当内涝已成习惯

城市内涝是指由于降雨量超过城市排水能力造成城市积水的现象,2011年入夏以来,中国频遭城市内涝灾害。10月中旬,一场特大暴雨让广州水漫全城。一时间,广州城里住宅进水,街道成河,汽车没顶。古有美女一笑倾城,今有广州乃至全国多个城市的一“涝”倾城。那么我们国家多个城市的排水系统何以会如此经不起考验（7广州逢雨必涝的现状又是什么原因导致的呢？     

南京市城市河道变迁对城市内涝影响研究

在对南京市地理和历史资料和近年来南京城市内涝报道大量收集整理的基础上,以南京市33条城市河流为研究对象,结合实地考察与调研,从城市建设中河流变迁和城市内涝的相关性角度出发,分析南京城市内涝灾害区域特征及其和城市河道变迁的关系,探究南京城市内涝的影响因素,期待相关部门能够注意到城市河道的建设问题,希望能对解决南京内涝灾害有所助益。     

城区叶面尘特性及其多环芳烃含量

用多步连续洗脱方法采集了干线道路路侧和远离道路校园内冬青卫矛叶面积尘,研究了叶面尘的采集方法.测定了2类叶面尘的粒径分布、有机碳含量和多环芳烃含量.结果表明,所测样品上的叶面尘可以在超声条件下4min一步洗脱.路边样品叶面尘积累量几乎是校园样品的2倍.2样品粒径分布基本形态非常相似,包括200μm以上和以下2个组分.后者占绝对优势.但校园内样品叶面尘粒径明显小于路边样品,两者粒径中位数分别为17.2μm和23.1μm.路边样中相对较粗部分显然来自机动车行驶扰动.由于颗粒较细,采自校园叶面尘中多环芳烃含量略高于路边样品.但不同多环芳烃分布谱非常相似.     

基于PPP模式的武汉城市内涝灾害防治体系研究

我国城市化进程正受到城市内涝灾害的困扰,2016年武汉暴雨甚至造成全城瘫痪。为了缓解武汉严峻的内涝形势,根据此次武汉内涝状况,分析了内涝灾害的成因,并探讨了武汉城市内涝灾害防治的新思路,即结合"海绵城市"与"PPP模式"提出了针对武汉市完整的内涝灾害防治体系规划。该体系将生态环境、经济效率和社会效率有机结合,可为城市内涝灾害防治提供依据。     

合流制排水系统溢流调蓄技术研究及应用实例分析

排水系统雨天溢流对受纳水体的污染已日益受到关注。合流制排水系统溢流调蓄技术是控制面源污染．削减污染负荷的一项关键技术。建设调蓄池以减少排江污染负荷是重要的工程措施之一。文章介绍了调蓄池的原理和作用。并结合上海的实际情况，分析阐述了调蓄池的计算方法，为合流制排水系统面源污染控制提供技术支持，并可总结推广应用于上海及其他城市合流制排水系统污染物控制工程。     

常州市排水基础设施安全运行监测平台建设与研究

排水系统是城市重要的基础设施之一，监测其运行状态意义重大。为解决排水系统数据管理、在线监测、业务管理、内涝预警等方面的问题，以常州市为研究对象，深入分析了排水系统现状及问题，并给出了解决方案。基于GIS、物联网、人工智能、数字孪生等技术，提出了排水基础设施安全运行监测技术架构，研发并建成排水基础设施安全运行监测平台。系统上线后，管网养护成本平均降低12%,污水全年低水位运行时间提升10%,一体化调度效率提升50%,实现了设施全生命周期管理、管网全方位监测、内涝高效预警与处置、厂网一体化调度，并有效提高了常州市排水基础设施数字化、智能化监管水平，可为同类城市相关工作提供参考。     

全过程内涝防治体系对缓解城市内涝的效果分析

基于综合流域排水系统模型（Infoworks ICM）,将海绵城市、排水管网系统及城市河网、排涝泵站系统相互耦合,形成了全过程内涝防治系统模型。此耦合模型将内涝产生的源头、过程、末端三个阶段进行耦合评估,弥补了传统内涝防治措施中单一模拟管网或雨水控制系统的不足之处。分别通过模拟现状、完善管网系统、增加雨水控制设施、完善排涝泵站系统4种情景,分析了建立全过程内涝防治系统的优势。模拟结果表明,3种耦合措施在现状系统基础上对城市内涝均有不同程度的缓解,管道排水能力逐步增强,内涝风险区面积分别降低了13.5%、39.4%和86.9%。研究结果表明,单一内涝防治措施不能从根本上解决内涝风险,建立完整的全过程内涝防治体系在实践层面至关重要。     

平原河网城市雨水排水系统弹性评价

随着城市化高速发展,城市排水和内涝的压力日益增大,增强雨水排水系统的“弹性”是城市发展的方向。选择长江三角洲某平原河网城市的某片区为研究对象,基于率定的SWMM模型和已有的研究,从系统内涝积水量和持续时间2个方面的弹性出发,建立雨水排水系统弹性模型。在不同降雨情境下运行模型,分析研究区域的雨水排水系统弹性。结果表明,随着降雨强度增加,系统弹性逐渐减小;系统弹性值和降雨强度之间呈线性负相关。在低重现期条件下,随着降雨强度的增大,弹性值下降幅度较小。重现期越大,系统弹性值下降速率越快。在同一降雨重现期下,随着不透水地面比例的增加,系统弹性逐渐减小。在高重现期和高不透水地面比例情况下,系统弹性值较低;在10年一遇降雨条件下,区域不透水地面比例增加,系统弹性值下降速度最快。将弹性理念引入城市雨水排水系统中,建立反映系统在应对外界环境变化和灾害时的弹性能力评价体系,有助于全面了解雨水排水系统性能,对于雨水排水系统的优化改造以及城市风险管理具有重要意义。     

苏州河成都路泵站初期雨水特性分析与调控措施

本研究以上海市苏州河沿岸成都路合流制排水泵站为例,对排水泵站集水井进水进行了背景值与单场降雨采样监测,结果表明成都路泵站排水系统水质背景值浓度CODcr、BOD5、TN、NH3-N、TP分别是地表v类水环境质量标准的5～10倍;降雨特征对排水系统雨污混水水质有明显影响;在雨量未形成溢流的情况下,没有明显的初期效应发生.     

城市内涝实时监测系统初探

目前城市内涝已成为困扰城市健康发展的难题,本文对内涝的成因和现状进行了总结,提出建立城市内涝实时监测系统的必要性和紧迫性.系统利用布置在道路雨水管道检查井内的终端监测器,获得各监测点在暴雨发生时的实际水深值,并结合当地GIS系统,使各路段的淹没情况实现在计算机上的动态可视.文章重点介绍了该系统在具体建设过程中监测区域的划分和监测点的布置原则,增强了可操作性.系统一方面实时监测城市各点水情,是暴雨时合理调度可用资源,采取有效防内涝措施的重要依据;另外收集各雨水管道负荷现状,为管线改造、损失评估提供参考资料.本系统经济和社会效益显著,应用前景广阔.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.