雾灵山低山区油松林物种多样性初探

文章以河北省兴隆县雾灵山低山地区人工油松林为研究对象,采用植物群落样地调查法,对不同郁闭度的人工油松林样地灌木层和草本层群落的种类组成状况进行了观察和调查,并通过总优势度、Simpson指数、种间相遇概率等指标来探讨不同郁闭度下的油松林植物群落的物种多样性特点,以分析油松林郁闭度对其林下群落结构和物种丰富度的影响。结果表明在油松的郁闭作用下,林下灌木层植物密集,种类丰富,物种多样性高,而草本层植物稀疏,种类贫乏,物种多样性低;随着油松郁闭度的增加,灌木层物种多样性升高,草本层物种多样性有降低的趋势。     

滇西北与滇东南干热河谷植物群落物种多样性研究

环境变迁下生物多样性格局形成及维持机制研究是生物多样性研究的核心科学问题之一. 滇西北和滇东南两地曾在地质历史上具有相似森林植被,随着板块运移,两地出现明显环境区化,植被类型亦产生巨大变化,仅在两地干热河谷生长着相似外貌和类型的植物群落,而其物种组成和生物多样性格局有何异同尚不清晰. 该研究分别在怒江和元江干热河谷设置100 km样带,每间隔4 km布设样地,对其植被进行群落学调查. 通过计算两地不同生活型植物重要值、Alpha及Beta多样性指标,拟阐明起源相近、外貌相似的两地植被在环境变迁后群落物种组成及生物多样性的变化规律. 结果表明:①滇西北干热河谷共调查到维管植物125种(51科104属),滇东南干热河谷共调查到114种维管植物(44科102属). 滇西北乔木和灌木物种丰富度均略高于滇东南,草本反之. 滇西北乔木多度极显著高于滇东南(P<0.01),灌木多度未出现显著性差异,草本多度滇东南显著高于滇西北(P<0.05). ②从科水平分析,滇西北和滇东南乔木和草本优势科组成种类相似,但灌木优势科组成种类差异性较大. 从种水平分析发现,两地乔木优势种种类差异较大,而灌木和草本组成相似. ③滇西北植物群落Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数均略低于滇东南,但无显著性差异,而Pielou指数显著低于滇东南(P<0.05). 滇西北干热河谷植物群落中优势种单一,物种分布具有聚集性;滇东南植物群落物种分布较均匀,物种多样性丰富. ④两地植物群落之间相异性系数较高,处于极不相似水平,群落间生境差异性较大,不同生活型植物Beta多样性差异极显著(P<0.001),其中以灌木物种组成的相异性最大. 研究显示,起源相近、外貌相似的滇西北与滇东南干热河谷的植物群落物种组成存在明显差异,Alpha多样性差异不明显,Beta多样性存在显著性差异,环境变迁后区域环境差异改变了植物群落结构.      

黄土高原植被演替不同阶段植物系数的变化与适应性评价

用4年长期定位试验资料,利用植物系数、蒸散量、土壤含水量和土壤水分对植物的有效性等指标,研究了黄土高原植被群落不同演替阶段(草本群落→灌木群落→早期森林群落→顶级群落)的耗水特性与生态适应性。结果表明:不同演替阶段,群落实际蒸散量主要受降水控制,群落间差异不显著(P＞0.05);土壤含水量是早期森林群落明显高于其它群落,草本群落明显高于灌木群落(P＜0.05);植物系数是灌木群落＞草本群落＞乔木群落,而顶级群落大于早期森林群落;土壤水分对植物的有效性是早期森林和顶级群落明显高于草本和灌木群落(P＜0.05)。因此,进行植被建设不但要考虑植物系数还要考虑土壤水分对不同植物的有效性。     

