包埋固定化微生物法处理含油废水研究

本研究通过包埋固定化微生物法固定除油(Y1#菌),用于处理含油废水,并以水体中乳化油去除率为指标考察了影响乳化油降解的各种因素.选用聚乙烯醇(PVA)-海藻酸钠(SA)复配作为包埋固定化载体材料,制备成固定化微生物小球(IMB),通过实验优化了IMB制备的工艺条件.连续批次除油实验结果表明,在25～40℃,固液比1∶10,HRT为6 h的条件下,进水油含量在20～50 mg/L,乳化油去除率可达85%～90%,出水油含量低于5 mg/L.     

用于处理冲厕海水的固定化生物硅藻土小球的制备

选用聚乙烯醇（PVA）和海藻酸钠（SA）混合物作为包埋载体，对筛选出的耐盐复合菌群固定化制备方法进行了研究。通过正交实验分别研究了包埋载体不同配比、包菌量、硅藻土投加量和交联时间对固定化生物硅藻土小球的性能及其对冲厕污水中COD去除效果的影响。研究结果表明，固定化生物硅藻土小球最佳包埋条件是：聚乙烯醇9％，海藻酸钠0．5％，包菌量l：1，硅藻土20g／L，交联时间为24h。在该条件下，小球成球效果较好，机械强度高，对海水冲厕污水中COD的去除率达86．95％。     

蒽的高效降解菌的固定化小球的制备及其降解特性

旨在利用固定化高效降解菌小球去除水中蒽,充分发挥累托石的吸附和生物降解的协同作用,以累托石、聚乙烯醇(PVA)、海藻酸钠(SA)作为固定化载体材料,硼酸和氯化钙作为交联剂,将蒽的高效降解菌包埋制备固定化微生物小球.考察了累托石用量、PVA投加量、海藻酸钠用量、氯化钙用量、微生物包埋量和交联时间等因素对微生物小球活性的影响,通过正交实验确定了微生物小球的最佳制备条件.结果表明,制备固定化微生物小球的最佳条件为:累托石2.5%,PVA 12%,SA 0.3%,CaCl24%,交联时间28 h,微生物包埋量10%.对40 mgJ/L的蒽溶液,游离微生物在50 h后开始发挥明显的降解作用,经过68 h蒽的去除率达到35.65%;而固定化微生物小球经过9 h即可使蒽的去除率达到81.8%,23 h后葸的去除率可达100%.固定化微生物小球对水中蒽的去除机理与吸附-降解工艺的机理类似,即固定化微生物小球类似于一个一体化的微型反应器,经过迟滞期后,在该反应器内同时发生吸附和降解作用.     

固定化降解菌Q5去除喹啉的性能研究

为了研究固定化微生物在土壤生物修复中的应用,以实验室筛选出来的高效降解菌 Q5 为生物活性物质,利用生物大分子仿生合成出的纳米多孔氧化硅为载体,通过表面吸附同定化方法将其固定,制备出固定化微生物.考察固定化微牛物初始 pH 值、温度、摇床转速和菌种的接种量对喹啉去除的影响,得到适宜的去除条件,在相同条件下比较固定化微生物与游离菌种对底物的去除情况,研究单一固定化菌种对不同浓度的喹啉的去除情况,考察固定化微生物的稳定性.实验结果表明,菌株 Q5 经固定化后,对喹啉的去除能力大大增强,在 500 mg/L 浓度下,40 h 固定化 Q5 对底物去除率达96.6%,远高于未固定化 Q5 的去除率 56.1%;对于高底物浓度,固定化微生物的去除效果明显,初始底物浓度为1 500 mg/L,反应 70 h 后去除率为 91.6%,且这种固定化微生物的重复使用性能良好.     

