重金属污染土壤可持续原位修复:生物质基修复材料研究新进展

<正>土壤重金属污染因具有隐蔽性、长期性、不可逆性和富集性等特点,已成为影响未来农业可持续发展和人体健康的环境问题之一。修复重金属污染土壤、恢复土壤原有功能已经成为国内外的研究热点。目前,电动修复、植物修复及化学淋洗技术等修复技术虽已成功运用,但依然存在成本高、修复周期长及二次污染等问题。为实现重金属污染土壤可持续原位修复,中国科学院生     

钡盐共沉法处理酸性含铅废水

硫酸盐、氯化物复杂体系含铅酸性废水对环境的污染比较严重,并且不易处理.采用钡盐共沉法对含铅废水的处理进行研究,结果表明,钡盐共沉法可有效除去废水中的铅,但除铅效果受铅与废水中氯离子络合程度的影响,而受反应时间、温度、陈化时间的影响较小,容易实现工业化.采用钡盐共沉法处理硫酸盐氯化物复杂体系酸性废水.处理后的废水中含铅量远低于0.5 mg/L.     

植物修复及重金属在植物体内形态分析综述

植物修复是重金属污染土壤治理的重要方法,因其具有高效、经济及生态协调性等优势而广受关注。当前相关研究主要包括超积累植物体内重金属的迁移转化与形态分析方法,土壤修复后植物的减量化、无害化和资源化利用等方面。实验研究及修复工程中存在的问题主要体现为:(1)基础研究方面,目前对植物超积累重金属的分子机制、调控原理等方面的研究不够完善;(2)应用技术方面,修复植物的规模化种植、适用的栽培技术、收获物安全处置及资源化利用方面仍是植物修复技术发展的瓶颈。因此,目前需要深入研究超积累植物吸收、运输和积累重金属的生理机制,利于植物生长的农业措施以及用于修复的植物收获后的相应处理技术。同时,应结合重金属在植物体内的形态,对修复后的植物进行合理的减量化、无害化、资源化处理,以便于更加科学合理地选择土壤重金属修复植物,大规模推广植物修复技术的应用。     

利用厌氧菌发酵产物处理含铅废水及机理研究

针对传统方法去除废水中重金属铅的缺陷,利用4株厌氧微生物的发酵产物,在不同投加量、pH、温度和反应时间下研究该产物的除铅效果。通过正交实验确定了微生物发酵产物对含铅废水处理的最佳反应条件为:发酵产物投加量为0.5 g,反应时间为20 min,pH=6,温度20℃,铅的去除率99.4%以上,并用蓄电池厂的实际废水进行验证实验,获得相同的效果;同时通过扫描电子显微镜和X-射线能量散射光谱分析厌氧细菌代谢的混合物成分,对去除机理进行了初步探讨,为生物技术处理含铅废水提供了一种新方法和理论依据。     

添加硬硅钙石二次粒子培养颗粒污泥及其对处理含铅废水的影响研究

硬硅钙石二次粒子培养颗粒污泥并用于处理含铅废水进行了实验研究。结果表明，硬硅钙石二次粒子利于培养出高活性的颗粒污泥，颗粒污泥对含铅废水具有较高的去除能力，铅的去除率在90％以上。颗粒污泥的活性、温度和废水的含铅浓度是影响处理的主要因素，对其去除机理进行了分析。颗粒污泥处理Pb^2 ≤100mg／L的含铅试水，处理后的铅浓度达到排放标准。     

添加硬硅钙石二次粒子培养颗粒污泥及其对处理含铅废水的影响研究

硬硅钙石二次粒子培养颗粒污泥并用于处理含铅废水进行了实验研究。结果表明 ,硬硅钙石二次粒子利于培养出高活性的颗粒污泥 ,颗粒污泥对含铅废水具有较高的去除能力 ,铅的去除率在 90 %以上。颗粒污泥的活性、温度和废水的含铅浓度是影响处理的主要因素 ,对其去除机理进行了分析。颗粒污泥处理Pb2 + ≤ 10 0mg/L的含铅试水 ,处理后的铅浓度达到排放标准。     

水生植物生态修复重金属污染水体研究进展

综述了挺水植物、漂浮植物、浮叶植物、沉水植物等4种水生植物在生态修复重金属污染水体领域的进展,重点阐述了水生植物对重金属的蓄积效果以及生态修复的影响因素,总结了水生植物生态修复的适用范围和不足,并简要介绍了水体中的重金属通过水生植物进入食物网的生态过程,最后展望了提升水生植物蓄积重金属能力的研究方向。     