黄土丘陵区不同植被恢复模式对沟谷地植物群落生物量和物种多样性的影响

对黄土丘陵区3个不同植被恢复模式沟谷地植被群落的生物量和物种多样性特征进行样方调查,统计分析了不同植被恢复模式沟谷地植物群落的盖度、生物量、物种多样性、植物种群相似系数。调查共记录植物82种,隶属32个科;其中,乔木植物5科,6种;灌木植物8科,11种。经过20 a左右的植被恢复重建,不同植被恢复模式沟谷地的植被群落均呈现良好演替趋势;人工植被柠条灌丛和刺槐林恢复模式对沟谷地草本层盖度和群落枯落物盖度及生物量方面作用效果较好;而天然草地对沟谷地草本层生物量方面作用效果较好;沟谷地物种多样性指数表现出人工植被恢复模式效果优于自然恢复,而且人工柠条灌丛植被恢复模式优于人工刺槐林植被恢复模式。柠条灌丛沟谷地不同坡位植物种群相似系数较高,而刺槐林沟谷地和天然草地沟谷地不同坡位植物种群相似系数略低;沟谷地的种群相似系数在沟坡上部略高于沟坡下部和沟底,东坡略高于西坡。人工植被建设可以促进黄土丘陵区沟谷地的植被恢复进程。论文建议在今后黄土丘陵区沟谷地人工植被建设过程中,需要加大乡土树种的引入、提高树种的多样性、合理树种的空间配置和注意灌/乔树种的比例。     

滇中地区4种典型次生林群落结构和物种多样性研究

以滇中地区主要的4种次生林(华山松林、云南松林、针阔混交林和阔叶林)为研究对象,通过样方调查,分析了群落结构特征和群落多样性。结果表明:各次生林群落优势种及其重要值(IV)分别为华山松林(华山松,89. 96)、云南松林(云南松,81. 64)、针阔混交林(云南松,34. 61;滇石栎,31. 03)、滇石栎(65. 03),以华山松林最为单优。各次生林群落分层物种丰富度指数和Shannon Wiener物种多样性指数均表现为灌木层草本层乔木层;华山松林、云南松林和针阔混交林分层物种Simpson优势度指数、Gini均匀度指数、Pielou均匀度指数均表现为草本层灌木层乔木层,阔叶林表现为灌木层草本层乔木层。针阔混交林的群落总体物种多样性最高,华山松林最低。     

喀斯特锑矿植被恢复区植物多样性及群落稳定性

了解喀斯特锑矿区植物群落结构及稳定性对生态恢复和群落构建具有重要意义,本研究以贵州晴隆大厂镇锑矿植被恢复区(锑矿区)为研究对象,并选择锑矿区周边未被破坏的植物群落作为对照区展开研究. 基于样方法对锑矿区和对照区进行植被调查,分析了植物物种多样性及群落(群落、乔木层、灌木层和草本层)的Godron稳定性. 结果表明:锑矿区植物共22种,分属14科18属,且有16种为草本植物,低于对照区的30科53属68种;豆科(Leguminosae)、禾本科(Poaceae)、菊科(Compositae)、蔷薇科(Rosaceae)和荨麻科(Urticaceae)各有2~4种,且以被子植物的双子叶植物为主(共11科13属17种),占总物种数的77.27%. 锑矿区优势植物以亮叶桦(Betula luminifera)、苎麻(Boehmeria nivea)、密蒙花(Buddleja officinalis)、茅莓(Rubus parvifolius)、水麻(Boehmeria penduliflora)和插田泡(Rubus coreanus)为主;对照区优势植物以亮叶桦、油桐(Vernicia fordii)、杨树(Populus simonii)、响叶杨(Populus adenopoda)和香樟树(Cinnamomum camphora)为主. 锑矿区与对照区乔灌植物的密度间差异不显著(P>0.05),但锑矿区植物高度101~130 cm、131~200 cm和>200 cm的物种数显著低于对照区(P<0.05). 锑矿区乔木层和灌木层物种丰富度和Shannon-Wiener指数显著低于对照区(P<0.05),物种丰富度分别比对照区显著降低了82.8%和89.5%(P<0.05),Shannon-Wiener指数分别比对照区显著降低了100%和94.8%(P<0.05). Godron稳定性分析结果表明,锑矿区植物群落不稳定. 综上,锑矿区物种组成简单,物种多样性低且不稳定,处于植被演替早期阶段.      