采用HSB菌种生化处理焦化废水

采用HSB微生物菌种技术和缺氧-好氧（O-O／A工艺）组合工艺处理焦化废水的研究，结果表明，该技术处理焦化废水有很好的效果，COD从2500mg／L左右降至130mg／L以下，去除率达94．8％以上；NH3-N从500mg／L降至15mg／L以下，去除率达97％以上；出水COD、氨氮、酚、氰、油等污染物均可达《污水综合排放标准》（GB8987--1996）二级标准。     

固定化微生物强化处理对甲苯胺模拟废水的研究

采用新型固定化载体大孔吸附树脂X-5固定化微生物强化SBR处理对甲苯胺模拟废水，与对照组相比，通过投加大孔吸附树脂X-5固定化微生物可以有效提高反应器的处理效率。在进水TOC浓度为434．8mg／L，对甲苯胺浓度为326．9mg／L的条件下，强化组可在100min左右将TOC和对甲苯胺基本去除完全，去除率在99％以上。对照组则需要300min才能达到相近的去除效果。强化组对氨氮同样具有较好的硝化效果，出水氨氮浓度在10mg／L以下。     

微电解-生物法处理含铬电镀废水的研究

采用微电解-生物法组合工艺处理含铬电镀废水，在实验过程中，电镀废水中的重金属离子通过微电解法预处理可去除90％以上，剩余部分被后续工艺的微生物功能菌去除。实验结果表明：对Cr^6 含量为50mg／L，Cu^2 含量为15mg／L，Ni^2 含量为10mg／L的废水，经处理后，重金属离子的净化率达99．9％，且无二次污染。     

固定化解脂耶氏酵母（Yarrowia lipolytica）处理油脂废水的性能研究

以海藻酸钠为固定化载体材料,以氯化钙作为交联剂,将高效降解油脂菌--解脂耶氏酵母(Yarrowia tipolyt-ica)包埋制备成固定化微生物小球,用以处理油脂废水,考察了最佳处理条件.结果表明,解脂耶氏酵母经固定化包埋后处理色拉油废水的最适条件为:温度25～35℃、pH 4～8、摇床转速100～200 r/min,处理初始油浓度在2 000 mg/L,包埋菌浓度6.65×106个/mL,包埋量为4 mL/150 L.与悬浮状态相比,固定化微生物温度适应范围增大、热适应性增强、pH值往酸性方向偏移.将固定化解脂耶氏酵母投入YPD液体培养基内驯化30 h再处理色拉油废水,结果显示:驯化后的固定化微生物在同样条件下对色拉油的降解率达到82%,比未驯化状态高20%,且驯化后的机械强度、稳定性和重复使用性都有明显改善.     

青霉菌HHE-P7利用酱油废水产生微生物絮凝剂的研究

研究了微生物絮凝剂产生菌HHE-P7在酱油废水中产生微生物絮凝剂的絮凝特性。实验表明，酱油废水由于碳源丰富，是一种良好的培养基。HHE-P7菌最佳培养条件为：COD20000mg／L，K2HP041．0g／L，培养3d。最佳絮凝条件为在1L高岭土水中投加10～15mL微生物絮凝剂（MBF7），pH调至9，则絮凝率为90％以上；微生物絮凝荆在水系中主要起吸附架桥的作用。     

印刷用铝基材碱洗废液的循环利用

对印刷用铝基材碱洗废液进行了循环利用研究。首先将高COD含量的碱洗废液进行除油脱色处理，通过石灰和硬脂酸的协同效应，使COD含量从26300mg／L降至480mg／L，色度降至60°；然后利用含铝碱性废液通过碳化法制备出结晶度66％的拟薄水铝石产品；最后对分离后的碱性废水按配方要求配制，对铝基材进行除油实验，经5次循环表明，除油效果和对铝基材的腐蚀率均100％达标。     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

A History of Dry Cleaners and Sources of Solvent Releases from Dry Cleaning Equipment

