基于微生物修复技术的黑臭水体底泥治理研究

为助力我国黑臭水体治理行动,本文通过微生物修复技术和常规的曝气复氧技术对黑臭水体底泥治理进行了研究,发现基于微生物修复技术能降低黑臭水体底泥厚度、底泥COD、上清液COD、上清液NH_3-N等指标值,对黑臭水体底泥治理效果明显,适合大范围推广。     

基于连续监测的城市内河返黑返臭机制初探:以南宁市二坑溪为例

黑臭水体严重危害城市生态功能,"水十条"的颁布为实现城市黑臭水体的污染整治目标制定了时间表.城市黑臭水体治理过程中,大量治理后的水体出现返黑返臭现象.为研究这一现象的原因,采用多参数水质检测仪和化学分析方法,对治理后返黑返臭的南宁市二坑溪水体进行了24 h连续监测和月度动态监测.结果表明,降雨过程与水体氨氮浓度相关性显著(P0.01),气温与水体氨氮浓度变化趋势正相关(r=0.23,P0.05),与水体透明度变化趋势负相关(r=-0.33,P0.01),显示治理后水体返黑返臭与内源污染物的微生物降解和外源污染物的输入有关.综上,为了防止治理后的城市黑臭水体返黑返臭,应当关注河道底泥等内源污染物及其控制技术,综合采取生态治理手段减少外源污染物输入,才能最终实现城市黑臭水体长效治理.     

投加生物激活剂和电子受体修复黑臭底泥的研究

研究了单独投加生物激活剂(CVE)、联合投加CVE和电子受体对南京市南湖北河黑臭河道底泥修复效果的影响。结果表明:单独投加CVE、联合投加CVE和电子受体对底泥和上覆水体均有很好的修复效果,并且联合投加CVE和电子受体对底泥反硫化细菌的抑制和上覆水体TP去除的效果略优于单独投加CVE。试验80 d后联合投加CVE和电子受体组底泥TN和NH3-N分别降低了50.9%和62.1%,有机质削减率达到17.8%,底泥反硫化细菌数由开始时的31.3×103cfu/g(以干土计)减少到2.1×103cfu/g(以干土计);上覆水体COD,NH3-N,TP分别降低了74.8%,85.1%,83.9%,水质指标由劣Ⅴ类变为Ⅴ类。     

过氧化钙(CaO2)联合生物炭对河道底泥的修复

底泥内源污染是导致河道黑臭反复的主要因素.为防止河道黑臭现象反复,以无锡市滨湖区某一河道为实验地点,采用CaO_2联合生物炭原位覆盖技术修复黑臭河道底泥,研究了该技术对泥水水质、底泥酸挥发性硫化物(AVS)和磷形态以及微生物的影响,探究该技术对黑臭底泥修复效果.结果表明, CaO_2联合生物炭覆盖可显著提高泥水体系溶解氧(DO)浓度和氧化还原电位(ORP),其中上覆水DO浓度和ORP分别保持在2 mg·L~(-1)和50 mV以上.间隙水氨氮(NH~+_4-N)、化学需氧量(COD)和总磷(TP)去除率分别达到了43.40%、 41.18%和50.97%.底泥AVS去除率达到了37.03%,高通量测序表明,底泥厌氧微生物相对丰度明显降低,出现热单胞菌属(Thermomonas)、Dechloromonas、变形菌属(Proteus hauser)、脱硫微菌属(Desulfomicrobium)和硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus)等脱氮除硫菌群.底泥中磷转化为稳定的铁铝结合态磷和钙结合态磷.因此,CaO_2联合生物炭原位覆盖对黑臭底泥具有良好的修复作用.     

