基于新生态铁的复合混凝剂的净化效能研究

在以H2O2氧化Fe(Ⅱ)制得新生态铁的基础上,通过加入一定量的铝盐或聚合季铵盐进行复合改性,得到基于新生态铁的复合混凝剂。利用杯罐实验考察了不同复配比的新生态复配铁铝混凝剂和聚合季铵盐-新生态铁复合混凝剂对松花江水的浊度、色度以及TOC的去除效果,并在不同的混凝剂剂量下与单纯新生态铁或聚合氯化铝的混凝效果对比。实验结果表明:在不同的混凝剂剂量下新生态复配铁铝均可提高新生态铁对浊度、色度的去除效果,且在较低混凝剂剂量下,复配铝含量越高,对浊度和色度的去除效果越好;在剂量小于0.20 mmol/L时,新生态铁及新生态复配铁铝对浊度的去除效果均低于聚合氯化铝,但当剂量达到0.20 mmol/L及以上时,各混凝剂对浊度的去除效果相当;新生态铁对TOC的去除效果要优于新生态复配铁铝;在剂量低于0.10 mmol/L时,各新生态复配铁铝对TOC的去除效果次于聚合氯化铝,但当剂量在0.10 mmol/L以上时,随着剂量的增大,其去除效果逐渐赶超聚合氯化铝,且混凝沉后水残余铝含量低于聚合氯化铝。聚合季铵盐-复合新生态铁也可提高新生态铁对浊度、色度的去除效果,还可使混凝后残余铁含量大幅降低。聚合季铵盐-新生态铁在剂量6 mg/L时,沉后水浊度即可达到5 NTU以下,而单纯新生态铁在12 mg/L时,沉后水浊度才达到5 NTU以下。基于新生态铁的复合混凝剂与单纯新生态铁或聚合氯化铝相比,可以提高对浊度、色度或有机物的去除效果并降低沉后残余金属含量,因此是一种较有研究价值和开发前景的混凝剂。     

水体中Cr (Ⅵ)对不同混凝剂混凝过程的影响

研究了工业废水中Cr(Ⅵ)在不同颗粒物浓度影响下对不同铝形态混凝剂的影响过程,通过考察浊度去除率以及出水余铝、余铬浓度甄别了混凝效率,并利用混凝过程中剩余p H值、Zeta电位以及絮体性质揭示水中Cr(Ⅵ)在不同浊度下的混凝机制.结果表明,在低浊度条件下,Cr(Ⅵ)对高聚合态Alb的混凝过程具有较大影响,而对低聚合态Ala无明显影响;在高浊度条件下,水中浊度较高时颗粒物会吸附部分Cr(Ⅵ)从而降低其与Alb之间的作用.Alb在混凝中主要发挥电中和作用,其对颗粒的脱稳和絮体的再生具有重要的作用,Ala水解形成的部分Alc在混凝中主要发挥架桥网捕作用,其对絮体的生产和强度因子具有重要作用.同时Cr(Ⅵ)的存在会增强Al13絮体的强度因子,但其消耗了部分正电荷会导致絮体恢复因子降低.     

聚硅酸对不同形态铝沉积行为的影响

针对给水管网中残余铝沉积和再溶解现象可能引起的水质问题,研究了聚硅酸对不同水解聚合形态铝沉积、再溶解的影响,并以石英微晶天平为表征手段,初步探讨了聚硅酸对不同形态铝沉积、再溶解过程影响的机理.结果表明,聚硅酸能显著改变不同水解聚合形态铝的沉积、再溶解行为.聚硅酸可与3种水解聚合形态的铝迅速结合而生成可沉积产物,但产物性质不同.以单体形态为主的Al_0与聚硅酸的反应产物性质较稳定,部分以溶解态存在,部分以非溶解态(可沉积态)存在;尽管铝的两种聚合形态Al_(13)和Al_(30)与聚硅酸反应也生成了部分可沉积产物,但随着时间的推移,这些产物又逐渐向溶解态转化.铝硅比对Al_0体系中铝的沉积溶解行为影响较小,而对Al_(13)和Al_(30)影响较大,且在0.2∶20(以Al和SiO_2计的质量比)时,沉积态铝的溶解速率最快.     

