太湖藻源性"湖泛"形成机制的气象因素分析

将蓝藻水华引发的太湖水域黑臭水团现象称为藻源性"湖泛",并将其形成过程分为藻源形成、厌氧反应产物"泛"起、黑臭水团聚积3个阶段.针对2007年5月和2008年5月2次藻源性"湖泛"形成过程中气象要素演变的共同特征,结合水动力模型研究发现,适宜的气象条件提供了必要的热力与动力环境,是诱发"湖泛"形成的必要因素之一.第1阶...     

藻类打捞对太湖聚藻区湖泛发生的影响

藻类打捞是多年来控制太湖沿岸藻源性湖泛的主要措施,为科学地指导藻类的打捞、防止湖泛的发生,采用能够模拟太湖风浪与沉积物再悬浮的大型装置,模拟湖泛易发的藻类聚集量下不同打捞频率(1次/d～1次/6 d)对湖泛发生时水体主要视觉指标和敏感指标〔ρ(DO)、E_h、ρ(Fe2+)、ρ(TFe)、ρ(∑S2-)等〕的影响. 结果表明:1次/d和1次/2 d的高打捞频率能够有效预防湖泛的发生,当第4天对照组发生湖泛时,1次/d和1次/2 d打捞频率下ρ(DO)为0.60和0.06,E_h为48和37,ρ(Fe2+)是对照组的79.3%和90.7%,ρ(TFe)是对照组的64.8%和72.3%,ρ(∑S2-)是对照组的62.03%和64.56%;1次/3 d频率虽不能控制湖泛的发生,但能有效推迟湖泛发生时间约2~3 d;而1次/4 d～1次/6 d的低打捞频率既不能预防也不能推迟湖泛的发生. 研究显示,在2.5 kg/(m2·d)鲜藻聚集速率下,1次/2 d的打捞频率是在控制湖泛发生前提下的最经济打捞频率.      

2004年夏季太湖梅梁湾席状漂浮水华风力漂移入湾量计算

太湖北部重度水华暴发时,在夏季盛行风推动下,漂浮的席状水华可由大太湖漂移进入位于太湖北部的梅梁湾,使湾内的水华加剧.本文通过室内风箱水槽实验和野外观测,对水华的风力漂移作了定量研究,建立了风速与水华漂移速度的指数相关方程.并据此对2004年夏季太湖北部发生席状水华的6d分别计算了水华风力漂移入湾量.6d中,只有2004-07-31水华漂移是由湾内向大太湖输出,且量很小,只有0.05 km²;其余5d水华漂移进入梅梁湾的面积占整个梅梁湾面积的3.7%～13.3%,进入量最大的是2004-06-11,达17.4km²,最少的是2004-07-30,为4.8 km².     

湖泊蓝藻水华对连通河道水质的影响

为认知湖泊蓝藻水华灾害对连通河道的影响强度及其变化因素,以太湖梅梁湾连通河道梁溪河为例,在夏季水华期开展河道蓝藻颗粒物及氮磷和溶解氧等水质指标的逐日监测,结合河道水质指标空间变化调查,以及同期流量、温度和风场特征等水文气象因子数据,分析湖泊蓝藻水华物质对连通河道水质的影响特征。结果发现,夏季蓝藻水华暴发期间,水华颗粒物能够随水流大量进入连通的河道,进入河道的藻颗粒通量总量可观,夏季3个月梅梁湾进入梁溪河的蓝藻水华颗粒物总量达到9733 t,与当年全湖的工程打捞量相近;由湖泊进入连通河道的水华颗粒物通量日变化很大,夏季调查期间进入梁溪河的藻颗粒通量介于75~496 t·d-1,平均值为105 t·d-1,通量大小主要受水文气象条件控制,水量、温度、风向是最主要的影响因素;携带大量蓝藻水华颗粒物的湖水进入河道后,在显著改善城市河道水体溶解氧、氨氮等指标的同时,也显著增加了河道颗粒态氮、磷等营养盐含量,对溶解态氮磷的影响较小;空间上,因蓝藻颗粒物带来的氮、磷浓度随离湖距离增加而下降,水体叶绿素浓度也迅速下降,汇入7 km之后的运河后,蓝藻颗粒物基本分解,水体颗粒态藻体叶绿素a含量由刚入河的152.93μg·L-1下降到1.99μg·L-1。结果表明,受蓝藻水华问题困扰的湖泊对周边河道水质影响也很大,河湖连通过程尽管能有效缓解湖泊的湖泛灾害,解决城市河道黑臭的问题,但是对河道的营养盐等指标会产生较大影响;管理上应因河道和湖泊不同的保护目标,充分考虑湖泊水华情势及水文气象因素,制定机动灵活的调水方案,优化湖泊及河道的水生态服务功能。     

