微波酸活化粉煤灰吸附酸性大红染料废水实验研究

以微波酸活化改性后的粉煤灰为吸附剂,对酸性大红染料废水进行吸附脱色处理,考察了吸附时间、pH值、吸附剂投加量等对吸附脱色效果的影响。在酸性大红染料溶液初始浓度为100 mg/L、pH=5、活化粉煤灰投加量为10 g/L吸附1 h时,活化粉煤灰对酸性大红的脱色效果较好,去除率可达96%。对实验数据进行相关数学模型拟合,结果表明微波酸活化改性后的粉煤灰吸附去除酸性大红的等温吸附平衡符合Langmuir吸附等温式,改性前后的吸附过程动力学符合准二级吸附动力学模型,线性相关系数良好。     

煤渣对染料酸性橙Ⅱ废水的脱色研究

采用煤渣对酸性橙Ⅱ模拟废水进行吸附脱色处理,考察了煤渣粒径、吸附时间、酸性橙Ⅱ初始浓度、煤渣投加量和pH值对吸附效果的影响,测定了吸附等温线。结果表明,在酸性橙Ⅱ初始浓度为100mg/L、不调节pH值的情况下,采用20g/L的煤渣作吸附剂,可有效解决酸性橙Ⅱ废水的脱色问题,脱色率可达97%以上。煤渣对水中染料酸性橙Ⅱ的吸附规律可较好地采用Freundlich和Langmuir模式描述。为使出水浊度符合国家标准,又将煤渣与PAC复合使用处理酸性橙Ⅱ模拟废水。结果表明,加入10mg/L的PAC后,出水色度和浊度均可达到国家排放标准。     

纤维素胺基树脂的制备及脱色性能评价

用氯化亚砜改性微晶纤维素,利用二乙烯三胺对氯化纤维素进行胺基取代制得纤维素胺基树脂。通过正交试验确定纤维素胺基树脂的最佳制备条件;红外分析以及X-衍射可知:氯化纤维素改性取代胺基得到纤维素胺基树脂。纤维素胺基树脂有较好的脱色功能。对甲基橙脱色条件为:吸附时间6 h,吸附温度为30℃,甲基橙初始浓度取为20 mg/L,树脂投加量为0.02 g。     

有机改性镁铝层状氢氧化物对酸性橙Ⅱ的吸附研究

采用共沉淀法合成以十二烷基硫酸根为层间阴离子的有机改性镁铝层状双金属氢氧化物(LDHs-SDS),对其进行XRD、FT-IR表征,并研究其对水中阴离子染料酸性橙Ⅱ的吸附特性,探讨了吸附剂投加量、初始pH值、染料浓度、温度、吸附时间等因素对酸性橙Ⅱ吸附性能的影响.结果表明,LDHs-SDS对酸性橙Ⅱ染料废水具有明显的脱色效果,25℃下,0.2 g·L-1和0.4 g·L-1的LDHs-SDS对浓度为100 mg·L-1和200mg·L-1染料的脱色率可分别达到97.41％和97.13％.在pH为3～11之间,吸附效果良好;吸附在2h内完成;LDHs-SDS对酸性橙Ⅱ的饱和吸附量为486.44 mg·g-1.吸附规律较好地符合Langmuir吸附等温方程,吸附反应为吸热反应,且吸附过程符合拟二级反应动力学方程.在阴离子染料去除方面,LDHs-SDS显示出较好的应用前景.     

