大亚湾海域多氯联苯及有机氯农药研究

1999年 8月 4日采集了大亚湾次表层水、悬浮颗粒物和表层沉积物并用气相色谱 (电子捕集检测器 )分析了其中 12个多氯联苯 (PCBs)和 18个有机氯农药样品。总PCBs含量 ,水体中介于 91.1～ 135 5 .3ng/L ,沉积物中为 (0 .85～ 2 7.37)× 10 -9;总HCHs含量水体中介于 35 .5～ 12 2 8.6ng/L ,沉积物中则为 (0 .32～ 4 .16 )×10 -9;总DDTs含量在水体中介于 2 6 .8～ 975 .9ng/L ,沉积物中为 (0 .14～ 2 0 .2 7)× 10 -9;而在悬浮颗粒物中均未检出。水体和沉积物中DDT/(DDE DDD)比值较大 ,表明近期仍有此类化学物质输入大亚湾海域。本研究为大亚湾养殖海区提供难降解有机污染物的现状资料。     

武汉典型饮用水水源中典型POPs污染特征与健康风险评估

为了揭示武汉典型饮用水水源中典型持久性有机污染物(POPs)的污染特征与风险水平,采用固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱定性定量分析法,对武汉长江及其支流上18个典型集中式饮用水水源地,共26个采样点水体中多环芳烃(PAHs)、有机氯农药(OCPs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)浓度进行了检测,分析了 POPs的污染水平,并开展健康风险评估.结果表明,26个采样点均有PAHs检出,除苯并[k]荧蒽检出率为88.46％外,其他15种单体检出率均为100.00％,多环芳烃累积ρ(∑PAHs)检出范围为57.04～475.79 ng·L-1,平均值为173.86 ng·L-1.PAHs污染程度总体较低,PAHs主要以中低环芳烃为主,来源于以石油源为主的混合源.共有8种OCPs被检出,(∑OCPs)范围为ND-4.57 ng.L-1,平均值为0.78 ng·L-1,OCPs浓度水平相对较低.共有24种PCBs被检出,ρ(∑PCBs)范围为ND-77.49 ng·L-1,平均值为9.88 ng·L-1,PCBs主要以不易降解的高氯联苯为主,部分点位PCBs浓度超过我国地表水环境质量标准限值,HeptaCBs-180物质需要引起持续关注.健康风险评估结果显示,研究区域内PAHs和PCBs的致癌风险指数均处于10-6～10-4,对人体可能产生潜在的致癌风险;OCPs和PCBs的非致癌风险指数均小于1,不会对人体产生非致癌风险.     

海河河口表层沉积物中PCBs和OCPs的源解析

采集海河河口表层沉积物样品,测定了其中12种多氯联苯(PCBs)和20种有机氯农药(OCPs)的浓度,运用主成分分析-多元线性回归法(PCA-MLR)解析该区域沉积物中PCBs和OCPs的来源,并定量计算了各污染源的贡献量.结果表明,海河沉积物中PCBs的特征源为非故意产生和大气输送2类,基于多元线性回归法的贡献率分别为55%和45%,对PCBs总量的贡献量均值为6.94,9.42ng/g;OCPs的特征源为历史残留和新的输入2类,贡献率分别为13%和87%,对OCPs总量的贡献量均值为21.18,171.97ng/g.海河河口沉积物中POPs的源贡献与该区域的工业生产有关,改善工业结构和妥善处理历史遗留的生产废物是控制海河河口沉积物中POPs的有效途径.     

南四湖沉积物中有机氯农药和多氯联苯垂直分布特征

通过对采集于南四湖湖区的沉积物柱状样品中有机氯农药（OCPs）和多氯联苯（PCBs）同系物的GC-ECD定量分析测定,并结合²¹⁰Pb同位素定年分析,重建了南四湖湖区有机污染物的污染史.结果表明,样品中OCPs、HCHs、DDTs和PCBs的含量范围分别为1.64～17.9、0.66～12.5、0.24～2.99和7.84～42.8 ng·g^-1.柱状沉积物的沉积速率为0.330 cm·a^-1,平均沉积通量为0.237 g·(cm²·a)^-1,所采集的样品沉积时间为1899～2000年.OCPs和PCBs分别在1960和1970年左右出现浓度峰值,随后含量逐渐下降.污染物来源分析表明,HCHs来源于新的工业HCH和林丹2种工业品,HCH和DDT污染主要源于历史上的使用;PCBs主要来自于造纸漂白过程和焚烧炉排放.生态风险评价结果表明,除β-HCH、γ-HCH和艾氏剂3种污染物在14～16　cm附近、对应沉积时间为1960年左右测试数据略高于风险水平低值,其余污染物的所有数据均低于风险水平低值.整体而言,南四湖柱状沉积物中的OCPs和PCBs含量属于低生态风险水平.     

长江口潮滩表层沉积物中PCBs和OCPs的分布

对长江口潮滩表层沉积物中的多氯联苯(PCBs)和有机氯农药(OCPs)进行GC-ECD测试,结果表明PCBs含量分布在0.19～18.95ng/g,平均值为2.70ng/g,其分布随采样点的位置变化显著:排污口附近出现最大值,离排污口越远,即受排污影响的程度越小,其含量越低.OCPs含量在1.25～36.01ng/g,平均值为8.50ng/g,分布特征与PCBs相似,表明了它们来源的相似性.研究区内PCBs和OCPs的含量低于ER-L值,尚未对生物造成显著的负面影响.     

