罐壁式泡沫系统扑救密封圈火灾试验研究

针对大型浮顶罐罐壁式泡沫灭火系统的特点及不足,依据相关规范要求设计了30m长的密封圈火灾模拟试验油槽,开展了3％型水成膜泡沫液和6％型氟蛋白泡沫液灭火试验。现场测定了泡沫的发泡倍数和析液时间,符合规范要求但略低于检测值。试验过程测定了泡沫在泡沫堰板内的流动速度和燃烧油面的蔓延速度,观察了不同的泡沫液和泡沫混合液供给强度下的油槽火灭火状况,对比分析了油槽火周邻的温度和热流分布。在此基础上,评估分析了罐壁式泡沫系统扑救密封圈火灾的有效性。试验结果表明：有效的泡沫混合液供给强度下,3％型水成膜泡沫和6％型氟蛋白泡沫可控密封圈火灾,甚至灭火;泡沫类型和泡沫混合液供给强度对油槽火全淹没时间的影响较大。该试验对大型浮顶罐低液位密封圈火灾扑救具有积极的指导意义和工程应用价值。     

大流量液氮泡沫灭火系统应用探究

<正>目前,我国大型原油储罐火灾事故多发,扑救难度大。中国石化安全工程研究院开展了液氮气化与泡沫混合发泡的液氮泡沫系统研究,研制了大流量液氮泡沫喷射装置,该泡沫系统泡沫层稳定性强、抗复燃能力强、氮气与泡沫双重灭火、灭火效率高,解决了压缩气体泡沫灭火系统大流量高压供气问题,实现了大流量液氮泡沫灭火系统的工程应用。     

压缩空气泡沫水平管路压力损失数值模拟研究*

为厘清压缩空气泡沫水平管道输运压力衰减规律,考虑压缩空气泡沫实际工程运用,利用STAR-CCM软件研究泡沫液种类、混合比和管径对湿泡沫水平管网输运过程中压力衰减的影响规律,并结合理论分析建立压缩空气泡沫水平输运过程中的压力衰减预测模型。研究结果表明:管路压降与泡沫液黏度呈正相关性,在混合液流量270 L/min,气体流量1 750 L/min条件下,相同管径高黏度抗溶性水成膜泡沫（AFFF/AR）压降约为低黏度A类和水成膜泡沫(AFFF)1.3倍;对于相同类型泡沫,混合比对管路压降影响较小,100 m长90 mm管径不同混合比之间最大压降差值约为7.21 kPa;管径对压降影响较大,相同泡沫条件下,50 mm管径压降是80 mm管径压降的约9.4倍,80 mm管径压降是100 mm管径压降的约2.8倍,当管径大于80 mm时,不同泡沫对压降的影响逐步减小。压力衰减预测模型计算的压降值与模拟值较前人开展研究所得实验值误差在18%以内,研究结果可以为压缩空气泡沫水平管网设计提供一定理论参考。     

高倍泡沫加速泄漏LNG扩散的有效性模拟试验

泡沫灭火剂在扑灭液体火灾中起到重要作用,关于低温液体蒸气云扩散控制的研究也逐渐得到应用。通过小尺寸模拟试验验证高倍泡沫加速泄漏LNG扩散的有效性,设计并进行了低温液体自然蒸发和高倍泡沫覆盖低温液体两个对照试验,测量了竖直方向上10个高度处的温度及装置整体质量,从而获取了低温液体蒸气到达泡沫层顶端时温度及蒸发速率的变化情况。结果表明,与未添加泡沫的情况对比,高倍泡沫的覆盖使泄漏低温液体在1 800 s内的蒸发量减少了6.4%,如果时间更长则减少的比例更多,且蒸发出的低温液体穿过泡沫层后蒸气温度可达0℃左右,而未添加泡沫时同等高度处蒸气温度为-75℃左右。0℃时,LNG蒸气密度已明显小于空气密度,此温度下LNG蒸气会迅速向上扩散,而不至在地表积聚,由此证明高倍泡沫能够加速泄漏低温液体蒸气向上扩散,减小了低温液体蒸气在地面积聚并引发火灾爆炸事故的可能性,从而证实了高倍泡沫加速泄漏LNG扩散的有效性。     

