^-1,流化床工艺因添加燃煤所产生的汞排放占到垃圾焚烧总汞排放的31.6%.     

重庆开州区菜地土壤抗生素污染特征及潜在生态环境风险评估

农田土壤抗生素累积及其导致的生态风险已成为国内外研究的热点.采用调查问卷和实验分析相结合的方式,研究了重庆市开州区菜地土壤中四环素类、磺胺类、喹诺酮类、大环内酯类和氯霉素类这5类抗生素的赋存特征,分析了抗生素含量和土壤理化指标的相关性,并评估其潜在生态环境风险.结果表明,菜地土壤存在抗生素累积,五大类共18种抗生素被检出,且以四环素类和喹诺酮类抗生素为主.喹诺酮类抗生素检出率最高（15.38%~100%）,其中氧氟沙星和诺氟沙星检出率达100%;四环素类抗生素含量最高（0~42.88 μg ·kg^-1）,其中土霉素含量最高为42.88 μg ·kg^-1.菜地土壤中抗生素总量为1.64~233.11μg ·kg^-1;其中,空心菜地（89.73 μg ·kg^-1）>白菜地（32.53 μg ·kg^-1）>辣椒地（32.16 μg ·kg^-1）>西红柿地（32.13 μg ·kg^-1）>黄瓜地（26.46 μg ·kg^-1）>草地（7.32 μg ·kg^-1）.相关性分析结果表明,土壤中总抗生素含量与有机肥施用量呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）,与土壤pH呈显著负相关关系（P<0.05）;土壤中喹诺酮类和磺胺类抗生素含量和土壤含水量呈显著负相关关系（P<0.05）,而喹诺酮类抗生素含量与土壤速效磷、有机质含量呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）.潜在生态环境风险评估结果显示：开州区菜地土壤中四环素类和喹诺酮类抗生素具有中度生态风险,其中62%~92%和62%~100%土样的喹诺酮类抗生素对土壤动物和微生物具有潜在毒性.     

我国硒淡水水生生物水质基准值推导

水体中硒含量过高会导致水生生态系统退化,而中国现有的地表水环境质量标准对硒的标准值设定并不是基于我国水生生物相关毒理学研究得出的,难以因地制宜地保护我国水生生物.为保护我国水生生物,本研究利用物种敏感度分布法,推导出基于最大无效应浓度（NOEC）、最低有效应浓度（LOEC）的慢性硒（无机）淡水水质一级基准值和基于半数致死效应浓度（LC₅₀）、半数最大效应浓度（EC₅₀）、半数抑制浓度（IC₅₀）的急性硒（无机）淡水水质二级基准值分别为0.58 μg·L^-1、0.52 mg·L^-1,发现我国现有的水质标准可能会对我国水生生物造成欠保护.进一步推导出为保护我国鱼类的硒（无机）淡水水质一级、二级基准值分别为0.21 μg·L^-1、1.60 mg·L^-1,以及硒淡水鱼类饲料有机硒和无机硒含量一级基准值分别为97 μg·kg^-1和98 μg·kg^-1.本研究基于硒对水生生物的急性和慢性毒性效应,推导出硒的系列基准值,为保护我国淡水水生生物安全的标准制定提供数据支撑和科学依据.     

Cd胁迫下不同外源植物激素对水稻幼苗抗氧化系统及Cd吸收积累的影响

为了探讨外源添加植物激素对Cd胁迫下水稻幼苗的抗氧化系统及Cd吸收积累情况的影响,减少Cd在植物体内的运输和积累,从而来缓解Cd对水稻的胁迫.以中嘉早17水稻幼苗为研究对象,进行水培试验,设置0、5和25 μmol·L^-1这3个Cd浓度处理,3种外源植物激素处理：不添加植物激素、100 μmol·L^-1褪黑素（MT）、0.2 μmol·L^-12,4-表油菜素内酯（EBL）和0.2 μmol·L^-1茉莉酸（JA）,共12个处理,每个处理重复3次.测定水稻幼苗体内Cd的含量,同时也对水稻幼苗地上部及根部丙二醛（MDA）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量进行分析.结果表明,在5 μmol·L^-1和25 μmol·L^-1 Cd胁迫下,外源添加MT、EBL和JA使地上部MDA含量显著降低了11%~24%,但是根系与地上部情况恰好相反,添加3种外源物质均导致根系中MDA含量增加,其中MT和EBL现象明显,在5 μmol·L^-1 Cd胁迫下,与CK相比,分别提高了45.5%和20.0%;在25 μmol·L^-1 Cd胁迫下,分别提高了46.2%和19.8%.外源添加植物激素可显著增加水稻幼苗地上部和地下部POD、CAT的活性,降低GSH以及Cd的含量,在5 μmol·L^-1 Cd胁迫下,添加MT、EBL和JA导致水稻地上部Cd含量分别降低39.4%、40.1%和51.6%,根部分别降低38.9%、40.2%和7.0%;25 μmol·L^-1 Cd胁迫下,地上部Cd含量分别降低18.9%、14.5%和35.6%,根部分别降低85.3%、81.1%和56.5%.由此可见,通过外源添加低浓度植物激素MT、EBL和JA,可缓解Cd对水稻的胁迫,降低Cd对水稻的毒害作用.     

