共存物质对重金属絮凝剂MCC除镉性能的影响

为进一步拓展天然高分子絮凝剂壳聚糖的应用范围,以壳聚糖、L-半胱氨酸为原料,通过酰胺化反应制备一种具有重金属捕集功能的高分子重金属絮凝剂-2-氨基-3-巯基丙酰壳聚糖(MCC),研究了水体中常见的阴阳离子、有机配位剂及浊度对MCC除镉性能的影响,探讨了絮体形貌与絮体分形维数及絮凝除镉效果间的关系。结果表明,Na+、Cl-、NO-3、F-、SO2-4的存在对MCC除Cd2+均有促进作用,Ca2+表现为明显的抑制作用;低浓度的EDTA对除镉有促进作用,随着EDTA浓度的增大,逐渐转为抑制作用;低浓度的腐殖酸对MCC去除Cd2+有显著的促进作用;在一定范围内,浊度可促进MCC对Cd2+的去除;絮体间空隙越多,絮体分形维数越小,除镉效果越好。     

共存物质对重金属絮凝齐MCC除镉性能的影响

为进一步拓展天然高分子絮凝剂壳聚糖的应用范围，以壳聚糖、L-半胱氨酸为原料，通过酰胺化反应制备一种具有重金属捕集功能的高分子重金属絮凝剂-2-氨基-3-巯基丙酰壳聚糖（MCC），研究了水体中常见的阴阳离子、有机配位剂及浊度对MCC除镉性能的影响，探讨了絮体形貌与絮体分形维数及絮凝除镉效果间的关系。结果表明，Na＋、Cl-、N03、F-、SO4 2-的存在对MCC除Cd2＋均有促进作用，Ca2＋表现为明显的抑制作用；低浓度的EDTA对除镉有促进作用，随着EDTA浓度的增大，逐渐转为抑制作用；低浓度的腐殖酸对MCC去除Cd2＋有显著的促进作用；在一定范围内，浊度可促进MCC对Cd2＋的去除；絮体间空隙越多，絮体分形维数越小，除镉效果越好。     

共存物质对重金属絮凝剂 MCC 除镉性能的影响简

为进一步拓展天然高分子絮凝剂壳聚糖的应用范围，以壳聚糖、L-半胱氨酸为原料，通过酰胺化反应制备一种具有重金属捕集功能的高分子重金属絮凝剂-2-氨基-3-巯基丙酰壳聚糖（MCC），研究了水体中常见的阴阳离子、有机配位剂及浊度对MCC除镉性能的影响，探讨了絮体形貌与絮体分形维数及絮凝除镉效果间的关系。结果表明，Na⁺、Cl^-、NO₃^-、F^-、SO₄^2-的存在对MCC除Cd²⁺均有促进作用，Ca²⁺表现为明显的抑制作用；低浓度的EDTA对除镉有促进作用，随着EDTA浓度的增大，逐渐转为抑制作用；低浓度的腐殖酸对MCC去除Cd²⁺有显著的促进作用；在一定范围内，浊度可促进 MCC对Cd²⁺的去除；絮体间空隙越多，絮体分形维数越小，除镉效果越好。     

壳聚糖改性粘土对高藻水中藻类的絮凝去除

对壳聚糖改性粘土用于天然高藻水中藻类的絮凝去除进行了研究。实验表明,经壳聚糖改性后的粘土对高藻水中藻细胞有较好的去除效果。粘土的种类对除藻效果有一定影响,其中以高粘凹凸棒石为最佳,其最佳投加量为66mg/L(壳聚糖6 mg/L),此时的叶绿素去除率达到95.45%。相比单独投加壳聚糖,粘土的加入增加了絮体密实度,减少了絮体体积,并使絮体分布更均匀。粘土的粒径对絮凝效果基本没有影响,粒径范围在25～74μm时,改性粘土对藻细胞的凝聚效果是一致的。经壳聚糖改性的粘土在酸性条件下絮凝效果较好,当pH值大于7时,其絮凝能力迅速下降。     