低温液体储存容器的定期检验

<正>低温液体储存容器是指用于存储液氧、液氮、液氩等低温液体的压力容器。其分为真空粉末绝热型和常压粉末绝热型,利用低热导率的粉末、纤维或泡沫材料来减少热量传入。分两种形式:一种是在大气压下应用普通粉末绝热(堆积绝热),绝热层较厚,并充入干燥氮气维持正压,以防止水分进入和冷凝,最低可适用于液氮温度以上;另一种真空粉末绝热,即对填装粉末的空     

HAZOP/QRA在空分装置风险评估中的应用

<正>空分装置是化工产品生产设计中的重要装置。目前,空分装置大都采用深度冷冻空气分离技术,通过低温分馏技术产生氧气、液氧、液氮、氮气等产品,技术复杂,一个环节出现问题就会影响整个生产过程。潜在风险高,生产过程可能发生火灾、气体中毒、容器爆炸、     

不同气源压缩气体泡沫灭石油醚火灾性能比较

采用实验室压缩气体泡沫系统,通过缩尺油盘火试验,分别考察基于不同气源的压缩气体泡沫对于石油醚火灾的灭火性能,分析探讨适用于低沸点的石油醚类燃料火灾扑救的气源类型和供气方案。结果表明,在泡沫溶液供给强度为2.5 L/(min·m2)的条件下,压缩氮气泡沫和压缩空气泡沫均可扑灭石油醚火灾,具有良好的抗烧性能;二者相比,压缩氮气泡沫比压缩空气泡沫的控灭火性能和抗烧性能均有一定提升;对于石油醚类的低沸点易燃液体火灾,建议采用以氮气作为气源的压缩氮气泡沫系统;该研究可为压缩气体泡沫系统在石油化工行业工程应用提供技术支撑。     

压缩空气泡沫扑救大型油类火灾全尺寸实验研究*

为验证压缩空气泡沫扑救大型火灾的有效性,分别开展225 m2甲醇和450 m2重油油池火灭火实验,采用压缩空气泡沫系统搭配消防机器人远距离喷射压缩空气泡沫的灭火方法,分析该方法的灭火效能。研究结果表明:压缩空气泡沫系统可以实现远距离灭火,压缩空气泡沫的施加可以有效降低油池内燃料温度、火场温度以及油池附近热辐射强度。在压缩空气泡沫系统混合液流量为3 900 L/min时,距离油池边缘29 m条件下扑救450 m2全尺寸重油火灾的灭火时间为130 s,灭火阶段水和3%泡沫液的消耗量分别为8 233 L和273 L;在压缩空气泡沫系统混合液流量为3 600 L/min时,距离油池边缘不小于35 m条件下扑救225 m2全尺寸甲醇火灾的灭火时间为231 s,灭火阶段水和6%泡沫液的消耗量分别为12 962 L和808 L。研究结果对提升扑救大型油池火灾的作战能力具有重要意义。     

基于PFC3D的煤堆自燃过程模拟与实现

为了解煤堆自燃过程中的温度场变化、能量迁移和氧气流动情况,基于煤堆的颗粒特性以PFC3D为模拟平台,借助其热力耦合模型,模拟了煤堆的自燃氧化过程,及该过程中的温度场变化和能量迁移;使用极小颗粒模拟氧气的流动及其与煤的反应,并通过FISH实现该过程。结果表明:随模拟时间延长,温度场高温区向煤堆坡面边界水平移动;能量迁移主要发生在靠近低温区的区域,且不同温区交界处迁移最多;高温区移动是由于氧化需氧量的变化、造成对氧的"抽吸"作用而产生的;煤堆内氧颗粒的流动可分为稳定区、杂乱区、微弱区,随着"抽吸"作用的增加,稳定区减小,杂乱区增加,微弱区增加。模拟计算至70 d,煤堆出现大范围高温区域并产生自燃,此时最高温度为362.1 K。     

