三峡工程对河流生态系统服务功能影响预评价

根据三峡工程对河流生态系统服务功能影响的特点,建立了评价指标体系,预评估了三峡工程全面竣工正常运行后,对河流生态系统服务功能的6项正面影响和5项负面影响。结果表明,防洪和发电是三峡工程的主要功能,年功能价值分别为106.84×108元和211.70×108元;旅游、减少有害气体排放、改善川江航道和水库养殖也是三峡工程的重要功能;6项正面影响的年功能价值总计489.70×108元。库区污染、泥沙淤积和水库淹没是三峡工程的主要负面影响,年损失值分别为24.06×108、7.22×108和6.27×108元;对生物的影响和对河流生态系统的占据,也是不容忽视的负面影响;5项负面影响的年功能损失值总计37.83×108元。     

糯扎渡水电站环境资源价值核算及对策研究

研究了水电开发对生态环境的影响,识别和筛选出13项影响因子,按照生态环境影响程度,运用市场价值法、生产力损失法、影子价格法等方法核算了澜沧江糯扎渡水电站各项生态环境影响因子的价值损失,并对核算结果进行了修正.结果表明,糯扎渡环境资源损失为18.84×108元/a,以2001年为基准,价值损失现值为175.89×108元.在此基础上,探讨了水电站建设的可行性及生态环境资源补偿措施,指出了水电开发过程中应将生态环境资源纳入电价成本及额度,并实行耕地补偿方式.      

林地生态用水亏缺的经济损失估算研究

以植被微观用水过程为核心,提出林地生态用水可划分为生理消耗性用水、生态消耗性用水和非消耗性用水.探讨了林地生态系统生态用水亏缺的生态效应,并基于绿色植物的光合作用机理和生态服务功能理论,界定了林地生态用水亏缺的损失内容,构建了林地生态系统生态用水亏缺的损失估算方法.以我国北方生态环境用水亏缺的典型地域--黄淮海地区为例进行了实例研究,结果表明,黄淮海地区由林地生态系统生态用水亏缺导致的经济损失约为99.115×108元·a-1,生态用水亏缺的经济损失率达到3.53元·m-3,远高于黄淮海地区单位国民经济用水量收益率、单位农业用水收益率和单位工业用水收益.     

水电开发对河流生态系统服务的效应评估与时空变化特征分析——以武江干流为例

水电开发对河流生态系统的影响不容忽视,科学评估其影响有助于建立更可持续的水电开发模式。以武江干流为例,利用当量因子法和功能价值评估法,分析了武江干流梯级水电开发对受淹没影响的河岸带陆地生态系统和河流生态系统服务的效益及损失,并就其对河流生态系统服务的综合效应进行了评估。结果显示：武江干流水电开发使受淹没影响的河岸带生态系统和河流生态系统本身的服务价值均出现增加,价值增量主要体现在水文调节、水资源供给等服务方面;武江干流水电开发对河流生态系统服务的正效应大于负效应,正效应主要体现在发电、水文调节、气体调节等方面,负效应主要体现在维持生物多样性、土壤保持等支持服务方面。研究认为不同规模水电站的正负效应侧重点不同,不同流域单位电能的生态损失难以直接横向比较。结合多年来武江鱼类资源跟踪调查数据,分析了鱼类生物损失指数的变化趋势,探讨了水电开发在时间上的累积生态效应及水电服务的空间格局差异。由于生物多样性等服务的影响难以用货币直接衡量,加上水域的单位面积服务价值远高于其他生态用地类型,导致负效应的价值评估偏保守,武江干流水电开发的正负效应之比偏大。     

水电开发对河流生态系统服务的效应评估与时空变化特征分析——以武江干流为例

水电开发对河流生态系统的影响不容忽视,科学评估其影响有助于建立更可持续的水电开发模式。以武江干流为例,利用当量因子法和功能价值评估法,分析了武江干流梯级水电开发对受淹没影响的河岸带陆地生态系统和河流生态系统服务的效益及损失,并就其对河流生态系统服务的综合效应进行了评估。结果显示:武江干流水电开发使受淹没影响的河岸带生态系统和河流生态系统本身的服务价值均出现增加,价值增量主要体现在水文调节、水资源供给等服务方面;武江干流水电开发对河流生态系统服务的正效应大于负效应,正效应主要体现在发电、水文调节、气体调节等方面,负效应主要体现在维持生物多样性、土壤保持等支持服务方面。研究认为不同规模水电站的正负效应侧重点不同,不同流域单位电能的生态损失难以直接横向比较。结合多年来武江鱼类资源跟踪调查数据,分析了鱼类生物损失指数的变化趋势,探讨了水电开发在时间上的累积生态效应及水电服务的空间格局差异。由于生物多样性等服务的影响难以用货币直接衡量,加上水域的单位面积服务价值远高于其他生态用地类型,导致负效应的价值评估偏保守,武江干流水电开发的正负效应之比偏大。     

三江源地区生态系统生态功能分析及其价值评估

在地理信息系统的支持下,将相关地图数字化并利用已有的地形数据库等资料,研究了三江源地区生态系统土壤保持、涵养水源、固定CO2和释放O2等4项生态功能,并利用市场价值法、机会成本法和影子工程法等评估了其生态功能的价值.研究结果表明:三江源地区生态系统土壤保持总量为1.0383×109t·a-1,其价值总计为1.2528×109元·a-1;植被凋落物和土壤涵养水源能力为1.6469×1010t·a-1,涵养水源能力价值为1.1034×1010元·a-1;生态系统固定CO2为1.4128×108t·a-1,价值为1.0053×1010～4.7798×1010元·a-1;释放O2为1.0401×108t·a-1,价值为3.6709×1010～4.1605×1010元·a-1;4项生态功能合计总价值为5.9049×1010～1.0169×1011元·a-1.由此可见,三江源地区生态系统生态功能价值巨大,保护其生态系统结构和功能对我国江河中下游地区和东南亚国家生态环境安全和区域可持续发展具有重大意义.     