重金属废水的生物处理技术

介绍了重金属废水生物处理技术的一般原理 ,主要分析了微生物絮凝法、生物吸附法和植物修复技术的研究现状及应用前景。指出了利用生物化学方法处理重金属废水是一种长期、高效、经济、可靠的方法。     

重金属污染土壤的植物修复技术与其他技术联用的进展与前景

随着工业和经济的发展,土壤重金属污染越来越严重,因此重金属污染土壤的修复迫在眉睫.植物修复技术因其经济、环保等优点已经成为国内外研究的热点,但存在修复植物稀少的问题.将其他技术与植物修复技术联用可能是突破植物修复这一局限性的关键举措之一.介绍了基因工程技术与植物修复技术联用的研究进展;总结了微生物技术与植物修复技术联用...     

黑麦草修复重金属污染土壤与废水及富集植物的微生物降解

为了研究黑麦草(Lolium perenne)修复复合重金属污染土壤与废水的综合利用效应,探索微生物对富集重金属黑麦草的降解效果,以复合重金属污染的土壤与废水为修复对象,利用黑麦草对土壤和废水进行修复,并考察了黑麦草的重金属含量、富集量、富集系数和转移系数。采用8种微生物对富集重金属黑麦草进行降解,考察黑麦草的失重率,黑麦草纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的变化情况以及重金属的浸出效果。结果表明:黑麦草对重金属污染的土壤与水体均具有较好的修复效果;在土壤修复阶段,黑麦草对U的富集系数最大,达到7.43;而对Cd的富集系数为2.61,对Pb和Sr的修复效果不明显;在废水修复阶段,黑麦草对U的富集量达到1 213.70 mg·kg-1DW,U、Cr、Sr、Co的富集系数和转移系数均大于1,其中U的富集系数达到11.24。另外,里氏木霉(Trichoderma ressei)和黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)对富集黑麦草的总降解率达到60%以上;里氏木霉(Trichoderma ressei)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)和地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus lincheniformis)对重金属的平均浸出率分别达到87.19%、90.58%和90.33%。在重金属污染的土壤和水体中,通过对黑麦草的循环使用,可以提高黑麦草的综合利用效率,有效减少富集生物质的产生;同时微生物对富集生物质有较好的降解能力。研究为重金属富集生物质微生物处置以及重金属回收技术奠定基础。     

Long-term efficiency and stability of wetlands for treating wastewater of a lead/zinc mine and the concurrent ecosystem development

A constructed wetland system in Guangdong Province, South of China has been used for treating Pb/Zn mine discharge since 1985. The performance in the purification of the mine discharge and the concurrent ecosystem development within the system during the period of 1985-2000 has been studied. The untreated wastewater contained rather high concentrations of cadmium (Cd) (0.05 mg L(-1)), lead (Pb) (11.5 mg L(-1)), and zinc (Zn) (14.5 mg L(-1)), which greatly exceed the upper limits for industrial wastewater discharge in China. The constructed wetland system effectively removed Cd by 94.00%, Pb by 99.04%, Zn by 97.30%, and total suspended solids (TSS) by 98.95% from the mine discharge over a long period (over 16 years) leading to significant improvement in water quality; it was also found that there were no significantly annual or monthly variations in pH values, As, Cd, Hg, Pb, and Zn concentrations in water collected from the outlet of the wetland. Moreover, diversity and abundance of living organisms, including protozoan, higher plants, terrestrial animals, and birds, increased gradually. The 16-year monitoring results showed a reciprocal relationship, at a certain extent, between restoration of the wetland ecosystem, in other words, the maturity of the wetland, and the long-term efficiency and stability on purifying heavy metal-contaminated wastewater.     

