垃圾焚烧过程中影响重金属分布因素的研究

在转式垃圾焚烧炉和固定床加热炉中,研究了有机垃圾焚烧过程中温度、水分、无机氯及有机氯对几种重金属分布的影响。研究结果表明,焚烧垃圾过程中焚烧温度对重金属分布特性的影响特性不一,重金属锌和铅容易转移到气相中去,而重金属镍和铬大部分是以固态形式残留在底渣中;水能与重金属及其化合物发生反应,引起物质转变,影响重金属的分布;氯的存在也影响重金属的分布特性,氯的参与使重金属更易向飞灰或烟气中迁移。     

垃圾焚烧过程中影响重金属分布因素的研究

在转式垃圾焚烧炉和固定床加热炉中，研究了有机垃圾焚烧过程中温度、水分、无机氯及有机氯对几种重金属分布的影响。研究结果表明，焚烧垃圾过程中焚烧温度对重金属分布特性的影响特性不一，重金属锌和铅容易转移到气相中去，而重金属镍和铬大部分是以固态形式残留在底渣中；水能与重金属及其化合物发生反应，引起物质转变，影响重金属的分布；氯的存在也影响重金属的分布特性，氯的参与使重金属更易向飞灰或烟气中迁移。     

金属元素对原子荧光法测定砷的干扰研究

系统研究了常见金属元素对原子荧光法测定砷的干扰,并研究了硫脲、抗坏血酸、硫脲-抗坏血酸(体积比为1∶1)、柠檬酸钠、乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)、硫氰化钾、铁氰化钾、酒石酸钾钠、1,10-邻菲罗琳等9种常用的掩蔽剂对干扰金属元素的掩蔽性能.结果表明:(1)镉、铁、锰在测试条件下对砷的测定没有干扰或干扰可以忽略；铅、锌对砷的测定产生正干扰；铜、镍、铬、钴对砷的测定产生负干扰.不小于砷50倍浓度的铅、锌对砷的测定产生正干扰；不小于砷10倍浓度的镍以及不小于砷100倍浓度的铜、铬、钴对砷的测定产生负干扰.(2)硫脲-抗坏血酸、硫氰化钾、铁氰化钾对铜、钴、铬、镍等产生的负干扰有较好的掩蔽效果；EDTA能有效消除铅、锌产生的正干扰.     

宁波市土壤环境背景值及其分异特征

本文介绍了土壤中铜、铅、锌、镉、汞、铬、镍、锰、钴、铁、氟、砷、钒、硒等十四个微量元素的背景值,并对其在不同土类、不同母质、不同土层中的分异进行了论述。对今后宁波市制定发展规划、国土整治、工农业合理布局等提供了重要的科学依据。     

镍渣的重金属浸出特性

在分析镍渣的矿物相组成和重金属元素含量的基础上,鉴定了镍渣样品的浸出毒性,并考察了pH、液固比和浸出时间等条件对镍渣样中铬、铅、铜和锌等重金属浸出特性的影响。结果表明,镍渣中的重金属总量约为渣样的0.9%,且铬、铜和锌的含量较高,需进行安全管理。实验所用镍渣样品为第Ⅰ类一般工业固体废物。在强酸条件下镍渣中重金属浸出浓度较大,pH3后浸出浓度显著降低;液固比40 L/kg时,镍渣中重金属不断溶出,液固比40 L/kg后,浸出达到饱和,浸出浓度趋于平衡;随着浸出时间的增加,重金属离子的浸出浓度先增加后减少,但由于各重金属性质不同,各重金属达到最大浸出浓度的时间不同。     

洛阳郊区蔬菜基地土壤中重金属污染现状调查与评价

为研究洛阳郊区蔬菜基地土壤重金属污染现状,采集了洛阳郊区3个主要蔬菜基地的15个土壤样品,分析了土壤中重金属镉、汞、砷、铅、铬、铜、锌、镍的含量,并采用单项污染指数和综合污染指数进行评价。结果表明,3个蔬菜基地土壤中8种重金属含量均未超标,土壤中重金属单项污染指数和综合污染指数均小于1.0。在3个蔬菜基地中,北郊和东郊基地土壤中重金属的综合污染指数分别为0.52和0.60,均小于0.7,处于清洁(安全)水平,而西郊基地土壤中重金属的综合污染指数为0.78处于尚清洁(警戒限)水平。     