外源锌对镉胁迫下玉米幼苗生长及根系构型分级的影响

为探究不同浓度锌（Zn）对镉（Cd）胁迫条件下玉米幼苗生长及根系构型分级的影响,通过水培试验,以玉米品种郑单958为试验材料,研究Cd胁迫条件下（50 μmol·L^-1）,外源施加不同浓度Zn（0、10、25、50、100、200和400 μmol·L^-1）对玉米幼苗生长、根系构型及其分级特征、Cd含量及根系Cd吸收能力、光合系统的影响,并通过主成分分析和隶属函数法进行综合评价.结果表明,50 μmol·L^-1 Cd胁迫对玉米幼苗具有明显的毒害作用,使叶绿素含量和光合参数显著降低,主根长、株高、生物量、根分枝数和根尖数,包括Ⅰ~Ⅲ级径级区间的根长、根表面积及Ⅰ~Ⅱ级径级区间的根体积显著下降,阻碍了玉米幼苗的正常生长发育.施用100 μmol·L^-1和200 μmol·L^-1 Zn与不施Zn相比,降低了玉米幼苗对Cd的吸收,显著降低了Cd含量和Cd吸收效率,缓解了对玉米幼苗的毒害作用,使地上地下部鲜重、地上部干重、地上地下部耐受指数和根分枝数均显著升高;显著增强了玉米幼苗的光合作用,促使幼苗光合速率和总叶绿素含量显著升高;Ⅰ级径级区间的RL、Ⅰ~Ⅱ级径级区间的SA和RV在100 μmol·L^-1 Zn时达到最大,Ⅲ级径级区间的RL、SA和RV在200 μmol·L^-1 Zn时达到最大,均显著高于不施Zn处理;玉米幼苗生长耐受性综合评价表明,100 μmol·L^-1和200 μmol·L^-1 Zn缓解Cd毒害作用效果较好.综合分析可知,施加适宜浓度的Zn可以降低玉米幼苗植株内Cd含量、根系Cd吸收能力及Cd吸收效率,提高玉米幼苗生物量的积累,减轻Cd毒害对根系构型的影响,减少对光合系统的影响,提高玉米幼苗对Cd的耐受性.     

2,4-二叔丁基苯酚对斑马鱼早期发育阶段的神经毒性

2,4-二叔丁基苯酚（2,4-di-tert-butylphenol,2,4-DTBP）作为一种合成酚类抗氧化剂（Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants,SPAs）被广泛应用于塑料、橡胶、食品等工业产品中,近年来在水体、空气、生物体中被不同程度检出.然而目前有关2,4-DTBP的毒理学研究十分有限,尤其是对鱼类早期发育阶段的神经毒性效应尚未可知.因此,本文以斑马鱼为研究对象,在涵盖环境相关浓度水平上（0.01、0.1和1 μmol·L^-1,即2.06、20.6和206 μg·L^-1）,从运动活性、焦虑行为及多巴胺和5-羟色胺神经信号通路的基因转录水平探讨2,4-DTBP对斑马鱼早期发育阶段的神经毒性效应及其作用机制.结果发现,0.01和0.1 μmol·L^-1 2,4-DTBP暴露引起仔鱼在暗周期过度活跃,1 μmol·L^-1 2,4-DTBP暴露引起仔鱼在光周期异常平静及焦虑行为,斑马鱼的行为异常可能与5ht1ab 和drd1的过度表达有关.研究表明,2,4-DTBP可能对斑马鱼早期发育阶段具有神经毒性,且不同剂量下的作用机制不同.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.