湖泊底泥黑臭因子分析及其消除的关键因子调控策略

对安徽省安庆市东大湖和西小湖黑臭底泥进行了特征因子分析,发现酸性缺氧环境下,底泥中致黑臭因子的特征是:从排污口往下游,COD浓度总体下降,ORP值总体上升,TN和TP浓度下降趋势较平缓,对ORP值影响较小;COD一方面通过厌氧代谢直接影响氨氮、硫化物、Fe~(2+)和Mn~(2+)等黑臭生成物的形成,另一方面通过改变ORP值影响这些物质的生成;TN和TP不是引起底泥黑臭的主要原因;距离污染源较远的湖体中,气象、水文、地形等自然因素对ORP值的影响变得明显;严重黑臭的水体中底泥厌氧菌的数量及其分泌的有关酶类活性是底泥黑臭的关键因子。研究表明治理底泥黑臭污染应抑制底泥厌氧菌活动及其相关酶活性,改变沉积物在底泥中的代谢方向。     

自贡市主城区水体黑臭影响因子研究

根据多次对自贡主城区黑臭水体调查,清理出8个黑臭水体,采用主成分分析法对水体黑臭单项指标和综合指标进行相关性分析和主成分分析。结果表明,河流水体黑臭程度比人工水体严重,有机污染系数A、黑臭指数I与化学指标NH_3-N、DO、TN、Cl~-、TP、SS之间相关性显著,影响水体黑臭的因子有TN、NH_3-N、TP、I、Cl~-、BOD5、SS、T、A、F~-、CODcr、pH,其中氮磷污染影响较大,I值对黑臭的负荷高于A值。     

CaO2原位处理河道黑臭底泥效能研究

CaO₂已广泛应用于黑臭河道底泥原位处理中,但现有研究较多集中于CaO₂对底泥中酸可挥发性硫化物（acidic volatile sulfide,AVS）的去除效果,缺乏对其他污染指标影响的研究。通过小试,考察了CaO₂原位处理黑臭河道底泥AVS和有机物的效果,同时对底泥的颜色、ORP、pH和重金属含量及形态变化进行了检测。结果表明:CaO₂原位处理黑臭河道底泥污染物具有明显的效果,AVS去除率可达98%以上,TOC含量可降低0.4%左右;同时底泥颜色由黑色转变为土黄色,ORP从-150 mV提高至100 mV左右,pH从中性变为碱性（pH=11左右）。投加CaO₂对底泥重金属含量变化无影响,但会将底泥中部分较稳定形态存在的重金属转化为较不稳定化的赋存形态。     

苦草(Vallisneriaspiralis)对城市缓流河道黑臭底泥理化性质的影响

以苦草(Vallisneria spiralis)和城市缓流河道黑臭底泥为研究对象采用模拟实验方法,探讨了苦草对城市缓流河道黑臭底泥理化性质的影响.结果表明,苦草可以显著改善城市缓流污染河道底泥氧化还原环境.实验期间表层底泥Eh从-70 mV升高至90 mV;减少致黑物质亚铁的含量,实验组表层底泥降低25%,而对照却升高38%;促进铁、硫的自然循环,防止亚铁、H2S的累积;明显改善底泥黑臭现象,实验组表层底泥第7 d出现约3 mm厚灰黄色氧化层,氧化层随时间推移逐渐增厚,第28 d厚度为11 mm.该氧化层无明显恶臭气味.对照则在实验第14 d出现1 mm氧化层并维持至实验结束,期间恶臭气味未消减;种植苦草可显著提高沉积物致密程度,降低底泥含水率,有效改善表层底泥流动状态,且在段头浜、河湾、人工湿地景观等处不影响防汛等功能,对减少河道底泥冲刷迁移和抑制黑臭物质悬浮具有积极的生态学意义.     

