双污泥BCR反硝化同步脱氮除磷的试验研究

利用连续流双污泥生物澄清反应器(BCR)反硝化除磷系统,以模拟城市生活污水为处理对象,研究双污泥系统对COD、NH4+-N、TN的去除效果及不同NO3--N浓度对反硝化除磷的影响。试验结果表明:双污泥BCR反硝化除磷系统对COD、NH4+-N和TN具有良好的去除效果,平均去除率分别为83.22%、97.2%、75.47%。控制生物膜好氧硝化反应池中DO浓度为3、4、5 mg/L,池内NO3--N浓度分别达到22、30、38 mg/L,TP的平均出水浓度分别为2.11、0.96、2.69 mg/L。当硝化池中NO3--N浓度为30 mg/L时,系统的运行情况较好,出水TP的浓度相对较理想。     

低溶解氧胁迫下生物膜-颗粒污泥anammox工艺生物富集特性及脱氮功能菌群和基因的演变研究

为探究低溶解氧(DO<0.5 mg·L^-1)条件对厌氧氨氧化（anammox）工艺脱氮性能、生物膜及颗粒污泥特性、菌群结构及其功能基因的影响,试验构建了试验室规模的上流式载体生物膜-颗粒污泥 anammox系统 .结果表明,反应器在长达 175 d的运行过程中脱氮性能良好且运行十分稳定,系统平均 NH₄⁺-N、NO₂^--N 和 TN 去除率分别为 95.0%±2.1%、99.0%±1.0% 和 87.0%±2.1%. 在紧密结合型 EPS（TB-EPS）中,颗粒污泥与载体生物膜的蛋白（PN）/多糖（PS）值分别为 0.094 和 0.048,有利于颗粒污泥和生物膜的形成 . 粒径大于 0.5 mm 的 anammox 颗粒污泥占比达到72.0%,有利于系统持留脱氮菌群 .菌群结构分析中发现,生物膜的优势菌门分别为变形菌门（29.6%）、浮霉菌门（10.7%）和绿弯菌门（10.7%）,颗粒污泥具有相似的优势菌门,对应相对丰度（RA）分别为 25.6%、24.3% 和 7.6...     

生活污水与人工配水对好氧颗粒污泥系统的影响

在R1、R2两组序批式活性污泥反应器（SBR）中接种污水处理厂回流污泥,分别以人工配水和实际生活污水为进水,研究常温下（20~30℃）进水水质对好氧颗粒污泥工艺的启动以及温度变化对系统稳定运行的影响.结果表明,R1、R2分别历时25 d、42 d启动成功,颗粒污泥稳定后,其平均粒径分别达到1200 μm、750 μm,R1、R2内出水COD、TP、TN的平均浓度分别为22.53、0.48、7.70 mg·L^-1和49.73、0.49、14.55 mg·L^-1,去除率分别为90.60%、90.34%、87.85%和79.74%、88.59%、79.25%.当温度降低至5~16℃时,R1内颗粒污泥出现解体现象,COD及TP去除能力基本不变,出水TN平均浓度升高为29.03 mg·L^-1,平均去除率降低至48.81%,脱氮性能受到抑制;R2内颗粒污泥运行稳定,出水COD、TP和TN平均浓度分别为14.31、0.50和12.24 mg·L^-1,平均去除率分别为92.42%、93.37%、86.28%,出水满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A标准.采用人工配水和生活污水均能成功培养出好氧颗粒污泥,生活污水培养成熟的好氧颗粒污泥结构更密实,当温度降低至5~16℃时,能够有效抑制丝状菌的膨胀,抗冲击负荷能力强.     

