负载型三维粒子电极降解甲基橙模拟废水研究

采用负载型活性炭为填充电极的三维电极法处理甲基橙模拟废水,研究了不同粒子电极的处理效果,考察了影响模拟废水中色度与COD去除率的因素,探讨了甲基橙降解的反应动力学,并运用紫外-可见吸收光谱初步研究了甲基橙的降解机理.结果表明,负载锰的氧化物的粒子电极处理效果最好,降解3h后,色度与COD去除率分别达95%与80%;通过单因素实验确定的最佳实验条件:槽电压12V,初始pH值为3,辅助电解质浓度0.05mol/L.反应动力学分析显示,甲基橙降解反应表现为一级反应动力学.紫外-可见吸收光谱分析结果表明,以负载型活性炭为粒子电极的三维电极法对模拟废水中的色度与COD具有很好的降解效果.     

交联壳聚糖-CdS颗粒可见光催化脱色甲基橙研究

利用壳聚糖对金属离子的配位络合作用和吸附性能,模拟生物矿化仿生制备交联壳聚糖/CdS复合粒子。以甲基橙为处理对象,氙灯模拟可见光,研究了该复合材料对甲基橙的降解脱色性能。用Langmuir-Hinshelwood方程从动力学的角度,考察了不同催化剂浓度、甲基橙的初始浓度、反应体系的pH值、外加无机阴离子等对甲基橙降解脱色的影响。结果表明,该复合材料的吸附性能和光催化活性产生的协同作用能较有效促进甲基橙染料的脱色,在低质量浓度条件下可见光催化过程为假一级反应。光催化剂的最佳用量为1.5g/L,甲基橙降解的最佳pH为4.0。Cl-和Br-均对MO的光催化脱色起抑制作用,而NO3-的添加明显促进MO的光催化速率。     

磷钨酸光催化降解甲基橙溶液的研究

以磷钨酸为光催化剂,在紫外灯照射下,对模拟染料废水甲基橙溶液进行光催化降解反应;研究了催化剂加入量、甲基橙初始质量浓度、外加TiO2和氧化剂H2O2、KIO4对甲基橙溶液光催化脱色效果的影响。结果表明:100mL20mg/L甲基橙溶液光催化剂最佳用量80m g;在较低浓度下,甲基橙溶液的光催化降解反应符合一级动力学方程;在特定条件下,(TiO2+H3PW12O40)/UV、(H2O2+H3PW12O40)/UV和(KIO4+H3PW12O40)/UV光催化体系对甲基橙溶液光催化脱色效果优于H3PW12O40/UV光催化体系。     

磺化酞菁钴光催化降解甲基橙染料的试验研究

针对难降解的偶氮染料废水,在以磺化酞菁钴CoPcS为催化剂的情况下,实验研究了催化剂浓度、光照强度、温度、甲基橙初始浓度对降解效果的影响。结果表明:当催化剂CoPcS浓度0.2 g/L,光照强度250 W,温度40℃,pH=1,甲基橙10 mg/L时,在30 min内,甲基橙的降解率高达98.06%。最佳试验条件:pH值为1,催化剂浓度0.2 g/L,甲基橙初始浓度15 mg/L,温度40℃。影响因素主次为:pH值〉甲基橙初始浓度〉温度〉催化剂浓度,该反应符合零级反应动力学方程。     

镀铜铁内电解法用于甲基橙的脱色研究

采用镀铜铁内电解法对甲基橙染料废水进行了降解脱色研究,考察了pH、铁屑投加量、反应时间、初始浓度对脱色效果的影响,并对镀铜铁内电解降解甲基橙的过程进行了原位循环伏安跟踪监测。结果表明:最佳反应条件为酸性条件pH值2~4,铁屑投加量为400g/L,反应时间为100min,脱色率为96.0%;镀铜铁内电解降解甲基橙过程发生了氧化还原反应,生成了甲基橙的氧化产物与还原产物。     