不同铝聚合形态对聚合铝混凝效果的影响

通过氯化铝(铝单体或初聚物形态Ala)、高Alb含量聚合铝(中等聚合形态Alb)、高Alc含量聚合铝(铝溶胶等高聚合形态Alc)和工业PACl(不同聚合度铝的混合形态Alabc)对某水厂沉后水实际水样进行烧杯混凝实验,依据絮体生长状况、浊度、UV254、颗粒数和过滤指数等参数综合评价不同铝形态的混凝作用效果,从而得出铝的最佳混凝形态.结果表明,高Alb含量聚合铝对浊度去除较好;而高Alc含量聚合铝对于颗粒物和UV254的去除效果较佳.     

混凝-吸附处理黄河水及对氯消毒中氯衰减的影响

选用2种无机高分子混凝剂聚合氯化铁(PFC)和聚合氯化铝(PAC)处理黄河水,考察了混凝剂的投加量对浊度、UV254、DOC和高锰酸盐指数的去除效果,并结合混凝出水的Zeta电位分析其混凝机制.选择粉末活性炭与混凝联用,研究了混凝剂和吸附剂投加量以及二者的投加顺序对有机物去除效果的影响,并对混凝吸附后出水进行加氯消毒,考察水中残余氯随时间的变化.结果表明,2种混凝剂均有较高的浊度去除率(﹥90%).PAC对UV254、高锰酸盐指数和DOC的去除率分别为29.2%、26.1%和27.9%;PFC对三者的去除率分别为32.3%、23.3%和32.9%.PAC在混凝过程中,电中和作用占主导地位;PFC在混凝过程中,吸附架桥和电中和同时发挥作用.混凝-吸附联用处理黄河水样时,有机物的去除率随混凝剂和吸附剂投加量的增加而升高.先混凝后吸附工艺对UV254和DOC的去除效果优于先吸附后混凝工艺.先使用PAC混凝后吸附对UV254和DOC的去除率分别为95.2%和99.9%;对于PFC,先混凝后吸附对UV254和DOC的去除率分别为90.1%和99.9%.但是先投加粉末活性炭能提高矾花的沉降性能,且处理出水在保持持续消毒效果方面优于前者.     

低温污水前置强化混凝

研究低温对强化混凝过程的影响,合成新型复合混凝剂(Synth A),利用膜分离分级、三维荧光光谱(3DEEM)和紫外差异分析等技术研究常温、低温(2~5℃)条件下强化混凝对溶解性有机物、溶解性有机氮等的去除特征及其对后续生物处理的影响.结果表明,常温下氯化铝(AlCl_3)、聚合氯化铝(PACl)和Synth A混凝后浊度去除率和颗粒态COD、N去除率,胶态COD、N去除率高度相关;与相应溶解态指标关系不明确.混凝对溶解性有机物荧光响应值的去除率远高于溶解态COD的去除率.溶解性有机氮(DON)是除颗粒氮(PN)和胶态氮(CN)外,前置混凝分离去除总氮(TN)的主要部分.低温对强化混凝的影响主要体现在,低温抑制上述3种混凝对浊度和COD去除,且抑制程度依次为AlCl_3PAClSynth A;低温对颗粒态、胶态和溶解态COD、N的混凝去除效果产生不同程度的影响,且对颗粒态和胶态COD、N的负面影响较大.低温原水溶解性有机物荧光响应值较常温原水大幅度升高.低温混凝对荧光响应值及紫外差异吸收的影响较常温更为显著.低温条件下,Synth A对TN、DN及DON的去除率较常温略有提高,保持了对PN和CN的去除能力,投量为30 mg·L-1以上时,DON去除率约为28.5%~41.7%,而常温仅为17%~31.4%.采用前置混凝分离去除大量COD和一定量的TN,能大幅减少曝气池停留时间,稳定TN控制效果.因而冬季采用Synth A等低温适应性强的混凝剂强化前置混凝可以在一定程度上弥补生化效率降低,缓解脱氮压力,稳定处理效果.     