好氧颗粒污泥处理畜禽养殖沼液污染物的特性

采用序批式反应器,研究了好氧颗粒污泥处理畜禽养殖沼液中传统和新兴污染物的去除特性,以及系统的微生物群落结构演变情况.结果表明,畜禽沼液所含高浓度污染物不会对好氧颗粒污泥结构产生显著毒性胁迫,好氧颗粒污泥系统可实现对沼液所含有机物和氨氮的稳定去除.系统出水平均化学需氧量和氨氮浓度分别为(267±81) mg·L~(-1)和(62±12) mg·L~(-1),去除效率分别为73%±8%和91%±2%.同时,也可实现对沼液所含四环素类和磺胺类抗生素的有效去除,去除效率分别为65%±16%和98%±2%.但对磷素的去除效率较低,约为16%±2%.好氧颗粒污泥系统处理沼液过程中微生物群落结构稳定,但其中功能微生物菌群丰度会受到水质的作用影响,从毛单胞菌科Comamonadaceae(相对丰度约为16. 66%)为污泥中的主导微生物群落.     

低温条件下分流式侧流-AAO工艺污水处理及同步污泥减量效果研究

当前剩余污泥产量巨大及低温条件下运行不稳定是城市污水处理厂活性污泥技术面临的主要挑战和制约.基于此,本文通过向厌氧-缺氧-好氧(AAO)系统中的污泥回流系统引入分流式侧流厌氧系统,以实现强化污水处理和同步污泥减量的目标.结果发现,当侧流分流比例为30%时,分流式侧流-AAO系统能够实现最好的污泥减量效果,污泥累计排放量减少18.43%,污泥表观产率下降19.70%;并且分流式侧流-AAO系统的COD、氨氮和总氮去除效率分别为88.56%、83.12%和71.60%,均略高于AAO系统.同时该条件下,分流式侧流-AAO系统能够在51 d后实现良好的总磷去除效率,并维持出水TP浓度稳定在0.50 mg·L,而AAO系统则需要93 d后才能实现稳定的总磷去除效果.在适当的分流比条件下,分流式侧流厌氧池内能够实现TN的有效去除,可以作为提升水处理系统脱氮能力的潜在手段.     

同步脱氮除磷新工艺处理校园生活污水

针对国内现行工艺氮磷去除不能兼顾的现实,采用活性污泥、生物膜组合系统(活性污泥、生物膜培养采用原水→配水→待处理废水逐级诱导培养获得单池相对纯净的生物相.避免了硝化菌与聚磷菌的泥龄矛盾,利用反硝化聚磷"一碳两用"缓解了碳源竞争问题),并采用独特的聚磷污泥回流方式使全部聚磷菌污泥经历释磷、聚磷循环,克服了水体中氮磷去除不能兼顾的问题.运行结果表明,该工艺对校园生活污水有良好的处理效果.当进水的CODCr、NH 4-N、TN、PO3-4-P的平均浓度为349.84mg·L-1、32.28mg·L-1、35.76mg·L-1、6.45mg·L-1时,出水平均浓度为14.77mg·L-1、1.46mg·L-1、5.48mg·L-1、0.63mg·L-1,平均去除率分别为95.7%、95.12%、84.45%、92.01%.长期的运行表明此工艺对氮磷有稳定的去除效果,出水水质满足国家<城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准>(GB18918-2002一级B标准)要求.     

高效藻类塘系统处理农村污水脱氮除磷及其强化研究

研究了高效藻类塘系统处理太湖地区农村污水脱氮除磷效果及其强化措施。高效藻类塘和水生生物塘HRT分别为8d和4d,出水溶解CODCr的浓度低于100mg/L。高效藻类塘系统的总氮和氨氮的全年平均去除率分别为46.6%和90.4%。两级高效藻类塘内氨氮的去除途径主要包括生物同化、氨氮的挥发和硝化作用等,其中硝化作用为主导作用;水生生物塘去除总氮的主要途径为颗粒有机氮的沉淀去除和硝态氮的反硝化。出水总磷浓度全年平均值为3.33mg/L,高效藻类塘系统的脱氮除磷能力欠佳。通过降低水生生物塘内水深、采用废弃石膏作为填料构建了新型复合水生生物塘,HRT=1.6d条件下,复合水生生物塘出水总氮和总磷可分别保持在5mg/L左右和<1mg/L,可达到GB18918-2002一级B排放标准。     