湖泊蓝藻水华对连通河道水质的影响

为认知湖泊蓝藻水华灾害对连通河道的影响强度及其变化因素,以太湖梅梁湾连通河道梁溪河为例,在夏季水华期开展河道蓝藻颗粒物及氮磷和溶解氧等水质指标的逐日监测,结合河道水质指标空间变化调查,以及同期流量、温度和风场特征等水文气象因子数据,分析湖泊蓝藻水华物质对连通河道水质的影响特征.结果发现,夏季蓝藻水华暴发期间,水华颗粒物能够随水流大量进入连通的河道,进入河道的藻颗粒通量总量可观,夏季3个月梅梁湾进入梁溪河的蓝藻水华颗粒物总量达到9 733 t,与当年全湖的工程打捞量相近;由湖泊进入连通河道的水华颗粒物通量日变化很大,夏季调查期间进入梁溪河的藻颗粒通量介于75～496 t·d-1,平均值为105 t·d-1,通量大小主要受水文气象条件控制,水量、温度、风向是最主要的影响因素;携带大量蓝藻水华颗粒物的湖水进入河道后,在显著改善城市河道水体溶解氧、氨氮等指标的同时,也显著增加了河道颗粒态氮、磷等营养盐含量,对溶解态氮磷的影响较小;空间上,因蓝藻颗粒物带来的氮、磷浓度随离湖距离增加而下降,水体叶绿素浓度也迅速下降,汇入7 km之后的运河后,蓝藻颗粒物基本分解,水体颗粒态藻体叶绿素a含量由刚入河的152. 93μg·L~(-1)下降到1. 99μg·L~(-1).结果表明,受蓝藻水华问题困扰的湖泊对周边河道水质影响也很大,河湖连通过程尽管能有效缓解湖泊的湖泛灾害,解决城市河道黑臭的问题,但是对河道的营养盐等指标会产生较大影响;管理上应因河道和湖泊不同的保护目标,充分考虑湖泊水华情势及水文气象因素,制定机动灵活的调水方案,优化湖泊及河道的水生态服务功能.     

基于多源数据的巢湖蓝藻水华时空分布及驱动因素分析

富营养化和有害藻类水华暴发是全世界淡水湖泊共同面临的生态环境问题之一.巢湖作为典型的内陆淡水湖泊,其富营养化水平和蓝藻水华暴发面积常年居高不下,且在各湖区表现为一定的时空分布差异.为认识和了解不同阶段巢湖蓝藻水华发生和发展基本规律,利用巢湖水上综合观测平台和卫星遥感等多源数据,获得2015~2020年水体中藻密度和水华面积的时空分布信息,并采用基于增强回归树的机器学习算法,定量评估不同阶段各环境因子对蓝藻水华影响的重要程度及相互作用关系.结果表明：①巢湖蓝藻水华表现出较大的季节变化特征,蓝藻细胞在春季开始复苏,主要在巢湖西半湖和沿岸地区形成轻度水华,水体藻密度在夏、秋季达到最大,该季节发生中等程度以上的水华频率较高.②非暴发期间,巢湖藻密度变化受物理和化学因素影响较大,二者对解释藻密度方差变化的贡献率可达80.3%,水体中高浓度溶解氧、弱碱性pH值（7.2~7.6）和适宜水温（3℃）是藻类细胞生长繁殖的有利环境条件,巢湖蓝藻水华首次暴发一般在气温稳定通过7℃初日11 d前后出现.③暴发期内,巢湖蓝藻水华发生主要受藻类生物量和气象条件的综合影响,气温、藻密度、日照时数和风速的累计贡献率为95%,各因子均存在一个有利于蓝藻水华发生的最适区间.多因子交互作用分析结果显示,在水体藻密度大、气温适宜和微风的综合作用下,巢湖蓝藻水华发生概率较高.上述研究成果分析和揭示了不同阶段巢湖蓝藻水华的时空分布特征及其主导影响因子,可为巢湖蓝藻水华防控和预测、预警提供科学依据.     

不同接种量对蓝藻水华生消的影响探讨

通过构建微宇宙模型,以铜绿微囊藻为供试藻种模拟蓝藻水华生消过程.在控制光照、温度等环境条件和氮磷等营养物质含量条件下,重点研究不同接种量对蓝藻水华生消模拟的影响.结果表明,微宇宙模型中蓝藻生长经过延滞期、对数期到稳定期直至衰退期,符合野外湖库水华生消特征;不同藻液接种量对水华生消影响较大,当接种量为1:50时有利于微宇宙模型中蓝藻水华的发生.水华生消机制复杂,控制污染源、加强管理是防止水华暴发的较好措施.     