铜、砷、铅在环境中迁移转化规律的初步研究

以冶铜为主的俐陵第一冶炼厂排放的重金属烟尘中含主要有害金属铜(92.6克/公斤)、砷(21.2克/公斤)、铅(44.6克/公斤),此外还有极微量的其它有害金属元素如镉、锌、汞等。这些有害金属污染环境后,能直接或间接转移到生物界。为了进一步开展有关工作及为冶炼厂环境污染防治提供一些基本资料,特进行铜、砷、铅在环境中迁移转化规律的研究。     

华北农村水环境污染评价及源解析

近年来,国家相继发布多项重要文件要求整治农村人居环境、建设美丽乡村,但当前针对农村水环境问题研究相对较少,制约了农村环境治理工作开展。选取华北某镇农村河道坑塘,评价农村水环境污染水平、生态风险并进行污染溯源。结果表明,57处调查点位中有1处水体黑臭,但有多处调查点位水体溶解氧在2～3 mg·L^-1、透明度在25～35 cm、氨氮在8～15 mg·L^-1,接近黑臭阈值。仅有约9%的水体全部水质指标均能满足地表水V类要求(检测指标为18项),超标指标主要为pH、COD_Mn、BOD、氨氮、总磷、总氮、粪大肠菌群等8项。底泥总磷、总氮标准指数分别处于中度、重度污染状态,营养盐综合指数属于重度污染状态。底泥存在不同程度的重金属富集,铜、锌、汞、镉、铬、铅、砷、镍等8项重金属的平均浓度是天津土壤背景值的0.45～2.73倍。汞的地累积指数平均值为0.64,为轻度污染;铜、锌、镉、铬、铅、砷、镍等其他7项重金属为清洁状态。汞的潜在生态风险指数约110,为较高生态危害;其他7项重金属生态风险指数均小于80,为轻微生态危害。综合Pears...     

酸性膨润土处理含重金属废水初探

比较了膨润土及酸性膨润土处理重金属离子的性能;着重探讨了酸性膨润土去除废水中铅、镉、镍、铜、铬、锌的适宜条件;将它用于电镀废水中重金属离子的处理,效果较好。     

污泥蚓粪的土壤改良效果及其重金属健康风险

将污泥蚓粪作为改良剂施用于土壤,研究了污泥蚓粪的最佳配比,并利用健康风险评价模型对生菜(Lactuca sativa L. var. ramosa Hort.)和小白菜(Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis(L.)Makino var. communis Tsen et Lee)通过摄食途径进入人体的健康风险进行了评价。结果表明,风干污泥蚓粪占混合基质总质量的10%为最佳配比,该混合基质中铬未检出,镍、铜、锌、砷、镉、铅的质量浓度分别为(5.6±0.3)、(5.9±0.3)、(20.1±2.9)、(5.8±0.7)、(0.25±0.05)、(10.20±1.10)mg/kg,均未超过《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15168—1995)的二级标准和《农用污泥中污染物控制标准》(GB 4284—84)。该混合基质中生长的生菜和小白菜的重金属检测结果表明,《食品中污染物限量》(GB 2762—2012)中规定的铬、砷、镉和铅均未超标。健康风险评价结果表明,进行评价的铬、镍、铜、锌、砷、镉、铅不具有非致癌风险,砷、镉、铅不具有致癌风险。     

Trends in summer sulphate in Europe

A trend analysis of the sulphate concentration in Europe in the summer half-year was performed. Data from various measuring networks were analysed, but only stations with quality assured sampling methods and a record of more than 10 years were included in the study. 1978 served as the reference year for the trend, because in that year most stations started operation. The relatively dense network in Belgium provided the most valuable data, as evidenced by the fact that two sites at a distance of only 10 km apart correlated better than 95% over a month. The two sites also show a correlation of better than 90% over a season with two other stations at distances of 45 and 95 km. The relative decrease in summer-sulphate at the four stations in Belgium, as analysed by linear regression, was 3.3% per year which corresponds to an absolute decrease of 0.42 μgm⁻³ per year. In the Netherlands the average yearly decrease in summer-sulphate at two stations was 3.5% (−0.34 μgm⁻³). In other countries stations were further apart or only a single site wits in use, which limits the representativeness of the data. In northwestern Germany, a region with several monitoring stations, a yearly averaged decrease of 3.0% occurred. The lower absolute decrease (0.25 μgm⁻³) per year compared to that in the two neighbouring countries reflects the lower summer-time sulphate concentrations. In the remainder of Germany the average decrease was 1.6%. In South-Scandinavia the yearly relative decrease at two sites was 2.6% (0.13 μgm⁻³ absolute). There was no significant trend in the U.K. Al the Polish station the levels increased, it decreased at the Hungarian and Austrian station and remained constant at the Czechoslovakian site. Reasons for omission of the data from France from the trend analysis are discussed.     