不同气源压缩气体泡沫灭浮顶罐密封圈火灾性能比较

为评估不同气源压缩气体泡沫扑救浮顶罐密封圈火灾的有效性，通过足尺灭火试验，研究不同工况下压缩气体泡沫对浮顶罐密封圈火灾的灭火性能以及气源类型、挡雨板遮挡对灭火的影响。结果表明:在泡沫溶液供给强度为5 L/（min·m2）条件下，压缩氮气泡沫和压缩空气泡沫均可快速有效扑灭典型浮顶罐密封圈火灾，且灭火后不发生复燃；密封圈挡雨板对泡沫施加和灭火均有较大影响，不利于快速灭火；无论是否设置挡雨板，压缩氮气泡沫的灭火性能均比压缩空气泡沫略有提升，实际工程中有氮气源的场所建议直接采用已有供氮设备作为气源。研究结果对压缩气体泡沫系统工程设计以及在大型浮顶罐工程中的应用具有重要意义。     

Improved research-scale foam generator design and performance characterization

The release of a cryogenic, flammable liquid, such as LNG, poses a threat to individuals in the area of the release as well as responders who attempt to limit the damage of the release. The most common mitigation technique is high-expansion foam which can be used to blanket the liquid, reducing the accumulation of flammable vapor above the pool through a number of different mechanisms. Despite the effectiveness of high-expansion foam blanketing, there are many aspects of the interaction between foam and LNG that are unknown. A lab-scale high-expansion foam generator has been developed to allow the study of those interactions. Additionally, the novel foam generator design addresses many of the drawbacks of industrial-scale foam generators and allows researchers better control of the foam, while producing foam at rates that are conducive to lab applications. Foam was produced using the generator and expansion ratio and foam stability were measured to determine the quality. The generator was able to produce foam with expansion ratio between 298 and 892 that collapsed at an average rate of 0.4 cm per minute. This quality of the foam is comparable to industrial-scale foam generators and the foam production rate is between 1.2 and 2.2 m³/min, which fits lab-scale needs. The foam generator can also be used with other types of non-firefighting foam, such as decontamination foam for chemical, biological, or nuclear decontamination.     

水成膜泡沫对变压器油池火的窒息特性研究

水成膜泡沫在油类表面的窒息作用是扑灭油类火灾的重要机理之一,针对自行开发的快速型泡沫灭火剂开展了其对油池火的窒息灭火特性研究。首先通过老化试验测试了泡沫液的热稳定性,然后对比了不同成分泡沫液在25＃变压器油表面的铺展特性,之后研究了不同发泡倍率和成分的泡沫液对油池火的窒息灭火效果及影响规律。研究发现,铺展性能不佳的泡沫液会逐渐丧失窒息能力,而铺展性能优异的泡沫液能持续发挥窒息作用。提升泡沫液热稳定性有利于在油面形成稳定的液膜,隔绝氧气并降低可燃分子挥发速率。此外,发泡倍率较低的泡沫液的流动性更强,在相同液体流量条件下低倍数泡沫的窒息灭火效果更优。自研的快速型泡沫灭火剂在热稳定性和铺展性能两方面均具备优良的性能,因此其窒息灭火效率和抗复燃能力优于现有的大部分同类泡沫灭火剂。     

Small-scale experimental study of vaporization flux of liquid nitrogen released on ice

One of the LNG accident scenarios is the collision of an LNG carrier on an iceberg during marine transportation. A collision can result in damages to the vessel and lead to the leakage of the contents on ice or an ice-water mixture. When cryogenic liquid comes in contact with ice, it undergoes rapid vaporization due to the difference in temperature between the ice and cryogenic liquid. This process is different from the heat transfer between water and cryogenic liquid as ice is a solid and thus heat transfer to the pool occurs primarily through conduction. In this paper, the heat transfer phenomenon between ice and cryogenic liquid was studied through a small-scale experiment and the resulting vaporization mass fluxes were reported. The experiment involved six spills with varying amount of liquid nitrogen on different ice temperature to determine its effect on vaporization mass flux. The vaporization mass fluxes were determined by direct measurement of the mass loss during the experiment. The results indicated that the vaporization mass flux was a function of release rate and ice temperature. When the release rate and ice temperature was high, the vaporization mass flux follows a decreasing trend. With further reduction in release rate and ice temperature, the vaporization mass flux was found to be independent with time. The one dimensional conduction model was validated against experimental results. The predicted temperatures and heat flux were found to be in good agreement with the experimental data.     

