液固比对含重金属水泥熟料制品中重金属释放的影响

通过模拟煅烧试验制取水泥熟料，参照JGJ 55-2000（《普通混凝土配比设计规程》）制取混凝土样品，参考SR003.1和NEN 7375浸出试验，分别研究液固比对粒状及块状混凝土样品中重金属（Cr、Ni和As）释放的影响。结果表明，在不同液固比条件下粒状混凝土中的重金属浸出浓度为Cr>Ni>As，Cr、As浸出浓度基本保持不变，分别为2 500 μg/L左右和5～6 μg/L，Ni在液固比（L∶S）<6时，浸出浓度随着液固比的增加而降低，在L∶S>6时，浸出浓度较稳定，为35.7～41.5 μg/L；浸出量均随着液固比的增加而增大。液固比（L∶S）<10时，块状混凝土中重金属累积释放量及扩散系数均随液固比的增加而增大，当L∶S>10时两者基本保持不变。     

废物水泥窑共处置产品中Cd释放的pH影响

用高温电炉模拟煅烧试验制取水泥熟料后再制作混凝土,参考EA NEN 7375:2004浸出试验,设定5种不同pH的浸取液对混凝土进行长期浸出试验,研究了pH对水泥窑共处置混凝土中Cd释放量以及释放过程的影响.结果表明:(1)pH为2.00、3.50、5.00、7.35和10.00的浸取液中,Cd的累积释放量分别为0.408 0、0.005 8、0.000 7、0.000 4、0.001 2 mg/kg.在酸性条件下,随pH的增大,Cd的累积释放量减小.在碱性条件下,随pH的增大,Cd的累积释放量增大.(2)pH为7.35的浸取液中,Cd累积释放量的释放曲线与斜率为0.5的直线拟合最佳.pH为7.35的浸取液中,混凝土中Cd的释放机制为扩散控制;pH为2.00和5.00的浸取液中,Cd的释放在前期为扩散控制,后期发生了耗竭作用;pH为3.50和10.00条件下,Cd的释放在前期发生了延滞作用,中期为扩散控制,后期发生了耗竭作用.     

pH值对烧结砖中重金属释放的影响

采用酸消解实验和NEN 7371浸出实验研究了烧结砖中重金属总量和有效释放量,采用pH-dependence实验研究pH对破碎烧结砖样品中重金属(Cr、Ni、As、Cd和Pb)浸出特性的影响,以及烧结砖样品的酸碱缓冲容量。结果表明,烧结砖中重金属的有效释放量低于总量,释放率从大到小依次为CdAsPbNiCr;烧结砖的酸缓冲容量较小,浸出液pH从7.03降到3.64,消耗了29.33 mmol/kg硝酸,碱缓冲容量较大,pH从7.03升到12.40,共消耗256 mmol/kg氢氧化钠溶液,因此在使用烧结砖的过程中要特别注意环境pH;浸提液的酸碱性是影响烧结砖中重金属浸出的重要参数,在实验研究的pH范围内,不同重金属的浸出规律不同。Cr和As的释放受pH影响较小,而Ni和Cd的浸出量随pH的增大而降低,Pb的浸出量在强酸和强碱条件下均较大,当pH在5.59~9.86的范围内浸出量很低。     

pH值对含砷水泥熟料制品中砷释放的影响

通过模拟煅烧实验制取水泥熟料，并制取混凝土样品。参照NEN-7375浸出方法，设定5种不同pH值的浸取液，研究了pH值对混凝土块中重金属As释放的影响。结果表明，浸取液的pH为2.0、3.5、5.0、7.35和10.0时，混凝土中As的观测累积释放量分别为0.0553、0.04253、0.0157、0.00939和0.0148 mg/kg；酸性范围内，观测累积释放量随着pH值的增大而减小，并在弱碱性条件下达到最小值，碱性范围内，随pH值的增大而呈增加的趋势。pH值对As的释放过程有影响，在前期，pH=2.0、3.5和10.0的浸取液中，释放曲线与斜率为0.5的直线拟合较佳，并且在1～4区间修正累积释放量曲线的斜率均在0.35～0.65范围内，其释放表现为扩散控制，而pH=5.0和7.35的浸取液中，则分别发生了表面冲刷作用和延滞现象；在中后期，pH=2.0的浸取液中，As的释放出现了耗竭现象，而pH=3.5和10.0则出现了溶解现象，pH=5.0和7.35则均为扩散控制。     

