响应曲面法优化沼渣快速堆肥研究

采用Box-Behnken设计,以碳氮比(C/N)、通风量、初始含水率为3因素,设计了17组堆肥实验,建立回归模型,以抗生素降解率和氮、磷、钾总含量为响应值,确定沼渣快速堆肥的最优工艺。结果表明:3因素对响应值F1抗生素降低率的影响显著性排序为:通风量>C/N>初始含水率,对响应值F2(总养分含量)的影响显著性顺序为:通风量>初始含水率>C/N。综合考虑,为同时确保抗生素降解率较高且氮磷钾总含量较高,最优工艺条件为C/N为30,通风量为1. 13 L/(min·kg),初始含水率为65. 54%。验证实验结果与预测值吻合,响应曲面法用于沼渣快速堆肥工艺优化具有可行性。     

河北坝上与坝下不同土地利用类型土壤入渗特征及其影响因素

为查明河北省坝上与坝下不同土地利用类型土壤入渗能力,选择张北县（坝上风蚀区）和阳原县（坝下水蚀区）作为典型研究区,采用微型圆盘入渗仪测量土壤入渗特性,并分析其主要影响因素。研究结果表明：（1）阳原县不同土地利用类型土壤渗透性能表现为：高盖度草地>低盖度草地>耕地>林地,张北县表现为：草地>耕地>灌木林地>防护林地;（2）不同入渗模型拟合度之间存在显著差异,其中Philip模型拟合效果最佳;（3）土壤初始入渗速率、稳定入渗速率、稳定入渗时间与容重呈极显著负相关关系,而与总孔隙度均呈极显著正相关关系。结果表明,该区草地土壤入渗能力最强,后期开展生态工程建设时应更加重视草地涵养水源的作用。     

北京城区绿地土壤渗透性能及其对降雨产流的影响分析

土壤渗透性是影响雨水入渗的关键因素之一,是分析土壤蓄积雨水能力的重要前提条件。针对目前城市绿地土壤渗透性能实测数据缺失、评估方法单一、指标选取较少的现状,采取实测法获取北京不同城市功能区的绿地土壤渗透速率、孔隙比、含水率等数据,并采用相关性、因子分析和多元线性回归分析法,分析影响城市建筑小区土壤渗透性的主要因素,探索建立精度更高、数据需求量更少、计算时间更短的土壤渗透模型。运用该模型得到北京市城市绿地雨水入渗能力水平,建立土壤-降雨产流之间的联系,得到以实测数据为基础,更贴近实际产流过程的径流系数。结果表明:试验样地内3种功能区土壤渗透性能排序为:居住区 > 文教区 > 商业区,实测入渗曲线均符合霍顿渗透模型;土壤内部因素中孔隙比、初始含水率和初始入渗速率三者相互关系紧密,外部因素中植被覆盖度与人为干扰情况呈强负相关,考虑到内外部因素共同作用,初始入渗速率可与初始含水率和植被覆盖度建立初步线性关系式（R2>0.9）;入渗量对雨量径流系数的影响随着降雨量和不透水区域面积比例的增大而减小,入渗量占年径流总量控制率对应的降雨量的比值为37.6%~58.2%,并与降雨量呈负相关。研究结果可为海绵城市建模和下垫面优化设计提供理论参考。     

基于指数型的浅层滑坡非积水降雨入渗模型研究

降雨诱发浅层滑坡稳定性评价的前提是计算边坡的湿润锋深度,目前较为常用的计算方法是基于改进的Mein-Larson降雨入渗模型,但该模型假定斜坡土体初始含水率均匀分布,实际上斜坡土体初始含水率分布是不均匀的,其表现出越靠近地下水位土体含水率越高的规律。为了体现这一实际情况,提出一种指数型的土体初始含水率分布函数,对传统的非积水降雨入渗模型进行了改进,并通过有限元数值分析对土体初始含水率分布函数和改进的模型进行了验证。结果表明:模型计算解与数值解较为接近,说明改进的非积水降雨入渗模型具有一定的适用性。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域植被恢复对土壤稳定入渗的影响