天津滨海地区表层沉积物中持久性有机污染物的含量特征与生态风险

从天津滨海地区不同地表水表层沉积物取样,测定4类持久性有机污染物即多环芳烃(PAHs)、有机氯农药(OCPs)、多氯联苯(PCBs)和多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的含量,目的是了解该区4类持久性有机污染物的含量特征并对其生态风险进行评估.结果表明,天津滨海地区10个沉积物采样点中16种优先控制的PAHs均有检出,PAHs总含量范围为274.06～2 656.65μg.kg-1、平均为1 198.51μg.kg-1.化石燃料(例如煤和汽油)的燃烧是该区表层沉积物中PAHs的主要来源,个别地方混有石油类产品的输入.在大沽排污河采样点,22种OCPs总含量为3 103.36μg.kg-1,35种PCBs和14种PBDEs的总含量分别为87.31μg.kg-1和13.88μg.kg-1.其它采样点OCPs、PCBs和PBDEs的含量均较低.该区表层沉积物中总有机碳含量与PAHs的相关性很好,但与OCPs、PCBs和PBDEs的相关性较差,这可能与PAHs主要来自面源污染而其它污染物主要来自点源污染有关.沉积物中PAHs(尤其是低分子量PAHs)的风险较大,在多个采样点中,萘和/或苊的含量超过可能效应浓度,极有可能对底栖生物产生不良影响.在大沽排污河,七氯环氧化物和林丹(gamma-BHC)超过可能效应浓度,极有可能对底栖生物产生不良影响;其它采样点OCPs的生态风险较小.整体上,PCBs和PBDEs的生态风险较小.     

家庭室内PM2.5中POPs污染状况及其与儿童哮喘的关系

为了探讨家庭室内PM_(2.5)中POPs的污染状况及其与儿童哮喘的关系.于2014年12月—2015年3月对上海市29个哮喘患儿童及31个健康儿童的家庭室内PM_(2.5)进行采样.采用GC-MS测定了样本中13种PBDEs、17种PAHs及27种PCBs的质量浓度,用GC-μECD测定了9种OCPs的质量浓度,并用SPSS19.0进行数据的统计学分析.家庭室内PM_(2.5)中持久性有机污染物污染状况的结果表明,所有样本∑PBDEs的浓度平均值为32.2 pg·m~(-3),其中,BDE-209占比最大(61.7%);∑PAHs浓度平均值为52.3 ng·m~(-3),7种致癌多环芳烃占比51.8%;∑OCPs浓度平均值为1016.4 pg·m~(-3),HCHs占比最大(43.7%),其次为DDTs,占比29.1%;∑PCBs浓度平均值为72.7 pg·m~(-3),以PCB-82、PCB-99、PCB-8及PCB-49为主.分析污染状况与哮喘的关系发现,病例组样本的∑PBDEs浓度和∑PAHs浓度高于对照组,两者间的差异具有统计学意义(p0.05);病例组样本的∑OCPs浓度和∑PCBs浓度低于对照组,仅∑OCPs浓度在两组间的差异具有统计学意义(p0.05).研究表明,家庭室内PM_(2.5)中POPs污染普遍存在,且哮喘儿童患者家庭室内PM_(2.5)中部分PBDEs、PAHs、OCPs浓度与对照组之间存在显著差异.     

灌河口海域沉积物中有机氯农药的空间分布、来源解析与风险评估

2011年4月通过GC定量检测和210Pb测年对灌河口海域表层和柱状沉积物中OCPs (Organochlorine Pesticides)的空间分布、来源解析进行了研究。结果表明:灌河口海域表层沉积物中OCPs的浓度在nd~58.310-9 (干重)之间,河口海域O,P'-DDT浓度明显高于潮间带和入海河段,3个区域浓度排序为:潮间带河口海域入海河段。DDTs和HCHs浓度均处于国内中等水平。柱状沉积物中OCPs浓度在(2.0~850.0)10-9之间、平均值210.010-9,90年代初期OCPs浓度有所下降,2000年后又在波动中升高。来源解析及柱状样中OCPs浓度变化、转化情况均表明该海域沉积物有新的DDTs源输入。参照加拿大颁布的沉积物质量标准对灌河口沉积物进行风险评估,结果表明灌河口海域以DDT和DDD为主的毒性已处于频繁效应,需深入开展沉积物的环境风险评估研究,确认开展OCPs底质修复方案及区域。     

活性炭柱分离有机氯农药和多氯联苯

建立了活性炭层析柱分离16种OCPs和10种PCBs的技术方法。通过比较活性炭的活化温度、活化时间、粒径以及淋洗剂的类型对16种有机氯农药(OCPs)和10种多氯联苯(PCBs)分离效果的影响,结果表明,当活性炭为80目～200目,温度为350℃活化1 h,流动相为20 mL CH3COCH3和10 mL5%的C2H2Cl2-CH3COCH3混合溶液依次洗脱活性炭层析柱时,16种OCPs和10种PCBs的分离效果较好;海水提取液中OCPs和PCBs,经活性炭层析柱洗脱的馏分,用毛细管气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)测定,其结果证实,该方法可以分离海水样品中的OCPs和PCBs。     

快速、同时测定海洋沉积物中21种有机氯农药和7种多氯联苯

建立了一种ASE同时提取,SPE净化,气相色谱法(GC-ECD)同时测定海洋沉积物中21种OCPs和7种PCBs的快速分析方法.结果表明:利用SPE Florisil小柱可快速从提取液中分离28种OCPs和PCBs.对含杂质较少的沉积物样品仅需4 mL C6H14和7 mL C6H14/CH2Cl2(V/V 1:1)淋...     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.