2种浸出方法对水泥熟料的适用性比较

采用2种不同类型的代表性浸出方法:TCLP和NEN7371对不同重金属含量及不同烧制条件下所得水泥熟料进行浸出实验.结果表明,NEN7371方法下各样品中所有受试重金属几乎均有检出,大部分重金属的浸出率均高于10%;重金属的浸出浓度与其在熟料样品中含量的趋势对应性较好;TCLP方法下各样品中的受试重金属均只有部分检出,且浸出率一般在0.5%左右,浸出浓度很低,仪器检测误差较大.说明在考察水泥熟料中重金属的浸出特性时,NEN7371方法的适用性相对更好.     

造粒飞灰沥青混凝土路面利用的地下水环境风险评估

由于飞灰的主要成分与粉煤灰、高炉矿渣等非常接近,用于沥青混凝土路面中具有良好的发展前景。但飞灰中含有的重金属等有害物质对路面周围的环境影响不容忽视。通过对飞灰沥青混凝土采用水槽浸出试验得到重金属的长期累积释放量,并构建出重金属渗入地下水的迁移扩散模型,对道路中重金属进入地下水进行环境风险评估,最后根据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749—2006)推算出沥青混凝土路面中重金属的有效量限值。结果表明:As、Cr的致癌风险值分别为2.26×10~(-10)、2.33×10~(-10),Zn、Cd、Hg的非致癌危害商分别为4.17×10~(-7)、2.43×10~(-7)、7.22×10~(-6),分别未超过风险表征限值10~(-6)与1;造粒飞灰沥青混凝土路面中Cr、Zn、As、Cd、Hg的有效量限值分别为25.46、279.83、1.10、12.19、0.07mg/kg。     

过硫酸盐缓释材料释放过程模型构建

为预测评估过硫酸盐缓释材料的释放性能,对释放过程模型的构建以及模型的验证进行了研究。借助微积分思想,从材料体的概化分割、初始条件设定、每个小单元的状态标定、各个小单元中过硫酸钾的迁移变化量以及材料最外层释放过硫酸盐的量5个方面构建过硫酸盐缓释材料释放模型,利用Excel-VBA编程实现其释放过程模拟。采用欧盟标准NEN7375测试过硫酸盐缓释材料释放性能并获得模型参数。通过输入相关模型参数得到过硫酸盐动态迁移过程及其释放特征曲线,并利用实测数据与模拟数据进行拟合校验。结果表明,模型模拟值与实测值拟合较好,平均误差为1.88%,表明该模型设计合理,能够准确模拟过硫酸盐缓释材料释放过程,可作为缓释材料优化设计工具。     

间歇浸取对废物水泥窑共处置产品中Cr和As释放的影响

研究间歇浸取条件下废物水泥窑共处置产品中重金属Cr、As的释放,对水泥产品在实际应用中的环境安全性评价有重要意义.通过模拟煅烧实验制取含Cr和As的水泥熟料,并制取混凝土样品,采用pH影响实验和扩散浸出实验,研究了混凝土中Cr和As的溶解特性及其间歇浸取对混凝土中Cr和As释放的影响.结果表明,浸取方式对浸取液pH有较...     

基于生态水泥的再生混凝土中重金属浸出动力学研究

使用生态水泥、再生骨料制备再生混凝土.分别通过快速浸出实验和长期连续浸出实验对混凝土中的重金属进行浸取,并采用原子吸收光谱法检测浸出溶液中的重金属含量,对比研究再生混凝土与普通混凝土重金属浸出性能差异.研究发现,快速浸出实验条件下,再生混凝土浸出液各重金属浸出浓度高于普通混凝土浸出浓度,但仍低于《危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性鉴别》(GB5085.3-2007)标准规定的限值.快速浸出实验条件下重金属浸出量与重金属总量相关性不显著,说明快速实验方法有局限性.长期连续浸出实验结果表明,再生混凝土各重金属元素的扩散系数高于普通混凝土(除Zn外),这是由再生混凝土独特的显微结构引起的.     

