我国持久性有机污染物污染事故预警指标体系构建

面对严峻的持久性有机污染物(persistent organic pollutants,POPs)环境污染问题,以及不断提升的化学品风险管理要求,我国对于POPs污染事故预警管理的需求日益迫切.基于生命周期理论及POPs生成机制,针对不同的POPs和污染事故的种类,构建出POPs污染事故的预警指标体系,以期为完善我国POPs污染事故预警管理提供决策支持.预警指标体系主要包括两部分:POPs预警指标和运行保障机制.POPs预警指标包括了警源指标、警兆指标和警度指标.为保障预警体系的有效实施,构建了预警响应机制及政策保障机制,包括对风险源的动态清单管理和定期评估,及时有效的警情上报,各部门的协调合作等.     

全球总动员围剿POPs

POPs:持久性有机污染物 你听说过POPs吗?对普通公众来说,也许这是第一次。其实,臭名昭著的二恶英正是POPs家族的“形象代言人”。POPs是英文“persistent organic pollutants”的简称,意为持久性有机污染物。     

POPs威胁人类远离有机污染物

今年5月23日是我国签署《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》公约四周年的纪念日。如今，持久性有机污染物已成为人类面临的又一个严峻挑战。     

持久性有机污染物(POPs)研究进展

对持久性有机污染物的定义、特点、种类和危害进行了介绍,分析了这些物质在全球自然界中存在的量和来源,阐述了POPs在区域或全球的迁移、循环模式以及POPs的预测模型,提出了对目前和将来POPs控制的研究对策和一些意见。     

淘汰持久性有机污染物（POPs）最新进展

持久性有机污染物又称为难降解有机污染物（简称POPs），它是性质十分稳定，难于通过光降解的有机化合物。持久性有机污染物包括第一类有机氯农药，例如滴滴涕（DDT）、狄氏剂、毒杀芬和氯丹等，以及若干工业化学产品或副产品，如多氯联苯（PCBs）、二恶英和呋喃等。它们往往以卤化物形式在，具有低水溶性和高脂溶性，因而易于通过食物链浓缩，往往在（动物）脂肪内积累，它们还具有半挥发性，能够在大气中远距离传输。     

钢铁行业持久性有机污染物的生成与控制研究

在钢铁行业持久性有机污染物产生排放过程分析的基础上,提出持久性有机污染物污染防控对策。首先,阐述持久性有机污染物的定义并进行来源和特征分析;其次,从钢铁行业产生持久性有机污染物的三个主要工艺(焦化、电弧炉冶炼和烧结)分析持久性有机污染物产生原理、过程及产生量;最后,提出钢铁行业持久性有机污染物污染防控手段,包括源头预防、电弧炉冶炼和烧结等工艺过程控制,物理法、化学法和生物法等终端治理方法三个方面,并对持久性有机污染物污染控制进行展望。     

浅谈持久性有机物的特性、危害及对策

持久性污染物对人类的生存威胁已经引起了国际社会的广泛关注。持久性有机污染物指的是持久存在于环境中,具有很长的半衰期,且能通过食物网积聚,并对人类健康及环境造成不利影响的有机化学物质。随着中国经济的发展,难降解的持久性有机物污染开始显现。国际上签署了〈关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约〉,公约中确定了首批禁止使用12种持久性有机污染物。针对持久性有机污染物,详细介绍其分类、性质和危害,及中国采取的对策。     

持久性有机污染物在水环境中的污染现状分析

随着经济与科技的不断发展,环境污染问题也显得愈来愈严重,而持久性有机污染物作为一种高毒性,持久性的污染物质对环境的危害显得尤为严重。本文主要介绍了持久性有机污染物的特征以及对环境和人类健康的危害,综述了持久性有机污染物对水环境污染的现状,提出了应对持久性有机污染物的控制对策。     

持久性有机污染物的危害与污染现状及对策研究

本文介绍了持久性有机污染物的特性、危害及在我国的生产和使用情况,重点分析了持久性有机污染物在我国水体、大气、土壤和农产品的污染现状,并在此基础上对今后我国持久性有机污染物的控制提出了一些建议和防治对策.     