利用PFU原生动物群落监测铅锌尾矿人工湿地废水净化效能

利用ＰＦＵ原生物动群落监测铅锌尾矿人工湿地废水净化效能,并与水质的理化分析结果作比较,结果表明,ＰＦＵ法和理化分析都证明宽叶香蒲人工湿对铅锌矿废水具有明显的净化能力原生物群落的种类数、密度、生物多样性指数、集群速度均能反映水质状况,其中生物多样性指数更能有效地评价水体质量。     

人工湿地系统微生物去除污染物的研究进展

人工湿地污水处理系统具有净化效果显著、建设和运行费用低廉、管理简便等优点,近年来越来越受到人们的重视。人工湿地是利用介质、植物和微生物构成的复合系统来处理污水。微生物在人工湿地系统净化污水过程中发挥着重要作用。介绍了人工湿地系统中微生物去除污染物的研究进展,重点讨论了人工湿地对污染物和特殊有机污染物的去除以及系统基质中微生物的种群和活性等内容,并结合我国研究现状展望了该领域的研究前景。人工湿地系统微生物对污染物去除将成为人工湿地生态系统服务功能评价、人工湿地生态系统健康与稳定的诊断的重要组成部分。     

湿地植物齿果酸模对猪场废水净化作用研究

为了选择对养殖业废水有较强耐污及净化能力的湿地植物，提高人工湿地对养殖业废水处理效果，采用基质栽培法对耐寒植物齿果酸模在猪场废水中的生长特性及其对氮、磷的去除效果进行了研究。结果表明，该植物在氨氮浓度150mg／L左右的废水中长势良好，单株植物的生物量干重达到148．7g，其氮、磷积累量分别为4．55g和0．50g，在单株处理水量为9L，水力停留时间7d时，齿果酸模对废水中氨氮、总氮、总磷及化学需氧量的平均去除率都在70％以上。可见，齿果酸模对猪场废水有较强的耐污能力和较好的净化效果，可用于人工湿地处理养殖业废水。     

Heavy metal pollution in China: Origin,pattern and control

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Heavy metal is among one of the pollutants, which cause severe threats to humans and the environment in China. The aim of the present review is to make information on the source of heavy metal pollution, distribution of heavy metals in the environment, and measures of pollution control accessible internationally, which are mostly published in Chinese. METHODS: Information from scientific journals, university journals and governmental releases are compiled focusing mainly on Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn. Partly Al, As, Cr, Fe, Hg, Mn and Ni a included also in part as well. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: In soil, the average contents of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn are 0.097, 22.6, 26.0 and 74.2 mg/kg, respectively. In the water of the Yangtze River Basin, the concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn are 0.080, 7.91, 15.7 and 18.7 microg/L, respectively. In reference to human activities, the heavy metal pollution comes from three sources: industrial emission, wastewater and solid waste. The environment such as soil, water and air were polluted by heavy metals in some cases. The contents of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn even reach 3.16, 99.3, 84.1 and 147 mg/kg, respectively, in the soils of a wastewater irrigation zone. These contaminants pollute drinking water and food, and threaten human health. Some diseases resulting from pollution of geological and environmental origin, were observed with long-term and non-reversible effects. CONCLUSIONS: In China, the geological background level of heavy metal is low, but with the activity of humans, soil, water, air, and plants are polluted by heavy metals in some cases and even affect human health through the food chain. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: To remediate and improve environmental quality is a long strategy for the polluted area to keep humans and animals healthy. Phytoremediation would be an effective technique to remediate the heavy metal pollutions.     

高盐工业废水人工湿地处理中植物的筛选

通过人工湿地中试实验,考察了芦苇、睡莲、水葱、狭叶香蒲和宽叶香蒲水生植物单元对经生化处理的石油和精细化工工业区的工业废水中盐含量较高、氮磷营养盐含量较低和化学需氧量(COD)含量较高的废水中污染物的去除情况,研究了在植物不同生长阶段系统中COD的去除同盐度之间的关系,探讨了盐度差异对植物生长状况的影响,为确定人工湿地适合的进水盐度,达到有效去除高含盐量工业废水中有机污染物提供依据。结果表明,芦苇、睡莲和狭叶香蒲3种植物单元内高含盐量工业废水中污染物的净化效果较水葱和宽叶香蒲单元的净化效果好:前3种植物单元内COD、生化需氧量(BOD)和总磷(TP)的去除率大约在38%、55%和62%左右,而水葱和宽叶香蒲2种植物单元内COD、BOD和TP的去除率大约在30%、36%和52%左右;系统中各个单元内总氮(TN)去除率都在85%以上。在植物的不同生长阶段,人工湿地系统中氯离子浓度与COD浓度之间的相关性存在差异:植物生长初期,系统中氯离子浓度与系统中COD浓度之间无显著相关性,而在植物生长旺期和末期,两者则成正相关关系。因此,需根据植物的生长阶段调整人工湿地的进水盐度。     

Reduction of pharmaceutically active compounds by a lagoon wetland wastewater treatment system in Southeast Louisiana