基于重金属提取的垃圾焚烧飞灰无害化处理

采用加酸浸出工艺对垃圾焚烧飞灰进行无害化处理。研究证明盐酸能有效分离飞灰中重金属,重金属浸出率与盐酸浓度及液固比有关;重金属在实验的盐酸浓度和液固比下都能达到高浸出率,但液固比越低,浸出液中重金属的浓度就越高,越有利于重金属的回收。当盐酸浓度为5 mol·L~(-1)、液固比为2(mL:g)时,Pb、Cd和Zn浸出率均达到95%以上,而Cu的浸出率也达到81.38%,Pb、Cd、Zn和Cu的浓度分别为468.10、78.12、2 268.80和347.78 mg·L~(-1)。残灰采用加盐水洗工艺后,浸出毒性超标的重金属Pb和Cd浸出毒性低于GB 16889-2008标准限值,符合填埋要求。     

Metals distribution in soils around the cement factory in southern Jordan

Thirty one soil samples were collected from south Jordan around the cement factory in Qadissiya area. The samples were obtained at two depths, 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm and were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometery for Pb, Zn, Cd, Fe, Cu and Cr. Physicochemical factors believed to affect their mobility of metals in soil of the study area were examined such as; pH, TOM, CaCO3, CEC and conductivity. The relatively high concentrations of lead, zinc and cadmium in the soil samples of the investigated area were related to anthropogenic sources such as cement industry, agriculture activities and traffic emissions. It was found that the lead, zinc and cadmium have the highest level in area close to the cement factory, while the concentration of chromium was low. This study indicate that all of the metals are concentrated on the surface soil, and decreased in the lower part of the soil, this due to reflects their mobility and physical properties of soil and its alkaline pH values. The use of factor analysis showed that anthropogenic activities seem to be the responsible source of pollution for metals in urban soils.     

Wet deposition of mercury within the vicinity of a cement plant before and during cement plant maintenance

Hg species (total mercury, methylmercury, reactive mercury) in precipitation were investigated in the vicinity of the Lehigh Hanson Permanente Cement Plant in the San Francisco Bay Area, CA., USA. Precipitation was collected weekly between November 29, 2007 and March 20, 2008, which included the period in February and March 2008 when cement production was minimized during annual plant maintenance. When the cement plant was operational, the volume weighted mean (VWM) and wet depositional flux for total Hg (Hg_T) were 6.7 and 5.8 times higher, respectively, compared to a control site located 3.5 km east of the cement plant. In February and March, when cement plant operations were minimized, levels were approximately equal at both sites (the ratio for both parameters was 1.1). Due to the close proximity between the two sites, meteorological conditions (e.g., precipitation levels, wind direction) were similar, and therefore higher VWM Hg_T levels and Hg_T deposition likely reflected increased Hg emissions from the cement plant. Methylmercury (MeHg) and reactive Hg (Hg(II)) were also measured; compared to the control site, the VWM for MeHg was lower at the cement plant (the ratio = 0.75) and the VWM for Hg(II) was slightly higher (ratio = 1.2), which indicated the cement plant was not likely a significant source of these Hg species to the watershed.     

水泥窑处置生活垃圾过程中的TOC排放

随着水泥窑协同处置生活垃圾、污泥和危废等技术的推广应用,相关环保控制要求也不断提高,处置过程烟道气中总有机碳(total organic carbon,TOC)含量高低,也逐渐成为人们关注和控制的目标。为了消除人们的疑虑,将未经发酵的筛下(厨余)物直接加入低温烘干粉磨的水泥生料磨系统中,经实验检测分析和工程现场测试实践证明,在控制一定添加量的情况下,该过程中各环节TOC含量非但不会增加,反而有所降低,其降幅高达40%。     

Arsenic leachability and speciation in cement immobilized water treatment sludge

Arsenic leachability and speciation in cement immobilized water treatment sludge were investigated with leaching tests and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. The As leachability in the sludge determined with the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) and the waste extraction test (WET) was 283 and 7490 microgl(-1), respectively. Extractions with a lower liquid to solid ratio, under anaerobic conditions, and using citric acid buffer solution dramatically increased the leachate As concentration. XANES results showed that the As(III) composition was reduced from 51.1% of the total As content in the sludge to 16.3% in the cement treated sample with 28 days of cure. When the cement treated sample was cured for two years, the As(III) composition was decreased to 7.4%. The cement treatment reduced the As leachability. The leachate As(III) and total As concentrations were of the same order of magnitude in the samples cured for 28 days as for 2yr. However, consistently lower concentrations were detected in samples with longer cure time. The results of this study improve our understanding of arsenic speciation and leachability in the cement matrix after long cure times.     