持久性有机污染物:倍受关注的全球性环境问题

持久性有机污染物具有长期残留性，生物蓄物性，半挥发性和高毒性，是目前国际上备受关注的新的全球性环境问题，本文介绍了持久性有机污染物的定义，性质，危害，总结了国外持久性有机污染物的研究重点，分析了我国持久性有机污染物污染状况和研究现状。     

Persistent organic pollutants control strategy in China

The development of Persistent Organic Pollutants(POPs) control policy in China in the context of international concerns on POPs was reviewed. The aspects of the Chinese POPs control strategies were analyzed, and compared with those of developed counterparts(e.g. US, EU, Japan). Currently, while the legal framework on POPs management, which complies with intemational guidelines has been established, it should be improved in the areas of special POPs management, risk assessment, the precautionary principle, lifecycle management and technical support capacity. The analysis of Chinese POPs policy and suggestions for strengthening the sciencebased decision making capacity are not only useful for Chinese decision-makers, but also a case study for developing wodd and make a great contribution for the global elimination of POPs to make a toxic-free future.     

化学品环境管理全球治理格局与中国管理体制的完善

全球化的今天,以欧盟化学品注册、评估、许可制度(REACH)为代表的化学品环境管理政策和制度日益显示出广泛的国际影响;POPs公约等国际公约的签署、全球统一的化学品分类和标识系统(GHS)的推广及国际化学品管理战略步骤(SAICM)的提出愈发表明,化学品环境管理正呈现出各国联动、彼此影响的全球治理格局.但作为世界化学品生产和使用大国,我国化学品产业发展和管理水平落后,化学品环境污染及健康风险问题日渐突出,主要表现在:以职业安全管理为主体的化学品管理体制相对落后,化学品环境管理立法薄弱,制度不健全.研究认为,推行GHS系统,建立专门化学品环境管理行政法规或综合法律,建立行政协调机制及现有化学品风险评价、优先风险管理以及污染排放、转移和登记(PRTR)制度,完善有毒污染物环境监测制度和重大危险源管理制度,加强新化学品申报登记管理相关制度间的协调,将是中国化学品环境管理发展完善的重要方面.      

持久性有机污染物的主要特征和研究进展

概述了持久性有机污染物(POPs)在环境中的主要存在类型、生态行为特征、污染效应和对环境生物体的健康危害特性及我国在该领域的主要研究进展.重点介绍了二NFDA7英类化合物的生态毒性表示法、主要处置技术与相关的检测方法等研究进展.我国POPs相关的基础研究相对滞后,要履行好POPs公约,还面临诸多需要解决的现实问题.当前开展适合我国国情的POPs物质的环境调查监测、环境安全与健康毒理学研究并建立相关的环境控制基准和评估体系十分必要.      

我国POPs管理策略研究

在研究美国、日本、欧盟POPs管理方式的基础上,对我国二(口恶)英类POPs削减控制策略、POPs废弃物安全处置策略、POPs污染场地管理修复策略进行研究。按照全过程管理的原则,对二(口恶)英类POPs可采取源头控制、过程控制、末端控制的管理策略对其进行削减控制,同时通过建立健全法律法规体系、探索经济刺激手段、加强行政...     

Financing for innovative technologies and best practices to reduce persistent organic pollutants

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) threaten human health and the global environment. Recognizing their dangers many countries began to limit or ban POPs production, use, and release in the 1990s. Eventually the Stockholm Convention on POPs, was adopted in 2001 and entered into force in 2004. The Global Environment Facility (GEF) provides financial support to developing country Parties for the implementation of the Stockholm Convention. The GEF’s POPs investment portfolio focuses on: 1) strengthening the capacity of developing country Parties to implement the Stockholm Convention; 2) establishing and supporting partnerships to develop and implement National Implementation Plans (NIPs), and 3) demonstrating and deploying best technologies and practices to reduce POPs emission, including development of safe alternatives. Since 2001 the GEF has committed US$568.8 million to POPs projects and leveraged some US$1474.5 million in co-financing from partners in the public and private sectors, bringing the total value of the GEF POPs portfolio to over US$2 billion. With GEF support, 108 developing country Parties have developed their NIPs. The GEF also financed 109 projects for the implementation of the Convention. Upon completion, these GEF POPs investments will contribute to the disposal of more than 70,000 tons of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) oil, contaminated equipments, and waste, more than 40,000 tons of obsolete POPs pesticides and associated waste, and reducing dioxin/furan and mercury emission by introducing environmentally sound technologies and best practices. This paper summarizes: 1) direct and indirect GEF investments to support the goals of the Stockholm Convention; 2) investment case studies on PCB, DichloroDiphenylTrichloroethane (DDT), chlordane and mirex, medical waste, obsolete POPs and engaging civil society; and 3) lessons learned in terms of GEF financing strategies, best technologies and environmental practices to address POPs.     