底泥翻耕对巢湖西部聚藻区黑臭风险的预控效果

聚藻区高有机负荷表层底泥已被证实是西巢湖黑臭频发的主要因素,但能否借鉴像控制湖泊内源污染的翻耕方式对黑臭进行预控,则有待于与过程有关的试验研究.基于湖泊底泥再悬浮特征和耕作性能设计的底泥翻耕措施,借助能够模拟湖泊风浪与沉积物再悬浮的大型装置,通过藻体堆积诱发试验,研究黑臭诱发过程中上覆水水色,ρ（Fe2+）、ρ（S2-）的动态,新生沉积物-水界面底泥关键物化指标以及底泥间隙水Fe、S变化对底泥翻耕的响应过程.结果表明:①翻耕深度对黑臭影响较大,PT15（15 cm深度的翻耕处理组）达到了对湖泛黑臭的控制,当第8~14天PT2、PT5、PT10（2、5和10 cm翻耕处理组）,CK（对照组）和Blank（空白组）相继发生黑臭时,PT15上覆水主要致黑物质为Fe2+和S2-,其质量浓度分别为PT2、PT5、PT10、CK和Blank的68.6%、79.5%、48.1%、46.7%、51.3%和75.2%、65.7%、57.1%、74.5%、75.0%.②PT15可明显提升新生泥-水界面对蓝藻堆积及缺氧环境的耐受力,黑臭诱导模拟后,其底部水体及泥-水界面的ρ（DO）、E_h和pH均远高于发生湖泛黑臭处理组,ρ（∑H₂S）却明显低于发生湖泛黑臭处理组,表层底泥间隙水中ρ（Fe2+）为0.54 mg/L,仅为发生湖泛黑臭处理组的25.3%~33.7%,ρ（Fe2+）占ρ（TFe）的比例为25.2%,远低于发生湖泛黑臭处理组（约40.0%）,表层底泥中w（AVS）（AVS表示酸可挥发性硫化物）为0.51 μg/g,仅为发生湖泛黑臭处理组的14.6%~17.2%.研究显示,底泥翻耕作为一种底泥物理改良方式,对于聚藻区内底泥,因其将有机污染负荷较重的表层翻转至了下层,阻隔了表层污染底泥中物质迁移供给和对厌氧微生物参与的控制,在藻体大量聚集和死亡的水柱环境中可较好地阻止致黑致臭物的形成,有效控制了湖泛黑臭的发生.      

微米气泡曝气技术处理黑臭河水的效果研究

采用国产微米气泡发生装置,对比研究了微米气泡曝气与普通曝气对黑臭河水的处理效果.监测的出水水质指标包括土臭素[Geosmin(蔡烷醇类)]和2-甲基异莰醇[2-MIB(冰片烷醇类)],以及CODCr,NH3-N,TP,色度和浊度.结果表明,在相同的曝气强度下,微米气泡曝气技术可产生更高的溶解氧(DO)浓度,60 min...     

城市滞流河道黑臭发生及控制研究

为了研究常州市老城区典型河道—北市河的黑臭现象发生原因,采用自主研发的一套滞流型河道沉积物污染释放与抑制装置,通过综合黑臭指数分析表明黑臭现象的发生耗时很长,由此推断导致水体黑臭发生的主要原因是外源污染物的排入。此外还从曝气深度和净化剂2个方面出发,研究其对黑臭的控制作用。在实验装置中选定距表面50 cm、100 cm、150 cm 3个深度,采用间歇纯氧曝气方式对水体进行处理,水质变化情况表明采用100 cm深度进行曝气对水体黑臭的控制效果最好。在净化剂比选实验中,在实验柱中分别投加商品钝化剂、过氧化氢、过氧化钙,并设置空白对照实验,监测水质参数随时间的变化情况,采用层次分析法进行净化剂的优选,分析结果表明过氧化钙的净化效果最好。     

广州市谷河黑臭评价及其与裸藻丰度和生物量相关性分析

藻类密度增加是黑臭现象发生的重要原因之一.目前的黑臭评价标准缺少藻类等水生生物指标,而黑臭河流中浮游微藻时空特征研究也极少.于2017年秋和2018年冬和春在谷河布设6个样点,采用污染指数法(I_1)和黑臭多因子加权指数法(I_2)评价谷河黑臭情况,同时调查浮游微藻的丰度和生物量等,并对黑臭评价结果和微藻进行Pearson相关分析.结果表明,I_2指数法更适合评价谷河的黑臭情况;裸藻门丰度与I_2的相关系数较高(r=0.784,p0.01);裸藻门丰度比例和生物量比例与I_2的相关系数分别为0.750和0.776(p0.01);裸藻门的种数和裸藻门污染指示种个数与I_2的相关系数均为0.623(p0.01).裸藻门可能适合于作为评价谷河黑臭的水生生物指标.天然水体中微藻或裸藻与致臭物质的产生等有待深入研究.     

