一株耐盐柴油降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解性能

从某油田附近受石油污染土壤中分离出一株以柴油为惟一碳源的耐盐菌株LS1。通过对菌株的生理生化特性、菌体的形态观察及16S r DNA基因序列分析鉴定菌株LS1为假单胞菌属(pseudomonas)。该菌株可耐受的最高盐度(Na Cl)和柴油浓度分别为6%~8%和12 000 mg/L。菌株生长的适宜p H和温度条件分别为6.0~8.0和28~36℃。在盐度为6%、p H为7.0、温度为32℃、菌种投加量为10%的条件下,初始浓度为3 000 mg/L的柴油经6 d降解后,去除率可达78.3%,加入适量外加碳源葡萄糖和蔗糖,可使降解率分别提高至92%和90%左右。菌株LS1的耐盐机理可能是通过在细胞内积累甜菜碱以调节菌株细胞内外渗透压平衡。投加甜菜碱可提高耐盐菌LS1在高盐环境下对柴油的降解效率。     

一株氧化亚铁硫杆菌的分离及其浸出废旧线路板中铜的效果

从广东某硫铁矿山酸性废水中分离到一株嗜酸性细菌,经形态观察、生理学和近全长16S rRNA基因分析鉴定为氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,简称A.ferrooxidans),命名为Z1。该菌与GenBank中菌株A.ferrooxidansCMS等处在系统发育树的同一分支,16S rRNA基因序列相似度均为99%。菌株Z1生长的最适pH值和温度分别为2.25和30℃,对数生长期处于第18～30小时,Fe2+平均氧化速率达到0.2307 g/(L.h),经驯化后能耐受15 g/L的废旧线路板金属富集体。浸出实验结果表明,在起始pH值为2.25、起始Fe2+浓度为9 g/L、接种量为10%、金属富集体投加量为15 g/L的条件下,菌株Z1能在62 h内浸出废旧线路板中99.3%的铜。与生物浸出效果类似,过滤除菌的滤菌液处理能在86 h内浸出96.0%的铜。而不接种上述细菌的9K培养基无菌浸出对照134 h铜的浸出率仅为61.3%。因此,菌株Z1可作为浸出废旧线路板中有价金属的潜在有效菌株。     

一株高效MC-RR降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性

为了得到一株具有降解微囊藻毒素-RR(MC-RR)特性的产芽孢菌株,采用加热富集芽孢菌的方法,从太湖分离到一株MC-RR降解菌CM1,该菌对MC-RR具有强烈的降解特性。通过形态学特征、生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列分析鉴定该菌株属于耐硼赖氨酸芽孢杆菌(Lysinibacillus boronitolerans)。通过研究温度和pH值对菌株CM1降解MC-RR能力的影响,发现菌株CM1在60 h将MC-RR由12.77μg/mL降解到1.67μg/mL,降解率达86.90%,最适降解温度为37℃,最适pH值为7.0。CM1菌株的胞外物质和胞内物质均能降解MC-RR,但胞内物质具有更强烈的降解特性,12 h可以将7.27μg/mL的MC-RR完全降解。为丰富MC-RR降解菌纯菌种研究以及在去除水体中MC-RR应用研究方面提供了理论基础。     

一株高效耐冷菌的分离鉴定及降解特性研究

寒冷地区水温偏低,污水生物处理效果差,出水达标困难。从寒冷地区水土样品中,分离到数株能在2℃下生长的低温菌株,选择优势菌N进行重点研究。从脱氢酶活性机制上,考察了不同条件对N菌株降解能力的影响;对比研究了它与常温活性污泥降解能力和脱氢酶活性的差异。结果表明:N菌株属于耐冷型低温微生物,结合16S rDNA序列同源性分析及生理生化特性鉴定为黄假单胞菌;5℃曝气8 h,接种废水COD、氨氮去除率均在90%以上;低温条件下,该耐冷菌对生活污水降解率比常温活性污泥高出40%,脱氢酶具有更高的活性,在低温污水处理方面具有广阔的应用前景。     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌浸铜作用研究

为研究氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,简称A.f)对铜浸出的作用,从某煤堆积水中分离得到A.f菌,利用该菌对铜进行浸出实验,设置3个处理,3个处理的浸出液分别为9 K培养基(简称S),成熟菌液(简称MS)和过滤除菌液(简称FS)。结果表明,3个处理中铜都得到了浸出,浸出铜浓度按S、FS和MS依次递增分别为4 433、5 377和6 296 mg/L;浸出初期,MS中的铜,浸出速度最快,过滤除菌液中次之,而培养基中的速度比较稳定,比前两者均慢,24 h后三者浸铜速度趋近一致;三者中pH、Eh变化相似,pH均先升高至3.4左右保持相对稳定,Eh均先迅速下降至280 mV后保持稳定。由实验可知,氧化亚铁硫杆菌主要在浸出初期促进了铜的浸出,且菌液中溶解氧氧化Fe2+以及酸性条件下氧化Cu0对铜的浸出作用不容忽视。     

一株耐汞菌的分离鉴定及其去汞特性

从北京密云水库上游金矿区的富汞土壤中筛选出5株耐汞菌,并观察其在不同汞浓度中的生长情况,发现其中一株最大耐汞水平为25 mg·L~(-1),研究确定了该菌种的去汞最适宜条件为温度30℃,pH=7,并在最佳条件下测定此菌株在初始浓度为10 mg·L~(-1)的汞环境中的24 h汞去除率达到90%以上,且不同温度、pH和汞浓度对其去汞效率有不同程度的影响。经鉴定此菌种为变形假单胞菌(Pseudomonas plecoglossicida),该菌株在治理土壤环境的汞污染问题上具有良好的应用前景。     