Addressing the environmental risk of persistent organic pollutants in China

The Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) was adopted in 2001. This year is the 10th anniversary of the adoption of the Convention. Until now, 22 chemicals or chemical categories have been listed as POPs in the Stockholm Convention. The POPs Research Center was established in Tsinghua University in the same year when the Convention was adopted. In the last ten years, much work has been done by Chinese researchers to understand the environmental risk of POPs in China. This article aims to review the recent research progress of our POPs Research Center and some other Chinese researchers’ studies in addressing the environmental risk of POPs, including the priority screening and inventory study of POPs, monitoring and modeling of POPs pollution and exposure, and environmental risk assessment and modeling of POPs. Although great advances in addressing the environmental risk of POPs have been made in recent years, we are still facing quite a few problems, such as data scarcity and uncertainty in environmental risk assessment of POPs. The study on the effect of POPs mixtures is in its infancy and currently POPs are usually assessed from legal perspective by risk assessment of single chemicals. These problems should be well addressed by further efforts. Further studies should also be taken in future to study environment risk of POPs by considering aspects of coupled dynamics between climate processes and POPs. Such sound scientific, riskbased information can support decision-making aiming to effectively minimize the risk level of POPs.     

Multi-generation health risks of persistent organic pollution in the far north: use of the precautionary approach in the Stockholm Convention

Precautionary regulation of persistent, toxic substances is controversial because of continued and irresolvable uncertainties in ecotoxicology. This is especially an issue for people who eat wild food, still a common practice in the Arctic. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been shown to interfere with hormone function and genetic regulation. In animal studies, myriad dysfunctions can be induced (manifested later in life) by low-dose POPs exposure during development. The ubiquity of POPs in biological tissue makes all organisms subject to developmental exposure. The Arctic, where subsistence living is common, is a sink region for POPs. To curtail bioaccumulation and biomagnification, the United Nations has created the Stockholm Convention in May 2001, which targets 12 chemicals for virtual elimination. Using the precautionary approach, the treaty also enables the listing of new targets as threats are recognized. The “dirty dozen” are well-documented developmental toxics and other POPs are expected to exhibit similar patterns of accumulation and harm. Arctic peoples insist that waiting for irrefutable evidence is poor planning. Nevertheless, the United States, a major signatory, has proved reluctant to ratify the language that would enable this expedient listing of new targets. Such reluctance allows health threats in the Arctic and around the world to grow. This paper reviews the theoretical background for and current evidence regarding the global issues of endocrine disruption and POPs contamination, especially as they relate to wildlife and people in the far north. It is concluded that there is an urgent need for the US to ratify the full text of the Stockholm Convention, including the provision for the listing of new targets.     

Applying the precautionary principle to consumer household cleaning product development

Hazardous chemicals are pervasive in household disinfectant products. Many ingredients have established associations with acute and chronic human health conditions as well as with environmental damage. Although these associations are suggested but not proven, they are of great concern. This article describes the application of the precautionary principle to the selection of an anti-microbial active ingredient for a botanical disinfectant when significant uncertainty exists around the hazard and risk of traditional disinfectant active ingredients. We show that application of the precautionary principle does not stifle innovation and facilitates a responsible approach to product development.     

三峡库区水环境多环芳烃和邻苯二甲酸酯类有机污染物健康风险评价

为研究三峡库区水环境中持久性有机污染物(POPs)对人体健康产生的潜在危害风险,在介绍健康风险评价方法的基础上,建立了水环境健康风险评价模型,根据三峡库区水质监测资料对水源水主要持久性有机物多环芳烃和邻苯二甲酸酯类污染进行健康风险评价. 结果表明,在所评价断面中,长江和嘉陵江汇合的寸滩断面污染较严重,健康危害的风险相对较大. 水源水6种持久性有机污染物由饮水途径所致健康危害的个人年风险为2.79×10-10～4.44×10-13 a-1,按年风险大小依次为DEHP＞DBP＞Pyr＞NA＞FLA＞DEP;有机污染物对健康危害的年总风险仅为3.70×10-10 a-1,远低于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受值(5.0×10-5 a-1). 三峡库区水体中6种POPs污染所致的健康危害年风险度目前还处于很低水平,但应引起管理部门的重视.