淹没式MBR处理啤酒废水的净化效能

在投加营养物质 ,保持COD∶TN∶TP =10 0∶5∶1的条件下 ,淹没式MBR对合成啤酒废水中的COD、NH 4 N有着较好的去除效果 ,系统稳定时COD与NH 4 N的平均去除率均在 90 %以上 ,而且MBR工艺对进水有机负荷的冲击具有较强的短时适应能力 ,当COD污泥负荷率由 0 2 7g/ (g·d)突然增加至 0 5 4 g/ (g·d)时 ,出水COD浓度未出现明显的波动 .通过GC/MS分析得出 ,膜组件出水中剩余的有机物主要为高分子量的烷烃类 ,膜组件对于保证系统的最终出水水质起到了关键的作用 .当反应器中的污泥处于增长期时 ,在生物同化作用与同步硝化 反硝化共同作用下 ,使得TN具有 4 0 %左右的去除效果 ,当污泥浓度处于稳定期时 ,TN去除率下降为 30 %左右 ,主要是同步硝化 反硝化的结果 .当污泥处于增长期时 ,通过生物同化作用对TP具有一定的去除效果 ,而当污泥浓度稳定后 ,对TP基本没有去除效果 ,甚至有时出现负去除率现象     

SNAD工艺在不同间歇曝气工况下的脱氮性能

探讨了城市污水SNAD生物膜反应器在高溶解氧工况下的脱氮性能.SBR反应器以城市生活污水为进水,反应器内放置鲍尔环生物膜载体,控制温度为30℃,采用间歇曝气方式,曝气阶段曝气量为500L/h,溶解氧浓度达5mg/L.阶段1控制曝气和非曝气时间都为20min,生物膜的NOB活性较低,反应器具有良好的脱氮性能.反应器的总氮平均去除率和出水总氮浓度平均值分别为89%和llmg/L.阶段2、阶段3和阶段4研究了曝气时间对反应器脱氮性能的影响.曝气时间对生物膜的厌氧氨氧化活性影响较小,对生物膜的NOB活性影响较大.阶段3控制曝气时间为60min,生物膜的NOB活性较低,反应器的总氮平均去除率和出水总氮浓度平均值分别为83%和14mg/L.阶段4控制曝气时间为160min,生物膜的NOB活性较高,反应器的总氮平均去除率降低至50%,出水总氮浓度平均值为35mg/L.     

基于纯膜MBBR的CANON工艺稳定运行及抗冲击性分析

应用CANON-MBBR系统处理实际污泥厌氧消化脱水液,考察了系统的稳定运行控制策略。结果表明:稳定期间,系统出水ρ（NH₄+-N）稳定低于25 mg/L,去除率>96%;出水ρ（TIN）<70 mg/L,去除率>87%。系统维持纯生物膜运行,无须进行污泥回流与菌种的补投,实现了稳定的自养脱氮过程。运行期间,考察了水量、DO及温度对系统稳定性的影响,结果表明:在进水流量为80 m3/d（为平稳期1.33倍）、ρ（DO）高达2~4 mg/L和24 ℃低温条件下系统依然保持较高的脱氮性能。高通量测序结果表明,系统优势氨氧化菌（AOB）和厌氧氨氧化菌（AnAOB）分别为Nitrosomonas和Candidatus Kuenenia,其相对丰度均值分别为6.5%和30.2%,亚硝酸盐氧化菌（NOB）的相对丰度始终低于0.1%,NOB被成功抑制。悬浮载体生物膜实现了AOB和AnAOB的高效富集,系统较低的AOB丰度限制了系统脱氮能力的进一步提升。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.