Approximately 25, 000-35, 000 dry cleaning facilities currently operate in the U.S. The release of perchloroethylene and other solvents from these establishments represents a major source of soil and groundwater contamination. The manner in which dry cleaning solvents escape from dry cleaning plants is, for all practical purposes, identical for chlorinated and petroleum hydrocarbon solvents and is related to one of the following events: the catastrophic failure of a component of the dry cleaning system, the improper installation, operation or maintenance of the dry cleaning equipment or a combination of all of these causes. Acceptable customs, codes and regulations can also dictate what is authorized for operation of a dry cleaning facility in a particular community, geographic area during a particular time frame. Environmental litigation dealing with the origin of a solvent release from dry cleaners tends to focus on the design and manufacture of dry cleaning industry machines such as washers, washer extractors, tumblers, solvent filters, water separators, stills and spotting boards. A thorough analysis of the daily operations of dry cleaners often reveals that poor maintenance, failure to follow the manufacturer's instructions and the actions of the operator are the most likely causes of soil and groundwater pollution. In order to forensically evaluate the most probable origins of a solvent release and to examine issues regarding liability, a thorough understanding of the history of dry cleaning and a detailed analysis of the operation and maintenance of the dry cleaning equipment are necessary. The discovery of solvent plumes in the vicinity of dry cleaning plants may suggest that the solvent source is the dry cleaning plant; however, the presence of these plumes does not necessarily indicate that the dry cleaning equipment was defectively designed or manufactured. A thorough review of the type of equipment used over the life of the dry cleaning plant and verifiable solvent mileage records frequently indicates that operators of the plant have disposed of solvent and contaminated solids into the municipal sewer or on ground surfaces.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Malathion-induced sublethal toxicity on the intestine of cricket frog (Fejervarya limnocharis)

The effect of malathion [diethyl(dimethoxythiophosphorylthio)succinate] at sublethal concentration (0.006 ppm) on intestinal parameters of cricket frog (Fejervarya limnocharis) was studied for 24 hrs to 240 hrs of exposure and remarkable histopathological alterations were observed. The study on intestinal parameters revealed acute pathological conditions in the intestinal wall. The toxic effect became evident as the cytoplasm of the cells disintegrated and the cells became empty and vacuolated. The cell membranes were also ruptured. Degenerative changes of the absorptive surface (villi) of the intestine in the different periods of exposure were pronounced. Severe atrophic nature (necrotic mucosa) of the intestine began from 48 hrs onwards to 96 hrs of exposure.     

Radionuclides in deer and elk from Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the ingestion of muscle and bone

Abstract

This paper summarizes radionuclide concentrations (³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, ²⁴¹Am, and ^totU) in muscle and bone tissue of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) collected from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico, lands from 1991 through 1998. Also, the committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) and the risk of excess cancer fatalities (RECF) to people who ingest muscle and bone from deer and elk collected from LANL lands were estimated. Most radionuclide concentrations in muscle and bone from individual deer (n = 11) and elk (n = 22) collected from LANL lands were either at less than detectable quantities (where the analytical result was smaller than two counting uncertainties) and/or within upper (95%) level background (BG) concentrations. As a group, most radionuclides in muscle and bone of deer and elk from LANL lands were not significantly higher (p<0.10) than in similar tissues from deer (n = 3) and elk (n = 7) collected from BG locations. Also, elk that had been radio collared and tracked for two years and spent an average time of 50% on LANL lands were not significantly different in most radionuclides from road kill elk that have been collected as part of the environmental surveillance program. Overall, the upper (95%) level net CEDEs (the CEDE plus two sigma for each radioisotope minus background) at the most conservative ingestion rate (50 lbs of muscle and 13 lbs of bone) were as follows: deer muscle = 0.22 mrem y^‐1 (2.2 μSv y^‐1), deer bone = 3.8 mrem y^‐1 (38 μSv y^‐1), elk muscle = 0.12 mrem y^‐1 (1.2 μSv y^‐1), and elk bone = 1.7 mrem y^‐1 (17 μSv y^‐1). All CEDEs were far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection guideline of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1), and the highest muscle plus bone net CEDE corresponded to a RECF of 2E‐06, which is far below the Environmental Protection Agency upper level guideline of 1E‐04.     

