微生物絮凝剂在水处理中的应用

系统介绍了微生物絮凝剂的特性、絮凝机理及影响絮凝效果的因素,列举并分析了微生物絮凝剂的应用实例。微生物絮凝剂具有安全、高效、不污染环境等特点。产生絮凝剂的微生物种类多,生长快,易于实现产业化,因而微生物絮凝剂正日益受到人们的重视。     

微生物絮凝剂的研究与应用

介绍了微生物絮凝剂的研究及应用进展,包括产生絮凝剂的微生物种类,微生物絮凝剂的性质,微生物絮凝剂的絮凝机理,影响因素,以及微生物絮凝剂的应用。     

微生物絮凝剂

介绍了微生物絮凝剂ＮＯＣ－１的性质，絮凝性能，应用和生产方法。该絮凝剂是一种安全无毒，无二次污染的新一代絮凝剂，具有良好的絮凝作用和脱色性能，能抑制污泥膨胀，其研究开发具有广阔的前景。     

长链季铵盐的絮凝性能

采用FTIR技术对自制的长链季铵盐絮凝剂环氧丙基十二烷基二甲基氯化铵进行了表征，研究了该絮凝剂对高岭土悬浊液的絮凝效果，考察了絮凝剂加入量、溶液pH和絮凝时间对絮凝率的影响;并与常用絮凝剂聚丙烯酰胺的絮凝效果进行了对比。表征结果显示，合成的目标产物为环氧丙基十二烷基二甲基氯化铵。实验结果表明：在絮凝剂加入量8 mg/L、溶液pH 9、絮凝时间50 min的条件下，絮凝率达到84.84%;在相同絮凝剂加入量的条件下，环氧丙基十二烷基二甲基氯化铵的絮凝效果优于聚丙烯酰胺。     

改性淀粉絮凝剂处理印染废水

改性淀粉絮凝剂处理印染废水１前言６０年代初，国外开始使用聚合电解质絮凝剂，尤其是合成有机高分子聚合电解质絮凝剂处理废水的研究。这种絮凝剂不仅使用方便，应用范围广，而且絮凝效果比无机絮凝剂（如铁盐和铝盐）提高几倍至几十倍；此外，它还有絮凝及沉降速度快、...     

壳聚糖的絮凝性能及其在废水脱色处理中的应用

介绍了壳聚糖的理化性质及其作为絮凝剂的优点,探讨了壳聚糖的絮凝机理,分析了壳聚糖絮凝效果的影响因素(包括废水p H、絮凝温度、搅拌转速及时间、壳聚糖投加量、壳聚糖脱乙酰度及相对分子质量、废水浊度),总结了壳聚糖改性和复合后在废水脱色处理中的应用。指出:未来还需更深入地研究絮凝机理,同时也需进一步研究影响絮凝效果的因素;新型壳聚糖絮凝剂将向更高效、成本更低且环境友好的方向发展。     

用新型絮凝剂处理制浆漂白废水

采用一种新型的有机无机复合型高分子絮凝剂(F-1)处理制浆漂白废水，进行了絮凝条件的优选试验和对比试验，结果表明：F-1絮凝剂的絮凝沉降效果与絮凝剂的用量、废水的pH有很大的关系。当废水的pH为6．0、絮凝剂用量为100mg／L时，漂白废水的色度、SS和COD的去除率分别为98．2％、93．6％和78．6％。而且，其絮凝性能明显优于阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(PAMC)、聚合氯化铝(PAC)以及聚合硫酸铁(PFS)等絮凝剂。     

阳离子淀粉-丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物絮凝剂的制备及其絮凝性能

研究了阳离子淀粉与丙烯酰胺接枝共聚反应制备阳离子型絮凝剂的工艺，并用硅藻土悬浊液及实际水样对产物的絮凝性能进行了考察。其最佳合成条件：阳离子淀粉与丙烯酰胺的质量比为1：4，引发剂加入量为丙烯酰胺质量的0．1％，反应温度50℃，反应时间3h。絮凝效果实验中，接枝共聚物絮凝剂的最佳加入量为4mg／L。与阳离子淀粉和阳离子聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂相比，接枝共聚物絮凝剂对渭河水及造纸网下白水的絮凝效果更好。     

分子筛生产废水中悬浮物的絮凝与回用

对分子筛生产废水进行了絮凝沉降分离试验，确定了絮凝剂、助凝剂及絮凝敢分离条件。试验结果表明，絮凝沉降所得到的絮凝物料的化学组成、结构、性能与絮凝前原废水中的悬浮物基本一致，可返回原生产工序中使用。     

微生物絮凝剂产生菌的絮凝性能

从废水处理厂和土壤中分离产絮凝剂的菌株,其中一株产絮凝剂的细菌W7—1对高岭土的絮凝活性达94％,初步鉴定该菌为Klebiella sp．,W7—1对产絮凝剂的培养条件要求简单,产絮凝剂的最佳碳源和氮源为蔗糖和牛肉膏,pH在5～10的范围内都适应絮凝剂的产生,但pH为8．0时絮凝活性最高。絮凝剂的添加量为10mL／L、絮凝体系pH为7～10时絮凝活性好,提纯后的絮凝剂产量高于其它絮凝剂近10倍,分析表明,絮凝剂成分为多糖,且有很好的热稳定性,加热至100℃、30min后絮凝活性不变。     