混凝研究中的界面过程化学:IPF-颗粒物-水溶液的相互作用

仅以IPF 颗粒物 水溶液的相互作用为例 ,对混凝研究中二界面过程化学领域的进展加以介绍 .研究结果表明 ,经过预制的聚合铝在混凝过程中表现出较好的形态稳定性 ,而传统混凝剂则强烈地受溶液化学过程 ,尤其是溶液pH值的影响 .混凝剂水解聚合形态倾向于在颗粒物表面吸附沉积 ,而直接引发混凝作用 .单体形态则通过转化为聚合、沉淀形态起混凝作用     

利用凝胶层析分离测定胶体态铝和溶解态铝的研究

利用凝胶层析柱分别对高浓度(5.4g·L-1)和低浓度(0.27mg·L-1)的聚合氯化铝溶液和氯化铝溶液进行了层析分离,测定了洗脱流出液的电导率和pH值,并采用Al-Ferron逐时络合比色分析了洗脱流出液中的铝形态分布.结果表明,高浓度和低浓度铝水样中的胶体态铝和溶解态铝浓度均可采用凝胶层析法进行分离测定.利用凝胶层析装置对2.5mL铝水样以1mL·min-1的速度进行洗脱,40～60mL间的洗脱流出液即为胶体态铝,剩余部分为溶解态铝.     

三种长江原水水质与混凝效果的比较

夏季同一时期3种长江原水浊度和氨氮较低,中央沙库区原水藻类和高锰酸盐指数较高。有机物图谱分析表明,3种原水中多以苯系物、酞酸酯类等小分子有机物为主,浓度均比较低。混凝剂硫酸铝、聚硫氯化铝和聚合硫酸铝铁对于同种原水浊度的去除效果比较接近,其中聚合硫酸铝铁略好。对于陈行水库原水和青草沙库区原水,硫酸铝的最佳投量为30 mg/L,对于中央沙库区原水,在增加硫酸铝投量或改变混凝剂种类的情况下均难以达到良好的混凝效果,而预加氯工艺可有效改善其混凝效果,提高高锰酸盐指数的去除率。     

铝盐混凝剂的混凝效果与残留铝含量和组分之间的关系研究

研究了氯化铝、硫酸铝、聚合氯化铝(poly-aluminum chloride, PAC)3种铝盐混凝剂在腐殖酸-高岭土模拟水样中的应用,以比较3种混凝剂在该水样中的混凝效果与残留铝含量和组分之间的关系.结果表明, 3种铝盐混凝剂在试验选取的投加量下对浊度和UV254的去除率最高可达90%左右,PAC能在较高的投加量下达到较好的混凝效果;较高投加量下PAC混凝沉淀出水中残留总铝含量为0.9 mg/L左右,余铝率为-3.0%左右,均明显低于传统的铝盐混凝剂;3种混凝剂混凝处理腐殖酸-高岭土模拟水样时,残留铝均大部分以溶解性总铝的形式存在,且溶解性有机铝在总溶解性铝中所占比例较大;PAC在腐殖酸-高岭土混凝沉淀出水中残留总铝的含量下降最快,且能够有效降低出水中毒性较大的溶解性铝的含量,其混凝沉淀出水中残留总溶解性铝含量为0.6 mg/L左右.     