Differences in Cu content in selected mushroom species growing in the same unpolluted areas in Poland

The aim of the study was to estimate copper (Cu) accumulation efficiency in whole-fruiting bodies of 18 edible and non-edible wild growing mushrooms collected from 27 places in the Wielkopolska Voivodeship. Mushrooms were collected each time from the same places to estimate the diversity in Cu accumulation between tested mushroom species within 3 consecutive years of study (2011–2013). The study results revealed various accumulation of Cu in the whole-tested mushroom fruiting bodies. The highest mean accumulation of Cu was observed in Macrolepiota procera (119.4 ± 20.0 mg kg^?1 dm), while the lowest was in Suillus luteus and Russula fellea fruiting bodies (16.1 ± 3.0 and 18.8 ± 4.6 mg kg^?1 dm, respectively). Significant differences in Cu accumulation between mushroom species collected in 2011 and in the two following years (2012 and 2013) were observed. The results indicated that sporadic consumption of these mushrooms was not related to excessive intake of Cu for the human body (no toxic influence on health).     

Pesticides in rainfall in Europe

Papers and published reports investigating the presence of pesticides in rainfall in Europe were reviewed. Approximately half of the compounds that were analysed for were detected. For those detected, most concentrations were below about 100 ng/l, but larger concentrations, up to a few thousand nanograms per litre, were detected occasionally at most monitoring sites. The most frequently detected compounds were lindane (gamma-HCH) and its isomer (alpha-HCH), which were detected on 90-100% of sampling occasions at most of the sites where they were monitored. For compounds developed more recently, detection was usually limited to the spraying season. A classification of pesticides according to their deposition pattern is proposed.     

大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究进展

二（口/恶）（口/英）是世界公认的强致癌物质,对人体健康危害极大.近年来,大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）的研究已成为各国环境化学家研究的热点.本文总结了近年来国际上有关大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究的进展情况,以及所取得的主要研究成果,并在此基础上指出了我国目前研究中存在的问题及以后所应开展的工作.     

Residues of organochlorine pesticides in fishes in Sudan

Abstract

Cotton‐producing areas of the Centrol Sudan, bordered by the Blue and the White Nile, have been subjected to repeated applications of pesticides. This region is irrigated by a series of canals, the Gezira canals, which hold large amounts of fresh water. Lake Nubia at the Sudan‐Egypt border is another important fresh water reservoir and fisheries ground. Fish from both the Gezira and Lake Nubia showed elevated concentrations of pesticides, suggesting that continued pesticides application would endanger the equatic fauna of this region and the proposed fresh water fishery.     

Pesticide distribution in an agricultural environment in Argentina

An assessment of the off-site migration of pesticides from agricultural activity into the environment in the Neuquen River Valley was performed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution of pesticides in several compartments of a small agricultural sub-catchment. Soil, surface water, shallow groundwater and drift deposition were analyzed for pesticide residues. Results showed the presence of some pesticide residues in soil, surface water and shallow groundwater compartments. The highest detection frequencies in water (surface and subsurface) were found for azinphos-methyl and chlorpyrifos (>70%). In terms of concentration, the highest levels were observed in shallow groundwater for azinphos methyl (22.5 μg/L) and carbaryl (45.7 μg/L). In the soil, even before the application period had started, accumulation of residues was present. These residues increased during the period studied. Spray drift during pesticide application was found to be a significant pathway for the migration of pesticide residues in surface water, while leaching and preferential flows were the main transport routes contributing to subsurface contamination.     