PAA改性纳米铁强化还原降解水中亚甲基蓝

利用纳米零价铁去除水中各类污染物是近年来的研究热点,但纳米零价铁颗粒在水中的团聚会导致反应活性降低,研究通过在纳米铁颗粒制备过程中添加分散剂聚丙烯酸(PAA),提高其分散性,强化其在水中反应活性,合成改性纳米零价铁颗粒(PAA-Fe),并首次用于降解水中的亚甲基蓝.对其SEM、TEM、XRD和比表面积表征结果表明,与未改性原始纳米零价铁颗粒相比,PAA-Fe颗粒表面较光滑,团聚减少、颗粒粒径减小,比表面积增大.改性剂PAA添加浓度为0.1 g·L-1时,经过60 min降解反应,PAA改性纳米铁颗粒对亚甲基蓝的脱色率为98.84%,较未改性颗粒脱色率提高了27.32%.改性纳米铁颗粒对亚甲基蓝的脱色效果受初始溶液的p H值、初始溶液的浓度、PAA-Fe投加量和反应温度影响.PAA-Fe与亚甲基蓝的脱色反应符合假一级反应动力学规律.     

Fenton法氧化甲基橙溶液的脱色动力学实验研究

实验对甲基橙的Fenton氧化脱色降解反应过程进行了研究,结果表明在pH值为3、反应温度为30℃的反应条件下,Fenton试剂氧化甲基橙溶液脱色反应可以用一级动力学过程来描述,而且其反应速率常数受到亚铁离子初始浓度和过氧化氢初始浓度的影响很大,经过数据拟合分别得到了反应速率常数与亚铁离子初始浓度和过氧化氢初始浓度之间的数学关系。实验还对30℃～60℃不同温度下的Fenton反应过程进行了考察,结果表明不同温度下Fenton氧化甲基橙的脱色反应仍可以用一级动力学过程来描述,而且其反应速率常数受温度变化的影响不大,基本保持恒定。     

活性炭/聚丙烯腈纤维对溶液中的甲基橙染料吸附动力学研究

采用自制添加活性炭的聚丙烯腈纤维为吸附剂,吸附染料甲基橙溶液,考察了活性炭含量、温度及溶液pH值等因素对纤维吸附染料甲基橙吸附量和吸附速率的影响。结果表明,活性炭/聚丙烯腈纤维吸附甲基橙染料符合表观二级动力学方程。吸附过程的限速步骤为甲基橙染料向活性炭/聚丙烯腈纤维中活性炭颗粒内部微孔扩散,自制的活性炭/聚丙烯腈纤维对甲基橙染料具有较大的吸附容量和较快的吸附速率,可作为甲基橙等染料废水治理的理想材料。     

氰化尾渣制备微电解填料及降解甲基橙研究

以氰化尾渣为原料,采用煤基直接还原工艺制备铁碳微电解填料,并将填料用于处理甲基橙等模拟废水.研究了焙烧温度、焙烧时间、煤用量等制备条件对填料降解甲基橙的影响.结果表明,在焙烧温度为1250℃,焙烧时间为60min,煤用量为30%的条件下制备的微电解填料对甲基橙废水的脱色效果最好.提高填料用量和降低溶液初始pH值有利于去除甲基橙.用于处理400mL浓度为100mg/L的甲基橙溶液,在填料用量为2g,溶液初始pH值在3~6的范围内,当降解时间为30min时,甲基橙脱色率均接近100%.XRD分析表明,最佳条件下制备的填料中主要结晶物相为零价铁.SEM显示填料中的零价铁颗粒粒度均在50μm以下,零价铁与残碳构成微电解填料.     

填充床电催化氧化工艺处理甲基橙废水实验研究

以甲基橙模拟废水为降解对象,研究了填充床电化学反应器对偶氮燃料废水的电催化降解特性;结果表明初始浓度450mg/L,电解质含量为2%的甲基橙废水在30A/m2电流密度下经180min降解出水甲基橙浓度为2.93mg/L,去除率达99.3%,UV分析表明降解过程以键裂解为主,无其他大分子组分生成,其浓度变化符合一级动力学降解模型;在此基础上,采用单因素变量实验方法研究了初始甲基橙浓度、电流密度、电解质含量及进水流速对甲基橙电催化过程中动力学常数k的影响,得到各因素控制下动力学常数的数学表达式。依据一级动力学模型给出填充床电化学反应器处理甲基橙废水的浓度预测方程,以其通过电化学反应操作条件的优化实现甲基橙废水的彻底降解或对出水甲基橙浓度的准确预测。     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.