GC-MS法测定植物排放的萜烯类化合物

采用流动式采样与气相色谱-质谱联用法研究了意大利撒丁岛Noak’s Ark自然生态区四种主要灌木树种Juniperus phoenicea(腓尼基桧)，Pistacia lentiscus(黄连木)，Phillyrea angustifilia，Chamaerops humilis(欧洲矮棕)的排放速率和排放特征。结果表明，JuniPerus phoenicea(腓尼基桧)，Pistacia lentiscus(黄连本)，Phillyrea angustifilia主要排放萜烯类化合物，其中包括α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、苎烯、戊花烃、莰烯、β-水芹烯、桧烯、β-香叶烯和3-蒈烯等；Chamaerops humilis(欧洲矮棕)主要排放异戊二烯。在标准条件下(温度30℃，PAR为1000μmo1．m^-2．s^-1)，四种树种的排放速率分别为0.15、2．10、0．20和1．87μg／g(DW)．h。     

长白山温带森林挥发性有机物的排放通量

2010年夏季,在长白山温带森林开展了挥发性有机物(VOC)排放通量以及气象参数、PAR的综合测量.VOC排放通量采用松弛涡度积累(RelaxedEddyAccumulation)技术在森林冠层上进行测量.初步发现长白山阔叶林主要排放α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、莰烯、香桧烯、月桂烯、蒈烯、柠檬烯、罗勒烯、松油烯、繖花烃、萜品油烯、三环烯等.研究表明,长白山阔叶混交林VOC排放有明显的日变化——早晚较低和中午前后较高.2010年夏季,单萜烯总排放通量的平均值为0.242mg·m·h-2-1,其变化范围为0.005～1.668mg·m·h-2-1;各成分排放通量的平均值(和最大值)分别为α-蒎烯0.072(0.234)、莰烯0.028(0.356)、月桂烯0.027(0.433)、蒈烯0.023(0.173)、柠檬烯0.037(0.197)、罗勒烯0.016(0.168)、萜品油烯0.053(0.320)、繖花烃0.067(0.755)mg·m·h-2-1.研究还发现VOC排放通量与气温之间存在一定的联系.     

珠江三角洲地区天然源碳氢化合物的研究

使用封闭式采样法分析测定了珠江三角洲地区主要优势树种天然碳氢化合物的排放速率,用源调查法推算出该地区天然源碳氢化合物的排放通量,测定树种包括马尾松、湿地松、黎蒴、尾叶桉、南洋楹、大叶相思、荷木.经分析,所测树木排放的碳氢化合物主要有萜烯类和异戊二烯,其中鉴定出的萜烯有a-蒎烯,b-蒎烯,蒈烯,莰烯,桧烯,柠檬烯,罗勒烯等.同时,按9km9km的网格精度估算了珠江三角洲地区森林面积分布数据,根据测定的排放因子以及其他相关资料,首次对该地区天然源碳氢化合物的排放量进行了估算,计算出全年森林向大气中释放碳氢化合物19.610⁴t,占该地区大气中碳氢化合物排放总量的57%.     

短期干旱胁迫对马尾松排放挥发性有机物的影响

为探究干旱环境对BVOCs排放的影响,应用动态封闭式采样系统和热脱附-气相色谱-飞行质谱仪,对短期干旱胁迫作用下马尾松的BVOCs排放进行了实验室测量,定量分析BVOCs排放速率和排放组成的变化.结果表明,干旱胁迫时异戊二烯的排放受到抑制,排放速率降低约50%;单萜烯和倍半萜烯的排放水平增强,排放速率分别为137.85和0.98μg/（m²·h）,是未受胁迫时的2.9和2.0倍.除反式-α-香柠檬烯外,干旱胁迫促进各单萜烯和倍半萜烯化合物的排放,是未受胁迫时的1.3~42.4倍,其中3-蒈烯排放的响应最敏感,α-葑烯、α-水芹烯和石竹烯的响应最弱.干旱胁迫时单萜烯和倍半萜烯的排放组成有所变化,但主导的化合物种类不变,单萜烯以α-蒎烯、香桧烯和β-蒎烯为主,占比分别为48%、17%和17%;倍半萜烯以石竹烯和长叶烯为主,占比分别为57%和34%.     