基于高分影像的城市黑臭水体遥感识别:以南京为例

城市黑臭水体的遥感识别对于黑臭水体的监测、治理有着重要作用.2016年对南京城市河段进行了地面调查,并在沙洲西河、秃尾河、玄武湖、金川河设置了55个样点,采集水样分析水质参数并同步测量水面光谱.在此基础上,利用绿光波段遥感反射率的单波段阈值、蓝、绿波段差值、红、绿波段比值,以及色度值,分别构建了基于GF-2影像的城市黑臭水体遥感识别算法,并分析南京市主城区黑臭水体的空间分布和环境特点.结果表明:(1)和其他类型水体相比,城市黑臭水体遥感反射率最低,在整个可见光范围峰谷不突出,而且在400~550 nm范围光谱斜率最小;(2)采用地面同步调查结果检验,比值算法的识别精度最高,对城市河道黑臭水体的识别更准确;(3)利用比值法对2016年11月3日的GF-2影像进行计算,共提取研究区黑臭河段11条,总长度40.7 km,总面积0.749 km~2.黑臭河段分布具有范围广且不连续的特征,集中分布于各城区人口密集的区域;水体发生黑臭主要受到生活污水、工业废水、断头浜的影响.     

基于决策树的城市黑臭水体遥感分级

水体黑臭程度遥感监测是了解城市水质现状和综合评价城市水环境治理效果的重要手段.以南京、常州、无锡和扬州为研究区,共采集171个样点,同步测量水质参数和光学参数,分析黑臭水体与一般水体的水色和光学特征,构建决策树模型进行重度黑臭水体、轻度黑臭水体和非黑臭水体（记为一般水体）识别.结果表明：①根据色度可将水体分为1~6类水体,其中,类型1~4为黑臭水体,分别为灰黑色、深灰色、灰色和浅灰色水体,类型5和类型6水体为一般水体,分别为绿色系和黄色系水体;②类型1水体的非色素颗粒物和有色可溶性有机物含量高,但色素颗粒物的吸收并不占主导,类型2和5水体的吸收以色素颗粒物吸收占主导,类型3、4和6水体的吸收以非色素颗粒物吸收占主导;③根据六类水体的反射光谱差异用黑臭水体差值指数（difference of black-odorous water index,DBWI）、三波段面积水体指数（green-red-nir area water index,G-R-NIR AWI）、绿光波段反射率和归一化黑臭水体指数（normalized difference black-odorous water index,NDBWI）构建的水体分类识别决策树,能够有效识别出重、轻度黑臭水体和一般水体;④将决策树模型应用于2019年4月9日扬州的PlanetScope影像上,并利用10个同步过境点进行验证,整体识别精度达到80.00%,K值达到0.67.通过水色分类后的城市水体分级模型方法,可推广应用于类似的水体,为黑臭水体监管提供技术方法.     

城市黑臭水体的吸收特性分析

黑臭水体是城市水环境的一个严重问题,对城市黑臭水体光学特性进行分析,是利用遥感技术手段进行黑臭识别的前提与基础.2016~2017年采集了长沙、南京和无锡的城市黑臭水体共计85个样点,非黑臭水体共计80个样点,并对水样的悬浮物等水质参数浓度以及水体组分的吸收系数进行了测量.结果表明:(1)黑臭水体的总颗粒物吸收系数、非色素颗粒物吸收系数总体上高于非黑臭水体.(2)黑臭水体与非黑臭水体的CDOM吸收系数有明显的差异.由此可用CDOM吸收特征波段440 nm和不同波段范围内拟合的吸收系数曲线斜率对黑臭水体进行区分.城市黑臭水体吸收特性的分析,将为黑臭水体的遥感识别和监测提供有效的技术支撑.黑臭水体中的高CDOM浓度,可以作为遥感识别黑臭水的一个重要参考.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.