改性壳聚糖-凹凸棒石复合絮凝剂絮凝采收小球藻

用3-氯-2-羟丙基氯化铵(CTA)季铵化改性壳聚糖(CTS),制备了季铵化改性壳聚糖(CTS-CTA);将壳聚糖(CTS)、阳离子淀粉(CS)、二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)进行三元接枝共聚,制备了三元接枝改性壳聚糖(CTS-DMDAAC-CS)。并且比较了壳聚糖(CTS)、季铵化改性壳聚糖(CTS-CTA)、三元接枝改性壳聚糖(CTS-DMDAAC-CS)对小球藻的絮凝效果,选择三元接枝改性壳聚糖与凹凸棒石进行复配,确定了最佳絮凝条件为:p H=8,絮凝剂与凹凸棒石的比例为1∶14,沉降时间为20 min,絮凝剂投加量为0.4 g。在该条件下进行了重复实验,得出小球藻的絮凝率为98.8%,并且絮体紧密、沉降速度快,不需要再次分离,具有很好的应用前景。     

阳离子化壳聚糖改性黏土絮凝去除藻华

壳聚糖改性黏土可以用于治理藻华,但未经改性的壳聚糖具有电荷密度小、溶解度小、pH适用范围较窄以及分子质量较小等缺点,影响了壳聚糖改性黏土除藻的性能。为了优化壳聚糖的絮凝除藻性能,以二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵为阳离子醚化剂,在微波条件下对壳聚糖进行改性合成阳离子型壳聚糖,并研究了阳离子壳聚糖溶解度随pH的变化,以及用它改性后的黏土颗粒的表面电位的变化,并对阳离子壳聚糖改性黏土和壳聚糖改性黏土的絮凝除藻性能进行比较。结果表明,阳离子壳聚糖在酸性和碱性条件下都具有很好的溶解性,经其改性后的黏土颗粒的等电点(pH 10.8)显著高于壳聚糖改性黏土的等电点(pH 9.5)。在絮凝实验中,阳离子壳聚糖改性黏土的最大除藻率达到99%,藻絮体粒径为978μm,即使在pH为10时,仍有87%的去除率。结果表明,阳离子壳聚糖改性黏土的除藻性能明显优于未改性的壳聚糖改性黏土。     

高效重金属捕集剂TDTC对络合铜的去除性能

传统化学沉淀法存在对酸性及低浓度的络合态重金属去除率低的问题,为解决此问题,以三乙烯四胺、二硫化碳为原料合成了重金属捕集剂N,N-双(二硫代羧基)三乙烯四胺(TDTC),并采用红外光谱等分析方法对其结构和主要官能团进行了表征.以酒石酸铜、柠檬酸铜和EDTA铜3种络合铜为去除对象,研究了TDTC对络合铜的去除性能及去除机理.结果表明,在pH为3.0～9.0、TDTC投加量为1 mmol·L-1、Cu质量浓度为50mg·L-1、PAM投加量为1mg·L-1条件下,Cu去除率可达到99.6％以上.进一步的沉淀表征分析结果表明,TDTC对络合Cu的去除过程存在螯合配位反应,具有与相应络合剂的竞争优势,能够把Cu从相应的络合剂中脱除并形成难溶的螯合沉淀,从而实现废水中Cu的有效去除.以上研究结果可为利用特异重金属捕集剂去除重金属的工程实践提供参考.     