珠三角地区林木天然源碳氧化合物的排放及其对臭氧浓度的影响

使用封闭式采术法分析测定了珠江三解洲地区主要优势树种天然碳氢化合物的排放速率，用源调查法推算出该地区天然源碳氢化合物的排放通量，测定树种包括马尾松、湿地松、黎蒴、尾叶桉、南洋楹、大叶相思、荷木。经分析，所测树木排放的碳氢化合物主要有萜烯类和异戊二烯，其中鉴定出的萜烯有α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、蒈烯、莰烯、桧烯、柠檬烯、罗勒烯等。同时，本报告按9km&;#215;9km的网格精度估算了珠三角地区森林面积分布数据，根据测定的排放因子以及其他地相关资料，首次对该地区天然源碳氢化合物的排放量进行了估算，计算出全年森林向大气中释放碳氢化合物19.6万t，占该地区大气中碳氢化合物排放总量的57%。根据二维格子空气质量模式和CBM-IV机理模拟了天然源排放碳氢化合物对研究地区臭氧产生浓度的影响。     

O3浓度升高对银杏及油松BVOCs排放的影响

以生长在沈阳市区内的银杏及油松为试材,开顶式熏气室模拟升高O3浓度(80 nmol·mol-1)和正常大气O3浓度(≈30nmol·mol-1)条件,采用GC-FID技术对银杏及油松的异戊二烯和7种单萜类物质的排放速率进行测定,探讨高浓度O3对单株银杏及油松挥发性有机物排放规律的影响.结果表明,O3浓度增高可以显著提高银杏和油松的异戊二烯排放速率(p＜0.05),及银杏△3-蒈烯的排放速率(p＜0.05),其分别达到1.96、9.71和0.09 μg·(g·h)-1,而对于其他单萜物质的排放速率,2种树木对高浓度的O3熏蒸均没有表现出显著的变化;树种不同,排放的BVOCs组成也不同,自然条件下银杏排放的BVOCs以异戊二烯为主,而油松以α-蒎烯为主;高浓度O3熏蒸下油松释放的异戊二烯达到其BVOCs组成的64.73%,增加大气O3浓度改变了树木挥发性有机物的组成比例.因此,O3浓度升高对银杏及油松BVOCs排放规律具有显著影响.     

我国夏季不同类型植被BVOCs排放观测与模拟研究

植物排放的挥发性有机物（天然源VOCs,BVOCs）对大气二次污染的形成有重要作用,为了解我国不同植被类型BVOCs排放特征,应用动态封闭式采样法和热脱附-气相色谱质谱联用（TD-GC-MS）技术对不同植被类型植物的单萜烯排放进行定量观测,应用MEGAN 2.1排放模式建立2018年夏季我国高时空分辨率BVOCs排放清单.结果表明：针叶树具有较高的单萜烯排放速率,其中以排放异松油烯、顺式-β-罗勒烯、柠檬烯、香桧烯为主;阔叶树种排放的单萜烯以α-蒎烯为主;农作物、草地、灌木中排放速率最高的化合物分别为异松油烯、反式-β-罗勒烯和柠檬烯. 2018年夏季我国BVOCs排放总量为33.6×10¹² g,异戊二烯、单萜烯、倍半萜烯和其他VOCs分别占64.13%、9.63%、2.11%和24.31%,其中阔叶树排放贡献率最高,为56.01%,灌木排放贡献率为14.16%.我国夏季BVOCs排放主要分布在东北、华东和华中地区,6种植被类型的排放受植被分布的影响呈现出不同的空间分布特征.研究显示：各类型植被单萜烯排放速率大小呈针叶树>阔叶树>草地>农作物&...     

