生活垃圾焚烧二噁英排放对人群健康影响研究进展

综述了二噁英对人体健康的危害特性, 以及我国生活垃圾焚烧厂二噁英排放浓度水平，及其周边环境空气和土壤中二噁英污染浓度水平、人群暴露途径、剂量和健康影响。指出，现有研究显示，我国生活垃圾焚烧排放的二噁英浓度在合理范围之内，垃圾焚烧厂周边人群二噁英暴露量普遍低于世界卫生组织（WHO）推荐的容许标准，但也有研究发现，垃圾焚烧会导致周边环境介质中二噁英浓度水平增高。提出，应重点关注垃圾焚烧排放二噁英的长期低剂量暴露对人群健康的影响。     

某化工企业厂界内及周边土壤中二噁英健康风险评估

在某化工企业厂界内及周边布设9个土壤点位,对其二噁英进行检测与分析,依据《污染场地风险评估技术导则》对土壤中二噁英进行健康风险评估。结果表明,9个土壤点位二噁英毒性当量浓度为3.72~20.3 pg/g,均值为9.1 pg/g,均处于安全水平;在经口摄入、皮肤接触和吸入土壤颗粒物3种暴露途径下,只有4#点位具有较低的致癌风险;4#点位代表的场地区域为风险不可接受的污染区域,基于致癌效应的土壤风险控制值为1.84×10-5mg/kg。提出,应尽快研究并制定土壤中二噁英的标准限值。     

生活垃圾焚烧炉烟气中二噁英排放水平及控制措施

对浙江省14家企业32台生活垃圾焚烧炉开展验收监测,结果表明,其烟气二噁英的排放值均能达到现行标准的限值要求(0.013 ng TEQ/m~3~0.100 ng TEQ/m~3,平均值为0.059 ng TEQ/m~3),焚烧每吨生活垃圾二噁英的排放量为248.1 ng。分析了二噁英的主要生成途径与控制措施,提出了做好垃圾分类与预处理,加强人员培训,运营管理公开、透明、规范化等进一步降低二噁英排放水平的建议。     

钢铁厂及其周围土壤中二恶英和多氯联苯污染物的分布规律研究

利用同位素稀释高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱(HRGC/HRMS)的分析方法研究了东北某钢铁厂及其周围生活区、背景对照区土壤中二噁和多氯联苯污染物的污染水平和分布规律。结果表明,土壤中二噁的浓度和毒性当量分别为26pg/g(6.02～109pg/g)、0.72pg I-TEQ g-1(0.008～5.43pg I-TEQ g-1)。土壤中多氯联苯的浓度为955pg/g(268～3504pg/g),毒性当量值达0.07pg TEQ g-1(0.006～0.33pg TEQ g-1)。该区域土壤中的二噁和多氯联苯浓度明显低于一般国家居住地的土壤控制标准,处于较低的污染水平。     

电子垃圾回收地得克隆的污染水平及分布特征

对浙江某电子垃圾回收地水体、沉积物、土壤以及大气中得克隆（DP）的污染水平及分布特征进行了调查。结果表明，水、沉积物、土壤和大气样品中均检测出了 DP，分别为0．843～1．56 ng/L，0．185～7．03 ng/g干重，0．115～26．4 ng/g干重和11．2 pg/m3；该区域 DP分布特征表明电子垃圾的拆解和焚烧是环境中 DP的重要来源。     

钢铁厂及其周围土壤中二噁和多氯联苯污染物的分布规律研究

利用同位素稀释高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱(HRGC/HRMS)的分析方法研究了东北某钢铁厂及其周围生活区、背景对照区土壤中二噁和多氯联苯污染物的污染水平和分布规律。结果表明,土壤中二噁的浓度和毒性当量分别为26pg/g(6.02～109pg/g)、0.72pg I-TEQ g-1(0.008～5.43pg I-TEQ g-1)。土壤中多氯联苯的浓度为955pg/g(268～3504pg/g),毒性当量值达0.07pg TEQ g-1(0.006～0.33pg TEQ g-1)。该区域土壤中的二噁和多氯联苯浓度明显低于一般国家居住地的土壤控制标准,处于较低的污染水平。     