南黄海辐射沙脊群生态系统服务功能价值评估

在系统分析海洋生态系统服务功能及价值评估研究进展基础上,针对南黄海辐射沙脊群海域生态系统特征,采用市场价值法、替代成本法、影子价值法、成果参照法、估算模型等方法对生态系统的渔业生产、气体与气候调节、污染物处理、初级生产力、生物多样性维持及科研教育等服务功能的价值进行定量评价。结果表明:2010年南黄海辐射沙脊群生态系统服务功能价值为244.76×108元,相当沿岸区县GDP的10.24%;各类服务功能大小依次为渔业生产22.95×108元/a、氧气供给20.36×108元/a、气候调节37.87×108元/a、污染物处理99.45×108元/a、初级生产力48.09×108元/a、物种多样性15.03×108元/a、科研教育1.01×108元/a;污染物处理服务功能突出,占总价值的40.63%,渔业生产服务具有一定优势,占总价值的9.38%。研究结果可为区域空间开发和生态补偿提供依据。由于自然生态系统的复杂性和不确定性,所得值是一个偏低的保守值,有待今后进一步改进和完善。     

黄河三角洲自然保护区湿地生态服务功能价值评估

黄河三角洲自然保护区是世界上暖温带保存最完整、最年轻的湿地生态系统之一,具有多种重要的生态服务功能。通过山东省第二次湿地资源调查（2011-2013年）及其它统计数据,结合保护区湿地生态系统的特征、结构及过程,构建了生态系统服务功能价值评估体系,应用生态经济学的理论和研究方法,对保护区湿地生态系统的供给、调节、支持和文化四大类功能进行了全面评估。结果表明:保护区湿地生态系统提供的生态系统服务总价值为123.113×108元,单位面积服务价值为5.93万元/hm2,其中调节服务功能价值最大,为85.773×108元,占总价值的69.78%;其次供给服务功能价值为19.018×108元,占15.45%;文化服务功能和支持服务功能价值分别为11.992×108元和6.330×108元,占9.74%和5.14%。具体提供的15项服务功能价值大小依次为消浪护岸>调蓄洪水>食物>科教>固碳>生物多样性维持>气候调节>供水>保持土壤>大气组分调节>水质净化>原材料>旅游>航运>促淤造陆。货币价值的直观性突显了保护区湿地对当地经济及生态环境的重要性,可提高人们对保护区湿地生态系统的正确认识,为湿地生态系统的保护和管理提供科学的理论依据。     

典型海洋生态系统服务功能及价值评估——以桑沟湾为例

系统分析了生态系统服务功能及价值评估的研究进展,探讨了海洋生态系统服务功能及价值的内涵.以桑沟湾为例,对该生态系统的渔业生产、气体调节、污水处理、空气净化、滨海旅游、文化价值等服务功能的价值以2004年为评价基准年份进行了评价.评价结果为,2004年桑沟湾生态系统服务功能的价值为10.51×108元.其中直接经济价值(渔业生产)6.86×108元,占总服务价值的65.29%,表征桑沟湾是一个典型的养殖型海湾.这与人们对于桑沟湾的一般认识是一致的.同时我们注意到,桑沟湾生态系统的其他服务价值总和为3.65×108元,该数值占总服务价值的34.71%.作者认为,本文所得结果是桑沟湾也已实现了的生态服务价值,是对桑沟湾生态服务价值的保守估计.     

太湖流域圩区陆地生态服务价值评估

通过构建生态服务价值评价体系,对太湖流域圩区陆地生态服务价值进行估算,并分析其空间差异性. 结果表明:①圩区陆地生态系统面积为9 196.7 km2,其中农田、居民点与工矿用地、交通用地、林地等4个生态子系统面积所占比例分别为59.1%、34.5%、3.8%、2.5%. ②圩区陆地生态服务价值总量为219.374×108元/a,以间接生态价值(生态调节、生态维持价值)为主,占总量的61.6%. 其中生态服务价值最高的是下游杭嘉湖区(83.007×108元/a),其次为上游浙西区(39.104×108元/a)和湖西区(32.790×108元/a),三者占总量的70.6%;而下游浦西区、浦东区与上游的太湖区生态服务价值相对较低,仅占总量的9.1%. ③圩区单位面积陆地生态系统平均服务价值为2.385元/(m2·a),整体呈西高东低、南高北低的空间格局. ④因生态系统结构和生态效用机制的不同,林地单位面积各项生态服务均明显优于农田. ⑤流域景观综合指数在0.879~1.124之间,呈西高东低的空间分布特点.      

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.