A number of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) have been detected in the aquatic environment as a result of discharges of municipal wastewater. In the state of Louisiana, USA, many municipalities treat wastewater using natural systems, such as lagoons and wetlands, rather than conventional wastewater treatment technologies. Nearly all research to date has focused on the fate of PhACs in conventional treatment plants, not constructed and natural wetlands. In the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) for Mandeville, Louisiana, USA, wastewater flows of 7600 m³ d⁻¹ are treated in a series of aeration lagoons (basins), followed by a constructed wetland and UV disinfection, before being discharged into a natural forested wetland (i.e. Bayou Chinchuba) and eventually, Lake Pontchartrain. Thirteen out of the 15 PhACs investigated were detected in the wastewater inflow to the treatment plant. Only 9 of the 13 compounds were above the detection limits at the treatment plant effluent. The concentrations of most compounds were reduced by greater than 90% within the plant, while carbamazepine and sotalol were only reduced by 51% and 82%, respectively. The percent reductions observed in the Mandeville system were greater than reduction rates reported for conventional WWTPs; perhaps due to the longer treatment time (∼30 days). Most target PhACs were not completely removed before discharge into Lake Pontchartrain, although their collective annual loading was reduced to less than 1 kg and down to ppb with significant potential for dilution in the large lake.     

Use of naturally growing aquatic plants for wastewater purification.

This paper examines potential uses of naturally growing aquatic plants for wastewater purification. These plants enhance the removal of pollutants by consuming part of them in the form of plant nutrients. This applies to urban and agricultural wastewater, in particular, where treatment units of different sizes can be applied at the pollution source. The effectiveness of wastewater purification by different plants was tested on laboratory and pilot scales. The growth rate of the plants was related to the wastewater content in the water. Batch and semicontinuous experiments verified that the plants are capable of decreasing all tested indicators for water quality to levels that permit the use of the purified water for irrigation. This applies to biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids. pH, and turbidity. In specific cases, the turbidity reached the level of drinking water. Comparison of BOD concentrations with typical levels in water treatment facilities across the country indicates the effectiveness of water purification with plants. A major effect of treatment with plants was elimination of the disturbing smell from the wastewater. It is shown that mixtures of wastewater and polluted water from the Kishon River are amenable in varying degrees to treatment by the plants. The higher the wastewater content in the mixture, the more effective the treatment by the plants. In this context, a scheme for rehabilitation and restoration of the Kishon River is presented and technical and economical aspects of the purification technology are considered.     

Reduction of pharmaceutically active compounds by a lagoon wetland wastewater treatment system in Southeast Louisiana

A number of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) have been detected in the aquatic environment as a result of discharges of municipal wastewater. In the state of Louisiana, USA, many municipalities treat wastewater using natural systems, such as lagoons and wetlands, rather than conventional wastewater treatment technologies. Nearly all research to date has focused on the fate of PhACs in conventional treatment plants, not constructed and natural wetlands. In the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) for Mandeville, Louisiana, USA, wastewater flows of 7600 m³ d⁻¹ are treated in a series of aeration lagoons (basins), followed by a constructed wetland and UV disinfection, before being discharged into a natural forested wetland (i.e. Bayou Chinchuba) and eventually, Lake Pontchartrain. Thirteen out of the 15 PhACs investigated were detected in the wastewater inflow to the treatment plant. Only 9 of the 13 compounds were above the detection limits at the treatment plant effluent. The concentrations of most compounds were reduced by greater than 90% within the plant, while carbamazepine and sotalol were only reduced by 51% and 82%, respectively. The percent reductions observed in the Mandeville system were greater than reduction rates reported for conventional WWTPs; perhaps due to the longer treatment time (30 days). Most target PhACs were not completely removed before discharge into Lake Pontchartrain, although their collective annual loading was reduced to less than 1 kg and down to ppb with significant potential for dilution in the large lake.     

垂直流人工花卉湿地模拟系统净化污水的效果

通过在垂直流模拟人工土柱上种植不同的花卉植物，研究了垂直流花卉人工湿地对污水COD、BOD5、TN和TP的净化效果的影响。结果表明，所选用的5种陆生花卉，甚至鲜切花卉对化粪池污水有比较好的净化效果，它们对BOD5的去除率可达到92．04％以上，对TP的去除率甚至可达到97．77％以上。而且种植花卉植物的人工湿地出水水质要好于不种植物的对照湿地系统。