Large-scale spatial variation in mercury concentrations in cattle in NW Spain

Mercury (Hg) is a highly toxic environmental contaminant and man-made emissions account for between a quarter and a third of total atmospheric levels. Point discharges, particularly coal-burning power stations, are major sources of atmospheric Hg and can result in marked spatial variation in mercury deposition and subsequent uptake by biota. The aims of this study were to quantify the extent to which major point and diffuse sources of atmospheric Hg emissions affected accumulation of Hg by biota throughout Galicia and Asturias, two of the major regions in northwest Spain. We did this by relating renal Hg concentrations in locally reared cattle (n=284) to the proximity of animals to point and diffuse sources of Hg emissions. Mercury residues in calf kidneys ranged between non-detected and 89.4 g/kg wet weight. Point discharges from coal-fired power plants in Galicia had the most dominant impact on Hg accumulation by calves in Galicia, affecting animals throughout the region and explaining some two-thirds of the variation in renal residues between animals located directly downwind from the plants. The effects of more diffuse emission sources on Hg accumulation in calves were not distinguishable in Galicia but were detected in cattle from neighbouring Asturias. The impact of both point and diffuse sources in elevating environmental levels of bioavailable Hg and subsequent accumulation by cattle extended to approximately 140-200 km downwind from source.     

Bioaccumulation of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane in perch in Swedish lakes

Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), a high production volume chemical used in personal care products, enters the environment both via air and sewage treatment plant (STP) recipients. It has been found in fish, and there is concern that it may be a bioaccumulative substance. In this work D5 was analyzed in perch from six Swedish lakes that did not receive STP effluent, and in perch and sediment from six lakes that received STP effluent. In the lakes receiving the STP effluent, the D5 concentrations in sediment varied over three orders of magnitude and were correlated with the number of persons connected to the STP normalized to the surface area of the receiving body. In the lakes not receiving effluent, the D5 levels in perch were all below the LOQ, while D5 was above the LOQ in almost all perch from lakes that received effluent. The D5 concentrations in perch and sediment from the lakes receiving STP effluent were correlated. This shows that STP effluent is a much more important source of D5 to aquatic ecosystems than atmospheric deposition, and that the risk of adverse effects of D5 on aquatic life will be greatest in small recipients receiving large amounts of STP effluent. The bioaccumulation of D5 was compared to that of PCB 180 on the basis of multimedia bioaccumulation factors (mmBAFs), which describe the fraction of the contaminant present in the whole aquatic environment (i.e. water and surface sediment) that is transferred to the fish. In four of the six lakes the mmBAF of D5 was >0.3 of the mmBAF of PCB 180. Given that PCB 180 is a known highly bioaccumulative chemical, this indicates that the bioaccumulation of D5 in perch is considerable.     

Trace Metals in Upland Headwater Lakes in Ireland

Trace elements (n = 23) in Irish headwater lakes (n = 126) were investigated to determine their ambient concentrations, fractionation (total, dissolved, and non-labile), and geochemical controls. Lakes were generally located in remote upland, acid-sensitive regions along the coastal margins of the country. Total trace metal concentrations were low, within the range of natural pristine surface waters; however, some lakes (~20 %) had inorganic labile aluminum and manganese at levels potentially harmful to aquatic organisms. Redundancy analysis indicated that geochemical weathering was the dominant controlling factor for total metals, compared with acidity for dissolved metals. In addition, many metals were positively correlated with dissolved organic carbon indicating their affinity (or complexation) with humic substances (e.g., aluminum, iron, mercury, lead). However, a number of trace metals (e.g., aluminum, mercury, zinc) were correlated with anthropogenic acidic deposition (i.e., non-marine sulfate), suggesting atmospheric sources or elevated leaching owing to acidic deposition. As transboundary air pollution continues to decline, significant changes in the cycling of trace metals is anticipated.     

基因芯片在环境毒理学研究中的应用进展

基因芯片可以将大量的DNA信息集成到 1cm2 左右的芯片上 ,对生命信息具有大规模平行处理的能力 ,为环境毒理学研究提供了一个理想的平台。基因芯片可以精确地完成污染物对人类基因表达影响的分析 ,并对污染物进行分类与分级 ,筛选毒物靶标和确定毒性机理。本文描述了基因芯片技术、毒理学应用研究现状及应用前景。引用文献 2 9篇。