壳聚糖衍生物的合成及其絮凝性能的研究

对从虾蟹壳中制备的壳聚糖进行改性，分别制得壳聚糖衍生物——壳聚糖季铵盐和羧甲基壳聚糖，用于味精废水的絮凝实验。实验结果表明，壳聚糖、壳聚糖季铵盐和羧甲基壳聚糖作为絮凝剂处理味精废水均有较好的效果，以壳聚糖季铵盐的效果最好，其pH值适用范围宽、絮体沉降快，是一种具有良好反应活性的高分子絮凝剂。     

壳聚糖季铵盐改性河沙去除铜绿微囊藻的研究

以2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵和壳聚糖为原料制备了水溶性的壳聚糖季铵盐(HTCC),利用HTCC对河沙进行改性,并用于铜绿微囊藻的处理。结果表明:(1)在HTCC用量为7.5 mg/L、预处理河沙用量为0.500g/L的最佳条件下制备得到的HTCC改性河沙(简称改性河沙)对铜绿微囊藻具有良好的降藻效果,当藻密度为9.5×106个/mL、水温25℃左右、藻液pH为8左右时,降藻率达到最高(99.50%)。(2)改性河沙的加入能大大缩短絮体形成及沉降的时间,压实絮体,减少其上浮。(3)改性河沙具有较宽的pH适用范围(7~12)。(4)改性河沙适宜在水温为25~35℃的夏季对铜绿微囊藻进行降藻。(5)改性河沙悬浊液在2~8℃下存放不宜超过10d。(6)HTCC的氨氮溶出率较低(最高为1.77%),氨氮溶出风险较低。     

空心壳聚糖微球对二甲酚橙的吸附性能研究

以生物可降解的壳聚糖为原料,采用反相悬浮交联法制备了具有空壳结构的壳聚糖微球,通过控制反应条件得到单分散性的微米级微球.通过分光光度法探讨了溶液初始pH、吸附时间、二甲酚橙初始浓度、壳聚糖微球用量及其直径对壳聚糖微球吸附二甲酚橙的影响.结果表明,常温下壳聚糖微球对二甲酚橙的最佳吸附条件为:溶液初始pH为5,吸附时间为2.0 h,二甲酚橙初始质量浓度为32 mg/L,壳聚糖微球用量为0.3 g/L(以每升二甲酚橙溶液计),壳聚糖微球直径为74 靘;在此最佳吸附条件下,采用分光光度法对二甲酚橙模拟废水进行测定,相应的回收率误差均在-1%～1%.     

Preparation of alginate-chitosan hybrid gel beads and adsorption of divalent metal ions

Naturally occurring polysaccharides such as alginic acid and chitosan have been recognized as one of the most effective adsorbents to eliminating low levels of heavy metal ions from waste water stream. The present study intended to use alginic acid and chitosan simultaneously, which are expected to form a rigid matrix structure of beads due to electrostatic interaction between carboxyl groups on alginic acid and amino groups on chitosan, and to prepare alginate-chitosan hybrid gel beads. This could be achieved for the first time by using water-soluble chitosan, which was obtained by deacetylating chitin to 36-39% degree. The water-soluble chitosan dissolved in water could remain in solution in the presence of sodium alginate, and the homogeneous solution of chitosan and alginate was dispensed into a CuCl2 solution to give gel bead particles. The resultant beads were then reinforced by a cross-linking reaction of aldehyde groups on glutaraldehyde with amine groups on the chitosan. The cross-linking reaction made the beads durable under acidic conditions. The adsorption of Cu(II), Co(II), and Cd(II) on the beads was significantly rapid and reached at equilibrium within 10 min at 25 degrees C. Adsorption isotherms of the metal ions on the beads exhibited Freundlich and/or Langmuir behavior, contrary to gel beads either of alginate or chitosan showing a step-wise shape of adsorption isotherm.     

Solubilities of trace copper and lead species and the complexing capacity of river water in the Linggi River Basin

Chemical forms of copper and lead in river water of the Linggi River Basin have been fractionated into ASV labile, moderately labile, slowly labile, and inert metal species, based on a previously proposed scheme. Free (hydrated) metal ions were identified by a potentiometric method using an ion selective electrode. Speciation results showed that the soluble copper and lead species occurred mainly in the moderately labile and slowly labile fractions. The speciation results are primarily interpreted in terms of organic interaction due to agricultural based and light industries, and urban discharges. The measured metal complexing capacity (MCC) of the samples reveals consistency of the results with the nature of the discharge. MCC correlates reasonably well with the value from the permanganate test on the river water. In general, the speciation pattern was found to be consistent with the findings of other workers.     