淀粉絮凝剂在水处理中的研究进展

从氧化、羧基化、酯化、接枝共聚、醚化等改性方法入手,对淀粉絮凝剂的制备和应用进行了介绍,对比分析了各工艺的特点,总结了面临的问题,展望了今后的研究方向。指出:进一步丰富醚化剂的种类、对淀粉进行复合型改性、淀粉絮凝剂与传统絮凝剂复配使用是该领域的发展趋势。     

铁-镁-铝无机复合脱色絮凝剂的制备与应用研究

以铁、镁、铝盐为原料制备出一种高效新型复合絮凝剂(PFMA)。研究了该絮凝剂对染料溶液的脱色效果。试验结果表明,PFMA是一种性能优良的无机高分子絮凝剂,对多种染料溶液均具有很强的脱色效果,其脱色性能优于传统的絮凝剂——聚合氯化铝、聚合硫酸铁和硫酸铝。絮凝机理研究结果表明,PFMA的絮凝既有羟基架桥作用,也有压缩双电层和吸附电中和作用。     

Effect of microbial inoculation during vermicomposting of different organic substrates on microbial status and quantification and documentation of acid phosphatase

In this experiment, three microbial strains were inoculated in two different organic wastes to study their effect on the humic acids content, acid phosphatase activity and microbial properties of the final stabilized products. Pyrophosphate extract of vermicomposts were analyzed through polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to study the nature of a isozymes in different treatments. Results suggested that vermicomposting increased humic acids content and acid phosphatase activity in organic substrates and microbial inoculation further enhanced the rate of humification and enzyme activity. Although humic acids content in different microorganism-inoculated vermicomposts were statistically at par, acid phosphatase activity in these treatments was significantly (P<0.05) different. Results revealed that microbial respiration was increased due to vermicomposting, but a reduction in microbial biomass was recorded after stabilization of organic wastes. Although vermicomposting increased the value of microbial quotient (qCO(2)), microbial inoculation did not show any significant effect on qCO(2). The zymogram revealed that two isozymes of acid phosphatase (group II and group III) were present in all vermicompost samples and higher acid phosphatase activity in fungi-inoculated vermicomposts might be due to the presence of an additional isozyme (group I) of acid phosphatase.     

甲壳素和壳聚糖在水处理中的应用

介绍了天然有机高分子化合物——甲壳素和壳聚糖的制备、化学结构和特性，阐述了其在水处理中的应用及发展前景。甲壳素和壳聚糖的来源广泛，其性能优良、无毒、无公害、可生物降解，可用作吸附剂、絮凝剂、分离膜材料、离子交换剂和杀菌剂，是一类非常有开发利用前景的新型水处理材料。     

Flocculants—an Ecofriendly Approach

Although water-soluble synthetic polymers find wide applications as flocculants, the potential problem associated with their use is lack of biodegradability and high cost. Polysaccharides owing to their distinctive features like ability to undergo different chemical reactions, biodegradability and sustainability inspire hope to obtain effective, economical viable and safe substitute of the synthetic flocculants. In this regard, chemical modification of Cassia tora and guar gum was carried out through different substitution and grafting reactions. The modified products were tested against kaolin under laboratory conditions vis-a-vis polyacrylamide based synthetic flocculant.     

Land application of biosolids. Soil response to different stabilization degree of the treated organic matter

The effect of land application of biosolids on an agricultural soil was studied in a 2-month incubation experiment. The soil microbial biomass and the availability of heavy metals in the soil was monitored after the application of four different composting mixtures of sewage sludge and cotton waste, at different stages of composting. Land application caused an increase of both size and activity of soil microbial biomass that was related to the stabilization degree of the composting mixture. Sewage sludge stabilization through composting reduced the perturbance of the soil microbial biomass. At the end of the experiment, the size and the activity of the soil microbial biomass following the addition of untreated sewage sludge were twice those developed with mature compost. For the mature compost, the soil microbial biomass recovered its original equilibrium status (defined as the specific respiration activity, qCO2) after 18 days of incubation, whereas the soil amended with less stabilized materials did not recover equilibrium even after the two-month incubation period. The stabilization degree of the added materials did not affect the availability of Zn, Ni, Pb, Cu, Cr and Cd in the soil in the low heavy metal content of the sewage sludge studied. Stabilization of organic wastes before soil application is advisable for the lower perturbation of soil equilibria status and the more efficient C mineralization.     

内电解—Fenton氧化—絮凝沉淀预处理焦化废水

采用内电解—Fenton氧化—絮凝沉淀的化学集成技术预处理焦化废水，优化了各工段的运行参数。实验结果表明：在钢铁铁屑与活性炭的体积比为1∶1的条件下，内电解工段的优化参数为进水pH 2.6~3.1、HRT=1.0 h;Fenton氧化工段的优化参数为Fe2+加入量200 mg/L、H2O2加入量1 000 mg/L、进水pH 3.0左右、反应时间1.0 h;絮凝沉淀工段的设定参数为进水pH 9.5~10.0、聚丙烯酰胺加入量1 mg/L、静置沉降0.5 h。在上述工艺条件下，该集成技术对废水的总COD去除率大于55%，处理后的废水BOD5/COD大于0.28，不添加稀释新水即可进入后续生化处理系统。该工艺占地面积小、系统结构简单、易于工业化，废水预处理成本为4~5元/t。