室内空气污染物及净化技术研究

针对人们关心的室内空气污染问题,分析了室内空气污染物的种类、来源和污染影响及避免室内空气污染应采取的措施,通过目前室内空气污染治理技术现状分析,比较了现有各类空气净化器处理效果,提出过滤、静电及光催化技术于一体的新型空气净化器的设计思路,并从安全评估、技术、标准、市场运营等方面提出促进空气污染治理技术市场发展的建议.     

室内空气中挥发性有机物的污染及其控制

分析了室内空气中挥发性有机物（VOCs）的来源、特征、污染状况等，并阐述了VOCs对人体健康的危害。介绍了国内外的VOCs污染控制标准，以及源头控制、光催化氧化技术、吸附技术等主要的污染控制对策。据文献统计表明，室内空气中含有大量的VOCs，污染控制标准及源头控制、光催化氧化技术、吸附技术等主要的污染控制对策。据文献统计表明，室内空气中含有大量的VOCs，污染状况相当严重，对人体健康的危害亦十分明显，应引起重视。在污染控制策略上，应先从源头加以控制，同时保证室内环境有很好的通风能力，在此基础上积极开发和应用新的污染控制技术。     

室内空气污染现状及防治措施

介绍了室内主要空气污染物的来源、危害及控制措施,特别是甲醛、氡、挥发性有机污染物对学校造成的危害.提出了许多防治措施,如光催化氧化、臭氧净化技术、空气负离子技术、生物净化技术等,以及这些技术的原理和在这些方面研究取得的进展.重点介绍了新兴的光催化氧化复合技术.最后指出了室内空气污染治理技术存在的问题并对未来的方向,如技术融合、计算机模拟、新型材料应用进行了展望.     

光催化技术降解污染物效果的测试方法探讨

随着大量新型建筑装饰材料得到广泛应用,室内空气污染问题引起社会广泛关注.光催化是一种具有环境净化与自洁能力的新兴技术,但目前尚无检验光催化产品质量的标准方法.本文通过对某光催化产品降解室内污染物的效果进行实验,来探讨光催化技术降解室内空气污染物效果的测试方法.     

TiO2半导体光催化氧化技术处理气相污染物研究进展

光催化氧化技术是一种新兴的污染治理技术，它的研究已涉及到饮用水的深度处理，高浓度难降解有机废水处理，气相污染物净化等许多领域。本文主要阐述了在TiO2作为催化剂的条件下，光催化氧化技术处理气相污染物的氧化机理及其影响因素，气相光催化氧化反应器设计及该技术在降解农药挥发物、大气中有毒有害气体、室内装璜产生的有毒气体等许多领域的应用现状和前景展望。     

纳米光催化技术在净化室内空气中的应用

概述了室内空气污染类型,重点分析了纳米TiO2光催化净化室内空气的原理,介绍了其应用情况,并对应用纳米TiO2光催化净化室内空气进行了展望。     

光催化氧化降解水中有机污染物技术综述

光催化降解水中有机污染物技术正受到越来越多的关注。文章综合介绍了该技术在国内外的研究现状，包括光催化降解机理、反应动力学及反应器类型、光催化降解的催化剂、工艺组合等。并提出该技术的进一步研究方向。     

室内空气污染净化技术的现状与发展趋势

通过对影响室内空气质量的化学、物理和生物污染因素的了解,全面分析了目前主要的室内空气净化技术(吸附过滤技术、低温等离子体技术、臭氧技术和光催化技术)在实际应用中的优缺点,重点评述了光催化技术的原理和利用光催化技术在室内空气净化中取得的最新科研成果(如抗菌防霉内墙材料、防污自洁材料、自动无毒化材料),说明光催化技术是一种有待不断发展和完善,具有广阔前景的新技术,并且已经成为室内空气污染净化技术发展趋势。     

水体中苯及其衍生物降解途径研究进展

介绍了苯及其衍生物对水环境所造成的污染和危害,并对水体中该类污染物降解技术研究进展进行了综述.着重介绍了光化学及光催化技术、生物降解和超声波降解等技术在该领域的有关研究.     

改性TiO2对废水处理光催化效率的影响研究进展

TiO2材料在紫外光照射下对废水中的有机物具有光催化降解作用,在环境保护污染治理方面有着广阔的应用前景,但其催化效率并不理想。本文介绍了材料TiO2光催化在废水处理中的研究现状,指出了限制TiO2光催化效率的影响因素,并综述了如何提高其光催化效率的几种途径。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.