Influence of clay on the adsorption of heavy metals like copper and cadmium on chitosan

The influence of clay on the adsorption of heavy metals like copper and cadmium on chitosan from simulated industrial wastewater is evaluated. Chitosan–clay blend with ratio of (1:1), (1:2), and (2:1) have been prepared, and these were used as membranes to remove copper and cadmium ions from synthetic industrial wastewater. The chemical parameters for quantities of adsorption of heavy metal contamination have been done, and the kinetics of adsorption has also been carried out. Clay provides enough absorbable sites to overcome mass transfer limitations. The number of absorbable sites for cadmium is more compared to copper, and thus the rate of recovery of cadmium is faster than copper, and the percentage removal of cadmium is more than copper at all times on clay over nylon 6. This difference indicates the influence of clay in the adsorption of heavy metals in comparison to synthetic polymer nylon 6. Rate constant for first-order kinetics of adsorption, k ₁, for copper and cadmium is less than that of clay, which clearly indicates that clay, which is a natural polymer, is more kinetically favored compared to synthetic polymer. The difference in the intraparticle diffusion in both the natural and synthetic polymer is not much, and it suggests that the particle diffusion mechanism is the same in both cases. Copper and cadmium recovery is parallel at all times. The percentage of removal of copper increased with an increase in pH from 3 to 5. In the case of cadmium containing wastewater, the maximum removal of metal occurred at pH 5. The uptake amount of Cu²⁺ ions on chitosan increased rapidly with increasing the contact time from 0 to 360 min and then reaches equilibrium after 360 min, and the equilibrium constant for copper and cadmium ions are more or less the same for the adsorption reaction. There are more adsorption sites for cadmium in the presence of clay and mass transfer limitation is avoided without resorting to rotation, which is the highlight of the present work. And more so, this is pronounced in the case of natural polymer compared to synthetic polymer.     

巯基酯化壳聚糖的合成及对Cd2＋的去除性能研究

采用化学方法，研究了以巯基甲壳质制备巯基酯化壳聚糖的最佳合成方案。研究表明，巯基甲壳质的脱乙酰条件（包括时间、温度、氢氧化钠浓度）影响其产物巯基酯化壳聚糖对重金属镉离子的吸附效果。当脱乙酰时间为2h，温度为160℃，氢氧化钠浓度为20％时，20mg的合成产物对30mLCd2＋浓度为20mg／L水样的去除率最高，达到85．46％，其对镉离子的吸附量达到28．5mg／g。通过对产物进行红外分析发现，巯基甲壳质中出现脂基特征峰值，脱乙酰后脂基并没有消失，证明最后的产物为巯基酯化壳聚糖。     

Biosorption of copper(II) from aqueous solutions by pre-treated biomass of marine algae Padina sp

Biosorption of heavy metals can be an effective process for the removal and recovery of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. The biomass of marine algae has been reported to have high uptake capacities for a number of heavy metal ions. In this paper, the adsorption properties of a pre-treated biomass of marine algae Padina sp. for copper(II) were investigated. Equilibrium isotherms and kinetics were obtained from batch adsorption experiments. The biosorption capacities were solution pH dependent and the maximum capacity obtained was 0.80 mmol/g at a solution pH of about 5. The biosorption kinetics was found to be fast, with 90% of adsorption within 15 min and equilibrium reached at 30 min. The effects of light metal ions on copper(II) uptake were studied and the presence of light metal ions did not affect copper(II) uptake significantly. Fixed-bed breakthrough curves for copper(II) removal were also obtained. This study demonstrated that the pre-treated biomass of Padina sp. could be used as an effective biosorbent for the treatment of copper(II) containing wastewater streams.     