石灰污泥共热法在水泥煅烧中的应用

利用水泥窑尾的高温废气干化污泥是处理污泥且节约能源的新方法。为了模拟窑尾废气干化污泥的生产工艺,试验对污泥与石灰共热干化,研究了石灰(CaO)在污泥热干化过程中作用,可提高污泥的干化速率,减少有害气体排放及提高干化污泥的稳定性。研究表明,当石灰掺量质量百分含量达到10%时,250℃下污泥干化速率同比提高了19.6%;释放的H2S气体减少了95.1%;污泥中有机物含量减少了77.87%。     

水泥窑共处置污染土壤的污染排放研究

以被DDT和六六六污染的土壤为研究对象，开展了利用水泥窑进行共处置的工程试验研究，分析了共处置过程对尾气排放的影响。结果表明，水泥窑共处置对农药污染物的焚毁去除率很高，DDT达到99.99991%，六六六达到99.99964%，均高于我国危险废物焚烧炉规定99.99％的焚烧效率；与空白处理相比，尾气排放中有机污染物（包括二恶英/呋喃，简称PCDD/F、多氯联苯PCB、六氯苯HCB、挥发性有机物VOC）、酸性气体和重金属的排放在共处置过程中没有显著增加，且都低于相应的规定限值。试验结果表明，水泥窑共处置固体废物不会导致污染负荷的增加。     

Formation, release and control of dioxins in cement kilns

Co-processing of hazardous wastes in cement kilns have for decades been thought to cause increased emissions of PCDD/PCDFs--a perception that has been evaluated in this study. Hundreds of PCDD/PCDF measurements conducted by the cement industry and others in the last few years, on emissions and solid materials, as well as recent test burns with hazardous wastes in developing countries do not support this perception. Newer data has been compared with older literature data and shows in particular that many emission factors have to be reconsidered. Early emission factors for cement kilns co-processing hazardous waste, which are still used in inventories, are shown to be too high compared with actual measurements. Less than 10 years ago it was believed that the cement industry was the main contributor of PCDD/PCDFs to air; data collected in this study indicates however that the industry contributes with less than 1% of total emissions to air. The Stockholm Convention on POPs presently ratified by 144 parties, classifies cement kilns co-processing hazardous waste as a source category having the potential for comparatively high formation and release of PCDD/PCDFs. This classification is based on early investigations from the 1980s and 1990s where kilns co-processing hazardous waste had higher emissions compared to those that did not burn hazardous waste. However, the testing of these kilns was often done under worst case scenario conditions known to favour PCDD/PCDF formation. More than 2000 PCDD/PCDF cement kiln measurements have been evaluated in this study, representing most production technologies and waste feeding scenarios. They generally indicate that most modern cement kilns co-processing waste today can meet an emission level of 0.1ngI-TEQ/m(3), when well managed and operated. In these cases, proper and responsible use of waste including organic hazardous waste to replace parts of the fossil fuel does not seem to increase formation of PCDD/PCDFs. Modern preheater/precalciner kilns generally seems to have lower emissions than older wet-process cement kilns. It seems that the main factors stimulating formation of PCDD/PCDFs is the availability of organics in the raw material and the temperature of the air pollution control device. Feeding of materials containing elevated concentrations of organics as part of raw-material-mix should therefore be avoided and the exhaust gases should be cooled down quickly in long wet and long dry cement kilns without preheating. PCDD/PCDFs could be detected in all types of solid samples analysed: raw meal, pellets and slurry; alternative raw materials as sand, chalk and different ashes; cement kiln dust, clinker and cement. The concentrations are however generally low, similar to soil and sediment.     

Possible reuse of Egyptian controlled cement dust

Possibilities for the reuse of controlled cement dust, collected from the hopper of the electrostatic precipitators installed on the different cement kilns of two of the three biggest companies for Portland cement production located to the south of Cairo, have been investigated. Twenty-one factors representing the physical properties and mineral and chemical composition of the cement dust were estimated and discussed. The results have been compared with the corresponding figures of three Portland cement companies in the United Arab Emirates and also with the British Standard Requirements of ordinary Portland cement. The study found that the cement dust can be reused after some feasible treatments, such as increasing the fineness and tricalcium silicate ratio and decreasing its alkalinity. Consequently, in this circumstance, pollution prevention at source is proving to be a boon as it can not only bring down pollution levels but also add to the companies' profits through efficient use of resources.