三峡水库澎溪河消落带植物群落物种丰富度格局

通过样地调查和Spearman相关分析,研究了澎溪河消落带植物群落物种丰富度格局. 结果表明:沿河流纵向梯度,总物种丰富度、灌木层和草本层物种丰富度均表现出抛物线型,乔木层物种丰富度表现出直线型;沿河流侧向梯度,总物种丰富度和草本层物种丰富度随高程的增加先升高后降低;乔木层和灌木层物种丰富度随高程的升高而增加. 在纵向梯度上,底质类型与物种丰富度显著相关,距河口的空间距离对物种丰富度有重要的控制作用;在侧向梯度上,淹水时间、土壤含水量、底质异质性对群落空间格局有重要影响. 总体来说,消落带植物物种丰富度格局仍受原河流地貌及洪水格局的影响,但由于水位季节性变动,已形成与水位变动相适应的分布格局.      

不同替代修复年限对飞机草种群和本土植物群落结构的影响

为研究替代修复对飞机草的治理效果以及对本地植物群落结构的修复效应,选择修复3、5、10 a和未修复（CK）的飞机草入侵生境为研究对象,调查飞机草密度、盖度、生物量、基径和本土植物群落的物种多样性、盖度等指标,采用“空间代替时间”的方法,分析不同修复年限飞机草种群特征和本地植物群落结构的变化.结果表明:①随着修复年限的增加,飞机草密度、盖度、基径、生物量等指标均呈显著降低趋势;修复10 a后,飞机草的盖度、密度、生物量、基径相比对照分别降低了97.3%、96.5%、98.6%、85.7%,飞机草入侵得到明显控制.②在植被替代修复过程中,飞机草入侵生境的群落结构得到明显改善,草本层物种多样性呈先升后降再升的趋势,草本层盖度在修复3 a后显著升高随后又显著降低,灌木层和乔木层物种多样性和盖度均呈显著增加趋势.研究显示,替代修复能有效治理飞机草入侵,促进植物群落的正向演替,提高本地植物群落结构的稳定性,增强生态系统对外来物种入侵的抵抗力.      

瓷土矿尾矿沙山的生态治理

以江西省星子县大排岭瓷土矿尾矿沙山的初始生态恢复进程为研究对象,在样地调查的基础上,通过分析人工恢复林地、未治理迹地与自然恢复地中定居的植物物种数量、群落组成与结构来研究当地尾矿沙山生态恢复进程.结果显示,自然恢复地的生物多样性及群落组成与结构效果优于未治理迹地与人工恢复林地的生物多样性及群落组成与结构.自然恢复地植物物种中牡荆等3种植物在尾矿沙山的定居和扩散形成了具有一定组成与结构的植物群落类型,且这种群落类型稳定并符合植被演替的自然规律.这3种先锋植物可以在同类矿山尾矿沙山的植被重建与恢复中推广.      

钢铁厂旧址自然恢复过程中植物类型研究

调查了广州钢铁厂搬迁3 a后旧址上的植被自然恢复情况,统计了群落中的植物种类组成、生活型组成和各种植物的重要值,分析了植物群落的多样性指数和均匀度指数,比较了植物的重金属耐受性。结果发现,在调查的6个样方中,共有26种植物,分属于14科,其中菊科和禾本科植物数量最多,没有发现豆科植物。植物生活型组成以一二年生和多年生草本植物为主,共21种,占80.77%,极少灌木和乔木,表明群落处于次生演替的初级阶段。群落中的植物重要值差异较小,以蜈蚣草(Pteris vittata)的重要值最大,为32.10;其次是少花龙葵(Solanum americanum)、苎麻(Boehmeria nivea)、蟛蜞菊(Sphagneticola calendulacea),它们的重要值也大于20;其余14种植物重要值小于10。群落中优势种不明显,表明群落的组成较复杂。群落内植物覆盖度平均仅27.16%,物种多样性指数为0.93,均匀度指数为0.89。群落内植物数量多而个体矮小,导致群落的多样性指数与均匀度指数较高而覆盖度较低,表明植物种子萌发受到重金属胁迫较小,而植物生长受重金属胁迫较大。群落中超富集植物仅有蜈蚣草、少花龙葵和蟛蜞菊3种,有8种植物对重金属具有一定耐受性。对于钢铁厂旧址的生态恢复,可利用具有生态修复功能的植物构建符合景观需要的乔-灌-草相结合的生态-经济型植物群落。     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.