聚合氯化铝及聚合氯化铝铁处理微污染地表水效果

选用两种无机高分子混凝剂聚合氯化铝(PAC)和聚合氯化铝铁(PAFC),与传统混凝剂Al2(SO4)3处理微污染地表水。以浊度和CODMn去除率为主要指标,考察投药量和pH对混凝效果的影响。通过考察沉淀时间对浊度去除效果的影响,结合实验现象,讨论三种混凝剂生成矾花的大小和沉降性能。结果发现,PAC和PAFC在5mg/L的投药量下可以取得较好的混凝效果,出水符合GB 5749-2006《生活饮用水卫生标准》。三种混凝剂的最佳pH为6,PAFC受pH影响较小,当pH为5～8时可取得较好的CODMn去除效果。PAFC生成的矾花体积较大,沉降性能较好,在实际应用中可缩短沉淀池的水力停留时间。     

强化混凝去除微污染湖泊水浊度及TOC的研究

通过烧杯混凝试验和动态连续混凝试验,就混凝剂种类、投药量、pH值、水温等因素,研究强化混凝对水中浊度和TOC去除效果的影响。试验结果表明:PAC最佳投量为30mg/L,浊度去除率为90.19%,TOC去除率为38.2%,水温高于20℃时,聚合氯化铝对浊度和TOC去除率分别高达84.95%、33.18%以上。虽然pH值是影响有机物去除的主要参数,动态连续混凝试验表明,不改变pH值,强化混凝工艺依然能极大地改善出水水质,滤后水质浊度为0.1NTU,TOC为6.23mg/L。     

Application of a green coagulant with PACl in efficient purification of turbid water and its mechanism study

The applications of natural polymeric flocculants due to their green feature has been recently received much more attention. In this work, the combined usages of a cationic starch-based coagulant and polyaluminum chloride (PACl) were extensively evaluated for various addition sequences in the coagulation of both raw (surface water from the Jiuxiang River) and synthetic turbid water (two kaolin suspensions with different initial turbidities). Two typical cationic starch-based coagulants with different structures (St-G and St-E) were tried. In comparison to St-G, St-E and PACl used individually as well as St-G and St-E dosed after PACl, the combination of the starch-based coagulants fed before PACl showed higher turbidity removal efficiency, which featured not only less optimal doses of both inorganic and organic coagulants but also lower residual turbidity. On the basis of a detailed analysis of the particle size and its distribution in solution supernatants before and after coagulation by two starch-based coagulants and PACl, polymeric coagulants preferentially coagulate the small-sized colloids due to their distinct long-chain structures, but PACl preferentially coagulates the medium-sized ones. Thus, the medium-sized particles that were previously formed by the starch-based coagulants would be collectively and effectively removed by the subsequent addition of PACl. The addition sequence of the inorganic and organic coagulants in their combined usage is an important factor for improvement of the turbidity removal efficiency in practice.     

Effect of in-situ formed Al hydrates through long-term aging on enhanced particle destabilization by PACl coagulation

Aging of polyaluminum chloride (PACl) coagulants could significantly influence hydrolyzed Al speciation ruling coagulation performance. The goal of this study was to investigate Al species transformation through long-term aging and its impact on coagulation performance. Two kinds of commercial coagulants (PACl-1 and PACl-2) were stored for in-situ aging tests in six months to evaluate Al species variation with time and the performance of coagulation with natural turbid waters. The results showed that CaSO₄ precipitation easily occur in a commercial PACl coagulant with time as it contains SO₄^2? and Ca²⁺. It also activates the precipitation of gibbsite Al(OH)₃ in PACl with aging. Through 180 days aging, both monomeric Al (Al_a) and polymeric Al (Al_b) substantially transform into colloidal Al (Al_c) and precipitated for both PACl coagulants. At low turbidity (10 NTU), PACl-1 has a superior turbidity reduction rate than PACl-2, while PACl-2 performs a little better turbidity reduction at high turbidity (1000 NTU) regardless of aging time. With aging time, an obvious decrease in turbidity reduction for PACl-1 coagulation is observed at low turbidity of 10 NTU, while the improvement in turbidity reduction for PACl-2 coagulation by enhanced sweep flocculation can be achieved as Al_b mostly transform into Al_c after 150 days aging. It is concluded that dominant in-situ formed Al_c after a long time hydrolysis can improve PACl coagulation efficiency in turbidity reduction by enhanced sweep flocculation, especially for low turbidity water, but the increase in preformed Al_c in PACl would worsen particle destabilization after aging.     