改性麦糟吸附水中酸性湖蓝A和碱性湖蓝BB实验研究

采用AlCl_3改性麦糟和Na OH改性麦糟分别处理酸性湖蓝A和碱性湖蓝BB,研究了不同pH、吸附剂投加量、时间和温度对吸附效果的影响。结果表明:改性麦糟对酸性湖蓝A吸附反应的最佳条件在室温下,初始染料色度为500倍,溶液pH为3,吸附剂投加量5 g/L,反应时间30 min,脱色率达93%;改性麦糟对碱性湖蓝BB吸附反应的最佳条件在室温下,初始染料色度为500倍,溶液pH为9,吸附剂投加量3 g/L,反应时间30 min,脱色率达99%。且吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,其相关系数均在0.999以上。实验处理后废水色度在50倍以下,水质达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)一级标准。     

废轮胎热解炭黑制备活性炭及处理染料废水

分别采用H₂SO₄和NaOH对废轮胎热解炭黑进行改性处理,考察炭黑与改性剂固液比对染料废水脱色率的影响.实验结果表明,炭黑与H₂SO₄固液比1g/15mL时得到HBC（酸改性活性炭）处理酸性湖蓝溶液,脱色率最高;炭黑与NaOH固液比1g/10mL时得到NBC（碱改性活性炭）处理碱性湖蓝溶液,脱色效果最好.溶液的酸性越强,越有利于HBC对酸性湖蓝溶液的脱色效果;而溶液的碱性增大,有助于提高NBC对碱性湖蓝的脱色率.此外,HBC对酸性湖蓝与NBC对碱性湖蓝的吸附反应变化趋势非常接近,整个吸附反应迅速,20min后基本达到吸附反应平衡.HBC吸附酸性湖蓝和NBC吸附碱性湖蓝的过程均符合准二级动力学方程.对改性前后的固体物质进行了扫描电镜,红外光谱及比表面积分析.     

纳米Fe-C合金去除染料废水中酸性橙Ⅱ的初步研究

本文研究了碳包纳米铁对酸性橙Ⅱ的吸附。研究结果表明,在酸性橙Ⅱ初始浓度40 mg/L,碳包铁浓度1.5 g/L,转速240 r/min,p H为6.2,温度30℃的优化条件下,吸附120 min后,酸性橙Ⅱ的去除率达到90.0%,吸附量达到了24.2 mg/g;吸附前后碳包纳米铁的XRD谱图未发生明显的变化,吸附后溶液中酸性Ⅱ的UV-vis特征吸收峰几乎消失了;碳包纳米铁对酸性橙Ⅱ的吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附等温线,吸附动力学符合伪二级动力学模型。     

粉煤灰脱色的试验研究

对粉煤灰去除水中色度的可行性进行了试验，得出了最佳反应条件：甲基橙废水浓度：3．15mg／L、碱性改性粉煤灰投加量=36g／L、反应时间=20min、pH=6-8、反应温度=室温时，脱色率最高，可达98．6％左右。     

KIO_4光催化脱色甲基橙的研究

以KIO4为催化剂,对甲基橙进行了光催化脱色研究。结果表明甲基橙的脱色率随着催化剂量的增加而增加,但是没有一个最佳的量。当甲基橙浓度低于16mg/L时,反应为拟一级动力学反应,但是反应不符合Langmuir-Hinshewood动力学模型。脱色率在酸性条件下比碱性条件较高。高碘酸钾光催化脱色甲基橙的机理不完全是羟基自由基进攻。     

改性泥炭-树脂颗粒对水溶液中酸性橙Ⅱ的吸附

通过批量实验研究了改性泥炭-树脂颗粒对水溶液中酸性橙Ⅱ的吸附特性.Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温方程被用于分析吸附等温数据,准一级动力学模型、准二级动力学模型和颗粒扩散模型被用于吸附动力学实验数据分析.结果表明,改性泥炭-树脂颗粒对水溶液中酸性橙Ⅱ的吸附过程符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温方程,最大吸附量达到71.43 mg·g^-1;颗粒扩散模型能够很好地描述改性泥炭-树脂颗粒对水溶液中酸性橙Ⅱ的吸附动力学过程,水溶液中染料的初始浓度、颗粒直径、颗粒量及搅拌速度对吸附速率均产生一定的影响.改性泥炭-树脂颗粒对水溶液中酸性橙Ⅱ的吸附作用主要发生在颗粒的外表面.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.