Increasing the recovery of heavy metal ions using two microbial fuel cells operating in parallel with no power output

The present study aimed to improve the performance of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) by using an intermittent connection period without power output. Connecting two MFCs in parallel improved the voltage output of both MFCs until the voltage stabilized. Electric energy was accumulated in two MFCs containing heavy metal ions copper, zinc, and cadmium as electron acceptors by connection in parallel for several hours. The system was then switched to discharge mode with single MFCs with a 1000-Ω resistor connected between anode and cathode. This method successfully achieved highly efficient removal of heavy metal ions. Even when the anolyte was run in sequencing batch mode, the insufficient voltage and power needed to recover heavy metals from the cathode of MFCs can be complemented by the developed method. The average removal ratio of heavy metal ions in sequencing batch mode was 67 % after 10 h. When the discharge time was 20 h, the removal ratios of zinc, copper, and cadmium were 91.5, 86.7, and 83.57 %, respectively; the average removal ratio of these ions after 20 h was only 52.1 % for the control group. Therefore, the average removal efficiency of heavy metal ions increased by 1.75 times using the electrons stored from the bacteria under the open-circuit conditions in parallel mode. Electrochemical impedance data showed that the anode had lower solution resistance and polarization resistance in the parallel stage than as a single MFC, and capacitance increased with the length of time in parallel.

     

Copper and cadmium removal from synthetic industrial wastewater using chitosan and nylon 6

Purpose

Chitosan with nylon 6 membranes was evaluated as adsorbents to remove copper and cadmium ions from synthetic industrial wastewater.

Methods

Chitosan and nylon 6 with glutaraldehyde blend ratio with (1:1+Glu, 1:2+Glu, and 2:1+Glu) have been prepared and these were used as membranes to remove copper and cadmium ions from synthetic industrial wastewater. Characterization of the synthesized membrane has been done with FTIR, XRD, TGA/DTA, DSC, and SEM. Chemical parameters for quantities of adsorption of heavy metal contamination have been done and the kinetics of adsorption has also been carried out.

Results

The optimal pH for the removal of Cd(II) and Cu(II) using chitosan with nylon 6. Maximum removal of the metals was observed at pH 5 for both the metals. The effect of adsorbent dose also has a pronounced effect on the percentage of removal of the metals. Maximum removal of both the metals was observed at 5 g/100 ml of the adsorbent.

Conclusion

Copper and cadmium recovery is parallel at all time. The percentage of removal of copper increased with increase in the pH from 3 to 5. In the case of cadmium containing wastewater, the maximum removal of metal occurred at pH 5. The uptake amount of Cu²⁺ ions on chitosan increased rapidly with increasing contact time from 0 to 360 min and then reaches equilibrium after 360 min; the equilibrium constant for copper and cadmium ions is more or less the same for the adsorption reaction.     

浮游球衣菌对Pb2+、Cu2+、Zn2+、Cd2+的吸附性能研究

研究了浮游球衣菌（Sphaerotilus natans）在不同吸附条件下对溶液中Pb^2＋、Cu^2＋、Zn^2＋、Cd^2＋的吸附规律。结果表明,Sphaerotilus natans对这4种重金属离子均有一定的吸附作用,并在20min内达到吸附平衡,pH对吸附过程影响较大,pH为5.5时Sphaerotilus natans对这4种金属离子的吸附效果最好,Sphaerotilus natans对它们的吸附选择性为Pb^2＋〉Cu^2＋〉Zn^2＋〉Cd^2＋,Pb^2＋、Cu^2＋能部分置换出已被菌体吸附的Zn^2＋、Cd^2＋。HCI和EDTA溶液可有效地将金属离子从菌体上解吸下来,解吸后的菌体可重复使用。