某金矿周边土壤和地下水中砷的健康风险评价

以湖北某含砷金矿污染场地为例,依据《污染场地风险评估技术导则》(HJ 25.3—2014),对其周边土壤和地下水中砷元素进行健康风险评价,结果表明:该金矿周边土壤和地下水中砷分别通过经口摄入土壤、皮肤接触土壤和吸入土壤颗粒物、饮用地下水4种暴露途径的致癌风险均超过可接受风险水平(10-6),对周边居民造成潜在危害。计算得到经口摄入、皮肤接触和吸入途径基于致癌效应的土壤风险控制值分别为1.6 mg/kg、9.3 mg/kg和12.1 mg/kg,应予以重视,并建议对矿山进行综合治理和目标值修复。     

硼作业工人的空气粉尘暴露与硼暴露测量与评价

报告了硼作业工人与对照人群的个人空气粉尘暴露浓度、空气硼暴露浓度以及通过空气的日硼暴露量.结果表明,硼作业工人的两次(间隔4周)空气粉尘暴露浓度分别为19.2mg/m3和21.0mg/m3,空气硼暴露浓度分别为516μg/m3和797μg/m3,8小时空气硼暴露量为2.58mg和3.98mg;而对照组的这三类值分别为0.53mg/m3、1.87μg/m3和0.009mg.各类人群的日空气硼暴露量随工作环境的不同而有很大差异,井下采矿、原料车间、成品车间、生产管理人员的日空气硼暴露量分别为1.58mg、5.55mg、0.98mg、0.14mg,高出对照组几十倍至几百倍.     

顶空气相色谱法快速测定土壤中苯、苯胺和硝基苯

采用顶空气相色谱法快速测定土壤中苯、苯胺和硝基苯,优化了试验条件.方法在0 mg/L～100 mg/L范围内线性良好,苯、苯胺、硝基苯的检出限分别为0.012 mg/kg、0.22 mg/kg、0.083 mg/kg,实际土样测定的RSD≤1.4%,加标回收率为94.0%～102%.     

重庆典型岩溶地区地下水多环芳烃污染水平及健康风险

采集重庆3个典型岩溶地区113个地下水样品,利用人体暴露风险系数法对16种优先控制多环芳烃(PAHs)饮水途径健康风险进行评价。结果表明:地下水中PAHs、致癌PAH和BaP的质量浓度分别为200 ng/L～2 638 ng/L、未检出～362 ng/L和未检出～62.7 ng/L,其中南川区地下水中BaP质量浓度为45.1 ng/L,已超过《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2006)的水质要求。PAHs污染水平为南川区老龙洞流域青木关流域,与国内其他岩溶地区地下水相比,处于较高污染水平。人群的致癌风险(ILCR)为5×10~(-10)～2.80×10~(-5),其中南川区ILCR10~(-6),具有潜在致癌风险;非致癌类PAHs饮水途径健康风险处于10~(-11)～10~(-9)水平,远低于USEPA规定的阈值1。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

土壤和底泥中砷、铬、锰测定的前处理技术

试验了土壤和底泥中砷的前处理技术，其目的是能对土壤、底泥中砷、铬、锰在一次前处理中制备成试液，比色法分析。试验表明，用Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４－Ｈ２Ｏ２进行前处理是可行的。方法简单、挥发酸雾少，用标准参考物质检验证明，分解完全，数据准确，有粒较好一致性。     

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

Geochemical assessment of metal transport in glacial till during electrokinetic remediation

This paper presents the chemical speciation and retention behavior of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) prior to and after the electrokinetic remediation in glacial till soil. The speciation of the metals was predicted using the chemical speciation program MINEQL⁺. The simulations were performed for single-contaminant with only Cr(VI) or Ni, and multi-contaminants consisting of: (1) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd; (2) Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (3) Cr(VI), Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (4) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd with reducing agents; and (5) Cr(III), Ni, and Cd with oxidizing agent (Mn). The results showed that the speciation and distribution of cationic metals [Ni, Cd, and Cr(III)] in glacial till soil remain unaffected or slightly affected during electrokinetics. This is attributed to the high pH buffering capacity of the glacial till, leading the metals to precipitate in the soil prior to and after electrokinetics. This study showed that during electrokinetics, Cr(VI) existed as anionic complex and migrated towards the anode and the migration is maximum in case of a single-contaminant system. The study also showed that near the anode in the absence of any reducing and oxidizing agent, Cr(VI) mostly adsorbed, and some of Cr(VI) reduced to Cr(III) and migrated towards the cathode and finally precipitated due to high pH conditions. Ni and Cd remain adsorbed or precipitated due to the high pH conditions throughout the soil. Among the reducing agents, the sulfide had significant effect on the migration of metals compared to ferrous ions. While in the presence of oxidizing agent (Mn), no noticeable Cr(VI) was found in the soil sample indicating the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and the predominance of reducing conditions due to the presence of naturally occurring iron in the glacial till soil. Overall, this study provides a reasonable explanation of the speciation and distribution of chromium, nickel and cadmium during the electrokinetic remediation of glacial till soil.     