生活污水混凝处理试验研究

通过混凝实验,比较了明矾、碱式氯化铝、聚合铝、聚铁以及硫酸铁5种混凝剂强化处理生活污水的效果,并分析了pH对COD、总磷去除率的影响。铝系混凝剂处理效果好于铁系混凝剂。     

Transfer and transport of aluminum in filtration unit

Aluminum salt coagulants were used prevalently in various water works.In this article,the effects of filtration on residual aluminum concentration and species distribution were researched by determining the concentration of diiferent aluminum species before and after single layer filter,double layer filter,and membrane filtration units.In the research,size exclusion chromatography(SEC)was used to separate colloidal and soluble aluminum,ion exchange chromatography(IEC)was used to separate organic and inorganic aluminum, and inductivity coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry(ICP-AES)was used to determine the aluminum concentration.The results showed that the rapid filtration process had the ability of removing residual aluminum from coagulant effluent water,and that double layer filtration was more effective in residual aluminum removal than single layer filtration,while nano filtration was more effective than micro filtration.It was found that when the residual aluminum concentration was below 1mg/L in sediment effluent,the residual aluminum concentration in treated water was above 0.2 mg/L.The direct rapid filtration process mainly removed the suspended aluminum.The removal of soluble and colloidal aluminum was always less than 10% and the natural small particles that adsorbed the amount of soluble or small particles aluminum on their surface were difficult to be removed in this process.Micro filtration and nano filtration were good technologies for removing aluminum;the residual aluminum concentration in the effluent was less than 0.05 mg/L.     

铝盐混凝剂的制备及其在水处理中的应用研究

以印染废水处理污泥为主要原料,制备无机铝盐混凝剂,并对其混凝性能进行了研究。试验结果表明:该混凝剂具有良好的去除COD、浊度和色度的性能。用该混凝剂对改良AAO工艺出水处理后,COD、浊度和色度均达到《城市污水再生利用——工业用水水质》(GB/T19923-2005)要求。     

复合混凝剂用于夏季太湖水混凝脱浊研究

用特征粘度系列化的聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(PDM)与聚合氯化铝(PAC)复合得到稳定的复合混凝剂,用于夏季高藻太湖水强化混凝脱浊处理.通过混凝烧杯实验.考察了无机/有机复合比例、PDM特征粘度对脱浊效果及絮团沉淀性能的影响.结果表明,对浊度为30-33 NTU,温度为28～30℃,藻含量为2.6×107个儿的太湖水,在与某市水厂混凝强度相近的搅拌强度下.当达到该水厂2NTU沉淀池出水的余浊标准时,PAC需7.00 mg/L的投加量.质量复合比例为5:1、10:1、20:1的PAC(以Al2O3计)/PDM复合混凝剂所需PAC投加量随PDM特征粘度0.52、1.53、2.46 dL/g的增加分别为3.00-2.83 ms/L、3.50-3.49ms/L、5.37-4.67 mg/L,相对于PAC减少投加量57.14%-59.57%、50%-50.14%、23.29%-33.29%;作为深度处理的技术准备.当沉淀出水浊度要求提高至1NTU的情况下,复合药剂依然可发挥好的作用,PAC需10 mg/L的投加量,PAC(以Al2O3计)与PDM质量复合配比为20:1、10:1、5:1的复合混凝剂需8.33-3.91 mg/L的投加量,能比PAC减少投加量16.7%～60.9%.可见,PDM明显提高了PAC的混凝脱浊效果与沉淀性能,且PAC/PDM质量复合配比越低,PDM特征粘度越高,脱浊效果与沉淀性能越好.