Nitrogen leaching and acidification during 19 years of NH₄NO₃ additions to a coniferous-forested catchment at Gårdsjön, Sweden (NITREX)

The role of nitrogen (N) in acidification of soil and water has become relatively more important as the deposition of sulphur has decreased. Starting in 1991, we have conducted a whole-catchment experiment with N addition at Gårdsjön, Sweden, to investigate the risk of N saturation. We have added 41 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ as NH₄NO₃ to the ambient 9 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in fortnightly doses by means of sprinkling system. The fraction of input N lost to runoff has increased from 0% to 10%. Increased concentrations of NO₃ in runoff partially offset the decreasing concentrations of SO₄ and slowed ecosystem recovery from acid deposition. From 1990-2002, about 5% of the total N input went to runoff, 44% to biomass, and the remaining 51% to soil. The soil N pool increased by 5%. N deposition enhanced carbon (C) sequestration at a mean C/N ratio of 42-59 g g⁻¹.     

Leaching of seven pesticides currently used in cotton crop in Mato Grosso State—Brazil

This study aimed to evaluate the leaching of pesticides and the applicability of the Attenuation Factor (AF) Model to predict their leaching. The leaching of carbofuran, carbendazim, diuron, metolachlor, α and β endosulfan and chlorpyrifos was studied in an Oxisol using a field experiment lysimeter located in Dom Aquino – Mato Grosso. The samples of percolated water were collected by rain event and analyzed. Chemical and physical soil attributes were determined before pesticide application to the plots. The results showed that carbofuran was the pesticide that presented a higher leaching rate in the studied soil, so was the one representing the highest contamination potential. From the total carbofuran applied in the soil surface, around 6 % leached below 50 cm. The other pesticides showed lower mobility in the studied soil. The calculated values to AF were 7.06E-12 (carbendazim), 5.08E-03 (carbofuran), 3.12E-17 (diuron), 6.66E-345 (α-endosulfan), 1.47E-162 (β-endosulfan), 1.50E-06 (metolachlor), 3.51E-155 (chlorpyrifos). AF Model was useful to classify the pesticides' potential for contamination; however, that model underestimated pesticide leaching.     

Endosulfan in China 2—emissions and residues

Background, aim, and scope  Endosulfan is one of the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and also a candidate to be included in a group of new persistent organic pollutants (UNEP 2007). The first national endosulfan usage inventories in China with 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution has been reported in an accompanying paper. In the second part of the paper, we compiled the gridded historical emissions and soil residues of endosulfan in China from the usage inventories. Based on the residue/emission data, gridded concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese soil and air have been calculated. These inventories will provide valuable data for the further study of endosulfan. Methods  Emission and residue of endosulfan were calculated from endosulfan usage by using a simplified gridded pesticide emission and residue model—SGPERM, which is an integrated modeling system combining mathematical model, database management system, and geographic information system. By using the emission and residue inventories, annual air and soil concentrations of endosulfan in each cell were determined. Results and discussion  Historical gridded emission and residue inventories of α- and β-endosulfan in agricultural soil in China with 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution have been created. Total emissions were around 10,800 t, with α-endosulfan at 7,400 t and β-endosulfan at 3,400 t from 1994 to 2004. The highest residues were 140 t for α-endosulfan and 390 t for β-endosulfan, and the lowest residues were 0.7 t for α-endosulfan and 170 t for β-endosulfan in 2004 in Chinese agricultural soil where endosulfan was applied. Based on the emission and residue inventories, concentrations of α- and β-endosulfan in Chinese air and agricultural surface soil were also calculated for each grid cell. We have estimated annual averaged air concentrations and the annual minimum and maximum soil concentrations across China. The real concentrations will be different from season to season. Although our model does not consider the transport of the insecticide in the atmosphere, which could be very important in some areas during some special time, the estimated concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese air and soil derived from the endosulfan emission and residue inventories are in general consistent with the published monitoring data. Conclusions  To our knowledge, this work is the first inventory of this kind for endosulfan published on a national scale. Concentrations of the chemical in Chinese air and agricultural surface soil were calculated for each grid cell. Results show that the estimated concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese air and soil agree reasonably well with the monitoring data in general. Recommendations and perspectives  The gridded endosulfan emission/residue inventories and also the air and soil concentration inventories created in this study will be updated upon availability of new information, including usage and monitoring data. The establishment of these inventories for the OCP is important for both scientific communities and policy makers.