Biomonitoring of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Streams Draining Lead-Mining and Non-Mining Areas, Southeast Missouri, USA

We evaluated exposure of aquatic biota to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) in streams draining a Pb-mining district in southeast Missouri. Samples of plant biomass (detritus, periphyton, and filamentous algae), invertebrates (snails, crayfish, and riffle benthos), and two taxa of fish were collected from seven sites closest to mining areas (mining sites), four sites further downstream from mining (downstream sites), and eight reference sites in fall 2001. Samples of plant biomass from mining sites had highest metal concentrations, with means 10- to 60-times greater than those for reference sites. Mean metal concentrations in over 90% of samples of plant biomass from mining sites were significantly greater than those from reference sites. Mean concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd in most invertebrate samples from mining sites, and mean Pb concentrations in most fish samples from mining sites, were also significantly greater than those from reference sites. Concentrations of all three metals were lower in samples from downstream sites, but several samples of plant biomass from downstream sites had metal concentrations significantly greater than those from reference sites. Analysis of supplemental samples collected in the fall of 2002, a year of above-average stream discharge, had lower Pb concentrations and higher Cd concentrations than samples collected in 2001, near the end of a multi-year drought. Concentrations of Pb measured in fish and invertebrates collected from mining sites during 2001 and 2002 were similar to those measured at nearby sites in the 1970s, during the early years of mining in the Viburnum Trend. Results of this study demonstrate that long-term Pb mining activity in southeast Missouri has resulted in significantly elevated concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in biota of receiving streams, compared to biota of similar streams without direct influence of mining. Our results also demonstrate that metal exposure in the study area differed significantly among sample types, habitats, and years, and that these factors should be carefully considered in the design of biomonitoring studies.     

Comparative studies on accumulation of Cr from metal solution and tannery effluent under repeated metal exposure by aquatic plants: its toxic effects

The present study demonstrates comparison of Cr accumulatingpotential by the plants of Najas indica Cham. (submerged),Vallisneria spiralis L. (rooted submerged) and Alternanthera sessilis R. Br. (rooted emergent) under repeatedmetal exposure and its effect on chlorophyll and protein concentrations. These plants were treated with different concentrations of Cr under repeated exposure in controlled laboratory conditions to assess the maximum metal accumulationpotential. The plants of V. spiralis accumulated significantly high amount of Cr under laboratory conditions incomparison to N. indica and A. sessilis. The maximumaccumulation of 1378, 458 and 201 g g^-1 dw Cr was found in the leaves of V. spiralis, N. indica and A. sessilis, respectively at 8 mg L^-1 after 9 day of Cr exposure. These plants have shown a decrease in chlorophyll andprotein concentrations with increase in Cr concentrations. In view of high accumulation of Cr in V. spiralis, the plantswere treated with different concentrations of tannery effluent collected from Common Effluent Treatment Plant, Unnao (UP). Theplants of V. spiralis treated with 100% tannery wastewatershowed the maximum accumulation (57.5 g g^-1 dw) of Cr in the roots after 10 days of exposure. The plants were foundeffective in removing Cr from solution and tannery effluent.     

Assessment of Air Quality After the Implementation of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) as Fuel in Public Transport in Delhi, India

Public transport in Delhi was amended by the Supreme Court of India to use Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) instead of diesel or petrol. After the implementation of CNG since April 2001, Delhi has the highest fraction of CNG-run public vehicles in the world and most of them were introduced within 20 months. In the present study, the concentrations of various criteria air pollutants (SPM, PM₁₀, CO, SO₂ and NO_x) and organic pollutants such as benzene, toluene, xylene (BTX) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were assessed before and after the implementation of CNG. A decreasing trend was found for PAHs, SO₂ and CO concentrations, while the NO_x level was increased in comparison to those before the implementation of CNG. Further, SPM, PM₁₀, and BTX concentrations showed no significant change after the implementation of CNG. However, the BTX concentration demonstrated a clear relation with the benzene content of gasoline. In addition to the impact of the introduction of CNG the daily variation in PAHs levels was also studied and the PAHs concentrations were observed to be relatively high between 10 pm to 6 am, which gives a proof of a relation with the limited day entry and movement of heavy vehicles in Delhi.