我国夏季不同类型植被BVOCs排放观测与模拟研究

植物排放的挥发性有机物（天然源VOCs,BVOCs）对大气二次污染的形成有重要作用,为了解我国不同植被类型BVOCs排放特征,应用动态封闭式采样法和热脱附-气相色谱质谱联用（TD-GC-MS）技术对不同植被类型植物的单萜烯排放进行定量观测,应用MEGAN 2.1排放模式建立2018年夏季我国高时空分辨率BVOCs排放清单.结果表明：针叶树具有较高的单萜烯排放速率,其中以排放异松油烯、顺式-β-罗勒烯、柠檬烯、香桧烯为主;阔叶树种排放的单萜烯以α-蒎烯为主;农作物、草地、灌木中排放速率最高的化合物分别为异松油烯、反式-β-罗勒烯和柠檬烯. 2018年夏季我国BVOCs排放总量为33.6×10¹² g,异戊二烯、单萜烯、倍半萜烯和其他VOCs分别占64.13%、9.63%、2.11%和24.31%,其中阔叶树排放贡献率最高,为56.01%,灌木排放贡献率为14.16%.我国夏季BVOCs排放主要分布在东北、华东和华中地区,6种植被类型的排放受植被分布的影响呈现出不同的空间分布特征.研究显示：各类型植被单萜烯排放速率大小呈针叶树>阔叶树>草地>农作物&...     

O3浓度升高对银杏及油松BVOCs排放的影响

以生长在沈阳市区内的银杏及油松为试材,开顶式熏气室模拟升高O₃浓度（80 nmol·mol^-1）和正常大气O₃浓度（≈30 nmol·mol^-1）条件,采用GC-FID技术对银杏及油松的异戊二烯和7种单萜类物质的排放速率进行测定,探讨高浓度O₃对单株银杏及油松挥发性有机物排放规律的影响.结果表明,O₃浓度增高可以显著提高银杏和油松的异戊二烯排放速率（p＜0.05）,及银杏Δ3-蒈烯的排放速率（p＜0.05）,其分别达到1.96、 9.71和0.09 μg·(g·h)^-1,而对于其他单萜物质的排放速率,2种树木对高浓度的O₃熏蒸均没有表现出显著的变化;树种不同,排放的BVOCs组成也不同,自然条件下银杏排放的BVOCs以异戊二烯为主,而油松以α-蒎烯为主;高浓度O₃熏蒸下油松释放的异戊二烯达到其BVOCs组成的64.73%,增加大气O₃浓度改变了树木挥发性有机物的组成比例.因此,O₃浓度升高对银杏及油松BVOCs排放规律具有显著影响.     

典型树种挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放成分谱及排放特征

为研究典型树种的挥发性有机物（VOCs）排放特征,并获得基础排放速率,应用动态封闭式采样系统对毛果杨、北美枫香和马尾松的排放进行了实验室测量.利用热脱附-气相色谱-飞行质谱仪对排放样品进行定性和定量分析,包括异戊二烯、单萜烯、倍半萜烯、烷烃和烯烃,计算获得各树种VOCs排放速率及其排放谱特征.研究表明：毛果杨、北美枫香和马尾松的总VOCs排放速率分别为19.51、17.19和0.67μg/（g·h）.毛果杨的异戊二烯排放最高（18.51μg/（g·h））,占其总排放的94.86%;马尾松排放的异戊二烯仅占4.03%,单萜烯贡献最高,为49.09%;北美枫香的单萜烯排放速率最高,为0.84μg/（g·h）;3个树种排放的倍半萜烯占各自VOCs总排放的比重均较小（<1.5%）;各树种的烷烃排放强度高于倍半萜烯,部分化合物甚至高于异戊二烯和单萜烯的排放强度.反式-β-罗勒烯是毛果杨排放最多的单萜烯化合物,占其单萜烯总排放的99.84%;北美枫香排放的单萜烯主要以香桧烯和β-蒎烯为主;马尾松以α-蒎烯、香桧烯和β-蒎烯为主.石竹烯、葎草烯、δ-杜松烯和β-愈创木烯是主要的倍半萜烯物种.烷烃排放主要为C4和C5的化合物,特别是异丁烷和正丁烷;各树种排放的烯烃中,1-丁烯排放占比最高.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.