Modeling of a cryogenic liquid pool boiling by CFD simulation

A boiling model is developed by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code to calculate the source term of a cryogenic liquid spill. The model includes the effect of the changing ground temperature on the vaporization rate of the cryogenic liquid. Simulations are performed for liquid nitrogen. The model can describe different boiling regimes (film, transition and nucleate). The heat flux calculated for each boiling regimes are compared to the experimental data from literature. The developed numerical model seems to have a good ability to predict the heat flux for the film boiling stage. Model development is still necessary to improve the prediction of the nucleate boiling regime. Overall, the approach shows very promising results to model the complex physical phenomena involved in in the vaporization of cryogenic liquid pool spilled on ground.     

Experimental study on advantages of foam–sol in coal dust control

In China, more than 2.65 million coal mine workers are exposed to coal dust. Every year, new pneumoconiosis cases amount to 25,000, among which 6000 cases die of this disease. The figure is twice the death toll in production safety accidents. Occupational diseases seriously endanger life and health of coal mine workers, and restrict the healthy growth of the coal industry.The paper presented a study of foam–sol-based coal dust control. This was an experimental study of characteristics of foam–sol-based coal dust control, which features dust capture, suppression, and isolation. Comparative wettability experiments were carried out to determine contact angles of water, aqueous foam, and foam–sol solution. A new foam–sol generating system with a conical diffuser outlet was proposed.The experiment results clearly showed that the foam–sol features dust capture, suppression, and isolation. The wettability of the aqueous foam solution was better than the foam–sol solution, but the foam–sol technology had the better ability to capture the airborne dust, suppress the static dust and enclose the dust source, due to the excellent surface viscosity, strong cohesiveness and less volatile property. The paper concluded that the foam–sol could greatly improve the dust control efficiency and did not have main deficiencies that the aqueous foam technology had.     

热氨融霜过程多相相变流动液击形成机理研究

热氨融霜多相流动液锤诱发的回气总管频现爆管和穿孔腐蚀事故的预防仍是一项技术挑战。基于进口速度突变和瞬态冷凝与汽化相变直接驱动力,建立了描述多相相变流动液击形成过程的理论模型及其数值模拟算法,研究了回气总管热氨蒸汽与深冷液氨多相分层流动液击的形成机理,研究结果表明:在进口流速突变条件下,瞬态冷凝与汽化相变多相流动诱发的液击压强是无相变多相流动液击压强4倍左右,考虑相变驱动是准确预测多相流动液击的理论前提,多相流动液锤压力显多波型大幅脉动波动变化,且随着氨液剩余填充量增加而增大,而深冷液氨区局部液击压力降至液氨的饱和蒸汽压所诱发的空泡溃灭是导致回气总管频现穿孔腐蚀的直接原因。     

Development of heat transfer and evaporation model of LNG covered by Hi-Ex foam

Natural gas is a kind of clean, efficient green energy source, which is used widely. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is produced by cooling natural gas to −161 °C, at which it becomes the liquid. Once LNG was released, fire or explosion would happen when ignition source existed nearby. The high expansion foam (Hi-Ex foam) is believed to quickly blanket on the top of LNG spillage pool and warm the LNG vapor to lower the vapor cloud density at the ground level and raising vapor buoyancy. To identify the physical structure after it contacted with LN₂ and to develop heat transfer model, the small-scale field test with liquid nitrogen (LN₂) was designed. In experiment, three layers including frozen ice layer, frozen Hi-Ex layer and soft layer of Hi-Ex foam were observed at the steady state. By characterizing physical structure of the foam, formulas for calculating the surface of single foam bubble and counting foam film thickness were deduced. The micro heat transfer and evaporation model between cryogenic liquid and Hi-Ex foam was established. Indicating the physical structure of the frozen ice layer, there were a certain number of icicles below it. The heat transfer and evaporation mathematical model between the frozen ice layer and LNG was derived. Combining models above with the heat transfer between LNG, ground and cofferdam, the heat transfer and evaporation mathematical model of LNG covered by Hi-Ex foam was developed eventually. Finally, LN₂ evaporation rate calculated by this model was compared with the measured evaporation rate. The calculated results are 1.2–2.1 times of experimental results, which were acceptable in engineering and proved the model was reliable.