经过20多年的退耕还林还草和封禁措施,纸坊沟流域植被得到良好恢复,并对土壤产生正面影响。流域内11种主要植物群落下以及不同生活型下土壤稳定入渗速率均有显著差异,其中灌木和草本群落下土壤稳定入渗速率较大,乔木林下较小。土壤稳定入渗速率与其影响因子之间存在相关关系,其中土壤稳定入渗速率与土壤容重、土壤总孔隙度及土壤活性孔隙度存在极显著的相关关系;与枯枝落叶层厚度也有一定的相关关系;还与土壤水稳性团聚体重量百分含量、土壤有机质含量有一定的相关关系。结果表明,黄土丘陵沟壑区进行植被建设选择灌草群落较好,天然群落可优先选择铁杆蒿、茭蒿、长芒草和白羊草等,人工灌木群落可优先选择柠条等。由于该区属森林向草原的过渡区,尽管也能种植刺槐等乔木树种,但营造乔木林应考虑林灌草隔带混交和垂直配置,并注意微地形的影响。     

弃渣场滑坡影响因素敏感性计算分析

结合典型弃渣场工程实例,引入正交试验设计和方差分析理论,基于Morgenstern-Price严格条分法对弃渣场滑坡影响因素敏感性进行了计算分析。结果表明:坡率、内聚力、内摩擦角对弃渣场坡体稳定性影响高度显著,而坡高、渣体容重、堆积位置下伏基岩倾角对弃渣场坡体稳定性影响较小;指出敏感性分析亦有其局限性,采用概率分析理论研究弃渣场滑坡影响因素将是今后的主要研究方向。     

不同植被恢复模式对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区土壤水分生态效应的影响

研究了渭北黄土高原丘陵沟壑区内侧柏、荆条、20年刺槐、4年刺槐、4年苜蓿、农地不同植被恢复模式土壤水分生态效应,结果表明:不同的植被恢复模式土壤容重均低于对照农田,减小幅度为16%~8%,孔隙度增加,总孔隙度增幅为24.5%~8.1%,毛管孔隙度增幅为1.2%~13.9%,非毛管孔隙度增幅为20.5%~90.0%;土壤持水性比农地增加33%~7.5%;水分补给量在0~2m范围内,侧柏、荆条、4年刺槐是农地的2、1.5、1.71倍,20年刺槐和苜蓿比农地低22.5%和31.4%;0~1m内,侧柏、荆条、4年刺槐分别是农地的2.16、1.78、1.85倍,20年刺槐、苜蓿为农地的25%和62.3%;>0.25mm水稳性团聚体含量比农地增加56.84%~30.72%;土壤结构破坏率农地最高为41.09%,其它植被为6.67%~25.73%。相关性分析表明土壤容重、总孔隙度、水分特征曲线a、水稳性团聚体含量、结构破坏率相关性显著。不同植被土壤水分生态效应不同,除20年刺槐、苜蓿土壤水分补给量小于对照农地外,其它各项指标均显著优于农地。     

重庆市城市生活垃圾成分及物理特性分析研究

通过对重庆市城市生活垃圾成分、含水率、容重和热值的分析,得出了生活垃圾成分及物理指标的均值区间,结果显示生活垃圾中可回收组分和易燃烧组分比例较高。对生活垃圾成分、含水率、容重、热值之间的相关性以及区域影响因素进行了分析,分析结果表明,生活垃圾成分中不同组分的含量与生活垃圾的物理指标有一定的相关性;生活垃圾含水率、容重、砖瓦陶瓷类含量不同地区之间差异性显著,表明区域因素对生活垃圾成分、含水率、容重有显著影响。     

城镇污水处理厂污泥堆肥对喷播基质物理性质的影响

通过室外模拟喷播基质的配比试验及室内理化性质试验,研究不同污泥堆肥含量对喷播基质物理性质的影响,为污泥堆肥在边坡绿化喷播基质中的2次使用提供科学依据。结果表明污泥堆肥含量与喷播基质之间存在一定相关性:1)在污泥堆肥含量为20%~30%时,喷播基质的硬度、容重和总孔隙度与污泥堆肥含量呈反比;2)在污泥堆肥含量为20%~30%时,喷播基质的保水性能、毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度与污泥堆肥含量呈正相关关系。用污泥堆肥替代草炭土时,其含量应控制在20%~30%,这样比较有利于形成良好的基质结构。     

北京不同古树类型和级别对土壤物理性质的影响

以北京的代表性古树白皮松、侧柏、油松和国槐为研究对象,分析不同树种类型和不同级别古树土壤理化特性以及土壤理化特性之间的关系,以期为古树土壤健康评价和复壮管理提供科学的依据。研究结果表明:研究区土壤含水量为10.62%,容重为1.20 g/cm3,紧实度为3.94 kg/m2,土壤孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度分别为20.72%、11.77%和8.96%,各指标都呈中等变异;在6个物理指标中,土壤紧实度、土壤含水量和土壤容重与其他几个物理指标相关性较高;不同树种类型和不同古树级别对古树土壤物理特性影响并不显著。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.