全球气候变化对太湖蓝藻水华发展演变的影响

对太湖周边4个常规气象观测站的47年观测资料进行分析,以探讨全球气候变化对太湖蓝藻水华演变的影响.结果表明,20世纪80年代之前,太湖流域气象条件的年代际尺度变化趋势不利于蓝藻的生长和水华的形成,而在20世纪80年代以后,尤其是20世纪90年代以后,气温、风速、降水变化都较大,且都有利于蓝藻的生长和水华的形成,这与蓝藻水华的观测事实一致.据此定义了蓝藻水华气象指数,每年太湖蓝藻水华气象指数能够很好地反映蓝藻水华的发展变化情况.进而,分析了反映ENSO循环变化的Ni?o3指数与太湖流域气象条件变化的相关性,结果表明ENSO循环与太湖流域风速、降水在年代际尺度上有着非常好的相关性.据此预测,2000年以后10~20年中,太湖蓝藻水华气象指数将继续在高位振荡,若蓝藻生长所需的营养盐浓度得不到有效的控制和明显的降低,蓝藻水华在气候条件的影响下,仍将可能大面积暴发.     

巢湖2016年蓝藻水华时空分布及环境驱动力分析

针对近年来巢湖蓝藻水华暴发频繁,基于中分辨率成像光谱仪（moderate-resolution imaging spectrum-radiometer,MODIS）多光谱遥感数据,采用浮游藻类指数（floating algae index,FAI）和藻华像元生长算法（algae pixel-growing algorithm,APA）提取了巢湖蓝藻水华覆盖面积,在分析2016年巢湖蓝藻水华时空分布规律基础上,结合巢湖水质、气象数据,讨论了藻华暴发的主要环境驱动力.结果表明,2016年巢湖藻华暴发季节与往年一致（5~11月）,但藻华首次暴发时间推迟到5月,持续时间缩短至204 d,平均藻华面积85.53 km².其环境驱动力研究发现,尽管巢湖主要水质指标呈现下降趋势,但总氮、总磷浓度依然分别超过V类和IV类水质标准;与往年相比,2016年春季风速偏大（△W=0.1 m·s^-1）、降水偏多（△P=0.8 mm）与日照时数偏低（△S=-1.3 h）是巢湖藻华面积减少、起始暴发时间推迟的主要原因;藻华持续期内,降水成为影响藻华面积月际变化的主要影响因素,当日平均风速不仅与当天藻华面积存在较显著的负相关（P<0.05）,当风速较大时对后续几日的藻华面积产生一定的滞后影响.这些研究结果有助于了解巢湖蓝藻水华情况,为应对巢湖藻华暴发与气候变化提供理论依据.     

风场对太湖梅梁湾水华及营养盐空间分布的影响

为了解风场对湖泊表层蓝藻水华及营养盐空间分布的影响,以太湖梅梁湾为例,在蓝藻水华期间开展表层粒子漂流实验,研究风场对水体表层物质的推移规律,并开展全水域水体表、中、底层密集布点采样,测定水体藻类叶绿素a、氮、磷、高锰酸盐指数、溶解性有机碳、溶解氧等水质指标,探讨风场驱动下大型浅水湖泊蓝藻水华及营养盐时空分布特征.结果表明,在平均风速1. 9 m·s~(-1)和2. 3 m·s~(-1)的情况下,表层粒子的平均漂移速度分别为3. 0 cm·s~(-1)和5. 0 cm·s~(-1);风场对表层水体蓝藻水华的空间分布具有决定性影响,能够引起蓝藻水华在空间上较高的异质性;蓝藻水华物质的空间变化对水体颗粒态氮、磷、有机质和溶解氧等水质指标产生较大影响,表、中、底层颗粒态氮和磷、高锰酸盐指数与叶绿素a浓度的空间分布一致,而溶解态氮、磷浓度及溶解性有机碳的分布与叶绿素a浓度分布不尽相同;蓝藻水华物质在风场作用下的再分配对水体溶解氧产生复杂的影响,底层溶解氧平均值低于表层与中层,可能对沉积物营养盐释放产生影响;依据高密度布点调查估算,仅表层20 cm,梅梁湾水域的蓝藻干物质赋存量约396 t,远大于蓝藻打捞工程的清除量.研究表明,鉴于水华期间风场作用下对蓝藻水华漂移的巨大影响,在湖泊水质调查采样方法及数据分析时应充分考虑蓝藻水华漂移的影响因素;防控湖泛灾害的蓝藻打捞作业对湖体蓝藻水华赋存量的清除能力有限,只能对岸边带湖泛的预防产生影响.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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