耐盐菌群对高含盐染料模拟废水的脱色实验研究

目前生物法处理高含盐染料废水的研究鲜有报道,实验对3种不同来源的活性污泥进行耐盐驯化,耐盐程度达到25%NaC l(w/w),用驯化得到的耐盐菌对高含盐染料K-2BP模拟废水进行厌氧脱色研究,脱色率达100%,并对其脱色机理进行了初步探讨,同时,进行了耐盐菌的脱色广谱性实验,结果表明驯化耐盐菌对所选取的13种不同结构的染料均有很高的脱色效果。研究为常规生物法应用于高含盐废水的处理提供了实验基础和理论依据。     

一株高效MC—RR降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性

为了得到一株具有降解微囊藻毒素一RR（MC—RR）特性的产芽孢菌株，采用加热富集芽孢菌的方法，从太湖分离到一株MC．RR降解菌CMl，该菌对MC—RR具有强烈的降解特性。通过形态学特征、生理生化特征及16SrDNA序列分析鉴定该菌株属于耐硼赖氨酸芽孢杆菌（Lysinibacillusb oronitolerans）。通过研究温度和pH值对菌株CMl降解MC—RR能力的影响，发现菌株CMl在60h将MC—RR由12．77μg／mL降解到1．67μg／mL，降解率达86．90％，最适降解温度为37℃，最适pH值为7．0。CMl菌株的胞外物质和胞内物质均能降解MC—RR，但胞内物质具有更强烈的降解特性，12h可以将7．27μg／mL的MC-RR完全降解。为丰富MC-RR降解菌纯菌种研究以及在去除水体中MC—RR应用研究方面提供了理论基础。     

1株耐冷耐碱好氧反硝化菌的鉴定及其脱氮特性

从贵州冬季水田泥土中分离得到1株好氧反硝化菌,并将其记为菌株B,通过16SrRNA基因测序与形态学分析,将菌株B鉴定为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)。对菌株B的好氧反硝化脱氮特性研究表明,该菌在温度低至5℃时对反硝化液体培养基中硝酸盐氮和TN的去除率分别仍达43.16%、27.57%;当pH高达10.0时,菌株B对硝酸盐氮和TN的去除率分别仍达75.10%、67.65%。菌株B的最适培养条件为:温度15℃、pH 7.0、转速150r/min、接菌量1.5×10~(8 )cfu,以丁二酸钠为碳源,碳氮比(C/N,质量比)为15,在此条件下培养48h后,对硝酸盐氮和离心后的TN的去除率分别高达98.60%、93.85%。可见,菌株B是1株耐冷耐碱的好氧反硝化菌,对低温和碱性废水脱氮有较好的应用潜力。     

pH、温度及初始铊浓度对硫酸盐还原菌脱铊的影响

环境因素对硫酸盐还原菌除铊效果具有较大的影响。在对上流式厌氧污泥床污泥中分离纯化得到的硫酸盐还原菌进行初步鉴定的基础上,探讨pH、温度以及初始铊浓度对硫酸盐还原菌除铊效果的影响。实验结果表明,3株耐铊硫酸盐还原菌生长的反应适宜pH为6.0,该pH环境下3个菌株的铊去除率分别为96.71%、97%和96.23%;最适温度在28~32℃范围内,此条件下3株菌株对铊的去除率分别高达93.11%、91.84%和92.83%;初始低浓度铊对菌株除铊效果影响较小,3株菌株除铊率均达到99.4%以上。对反应过程中的pH、温度以及初始铊浓度进行调节,对于改善硫酸盐还原菌去除铊污染效果具有重要意义。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Radionuclides in deer and elk from Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the ingestion of muscle and bone

Abstract

This paper summarizes radionuclide concentrations (³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, ²⁴¹Am, and ^totU) in muscle and bone tissue of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) collected from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico, lands from 1991 through 1998. Also, the committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) and the risk of excess cancer fatalities (RECF) to people who ingest muscle and bone from deer and elk collected from LANL lands were estimated. Most radionuclide concentrations in muscle and bone from individual deer (n = 11) and elk (n = 22) collected from LANL lands were either at less than detectable quantities (where the analytical result was smaller than two counting uncertainties) and/or within upper (95%) level background (BG) concentrations. As a group, most radionuclides in muscle and bone of deer and elk from LANL lands were not significantly higher (p<0.10) than in similar tissues from deer (n = 3) and elk (n = 7) collected from BG locations. Also, elk that had been radio collared and tracked for two years and spent an average time of 50% on LANL lands were not significantly different in most radionuclides from road kill elk that have been collected as part of the environmental surveillance program. Overall, the upper (95%) level net CEDEs (the CEDE plus two sigma for each radioisotope minus background) at the most conservative ingestion rate (50 lbs of muscle and 13 lbs of bone) were as follows: deer muscle = 0.22 mrem y^‐1 (2.2 μSv y^‐1), deer bone = 3.8 mrem y^‐1 (38 μSv y^‐1), elk muscle = 0.12 mrem y^‐1 (1.2 μSv y^‐1), and elk bone = 1.7 mrem y^‐1 (17 μSv y^‐1). All CEDEs were far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection guideline of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1), and the highest muscle plus bone net CEDE corresponded to a RECF of 2E‐06, which is far below the Environmental Protection Agency upper level guideline of 1E‐04.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.