北方沙尘对江苏环境空气中可吸入颗粒物浓度的影响

利用卫星遥感数据、气象观测资料和江苏省环境空气自动站的可吸入颗粒物的监测数据,对春季中国北方的沙尘暴过程对江苏环境空气中可吸入颗粒物浓度的影响分析发现,沙尘暴所含的沙尘粒子在冷空气的引导下可能进入江苏,对环境空气中可吸入颗粒物浓度将会产生较大的影响;北方沙尘暴所携带的沙尘粒子是春季江苏空气污染的重要来源之一,是预报空气质量异常偏高的重要依据之一。     

2015年新疆阿克苏市沙尘污染与气象因素关系的分析

应用阿克苏市国家基准站及2个环保局监测站2015年大风沙尘天气过程前后PM10浓度变化及其与污染源、NECP全球再分析资料、风、监测站周边环境等关系进行分析.结果表明,阿克苏市春季沙尘天气的首要污染物均为PM10,PM10的变化曲线呈正态分布,春季中度及以上污染日均出现在污染日当日或次日.造成阿克苏市沙尘天气污染源分本地型、外来型以及二者共同影响型三种.本地型沙尘污染强度取决于北风风速大小及强风持续时间,PM10浓度变化与风速呈正相关.而外来型污染多发生在本地型沙尘天气之后,"东灌"冷空气裹挟沙尘进入南疆盆地,造成地面加压,浮尘天气造成PM10浓度增大,并持续数天.总结出沙尘天气污染预警的几个必要条件,后续在地区环保局、县局监测站建立的情况下,为分析阿克苏地区"八县一市"污染物与气象因素的关系提供借鉴,同时为实际的空气质量预警提供参考.     

中国部分地区2021年几次典型沙尘天气遥感监测分析

2021年,中国北方地区经历了多轮大范围沙尘天气,波及西北、华北、东北甚至黄淮、长三角等地区。其中,3月份出现自2010年以来最强沙尘天气过程。该研究基于Himawari-8静止卫星数据和地面同步空气站点监测数据,分析了2021年3月14—17、27—30日和4月14—15日3次典型沙尘天气过程。分析结果显示：2021年3月14—17日沙尘天气影响范围最广,沙尘分别在不同时间段起源于蒙古国西北部、中国甘肃和青海交界处、新疆和甘肃交界处,大范围沙尘天气是多处尘源综合作用的结果。3月27—30日和4月14—15日沙尘主要起源于蒙古国,沙尘源较单一,影响范围相对集中,但某些时段受影响区域的沙尘强度很高。地面同步空气站点PM₁₀监测数据与卫星数据有很好的一致性。     

2010年春季沙尘天气对北京市空气质量的影响及其天气类型分析

利用2010年3-5月北京市市区以及北京西北部、西部和东部3个不同方位边界的空气质量自动监测站监测数据,结合气象资料和激光雷达观测数据,分析了春季外来沙尘对北京市空气质量的影响。研究结果表明:2010年春季北京市出现15次外来沙尘天气,外来沙尘输送对北京市空气质量的影响天数为21 d,直接造成15 d空气质量超标,最严重的一次API指数达到最大值500。沙尘的天气形势特征以及输送路径的不同,对北京市空气质量的影响有明显差异。当低压中心过境时,沙尘天气影响最重,颗粒物浓度显著上升,气态污染物迅速下降,沙尘呈现自西北向东南输送的特征;低压底部过境与低压中心过境类似,但是沙尘强度略弱;除此之外,沙尘回流也可以直接造成北京市空气质量超标,颗粒物浓度和气态污染物浓度均表现出上升的变化趋势。     

影响泰州市空气质量的几种沙尘类型分析

利用2020年11月—2021年5月泰州市大气颗粒物自动监测数据,结合激光雷达观测资料、气象资料及后向轨迹模式,研究分析不同类型沙尘天气过程对泰州市空气质量的影响。结果表明,研究时段泰州市受到沙尘天气影响共计12次,影响天数21 d,污染天数占比达42.9%;按照影响时长和影响程度将沙尘天气过程分为直接影响型、移速缓慢型、边缘影响型、入海回流型等4种类型;由于天气形势背景和传输路径差异,不同类型沙尘对泰州市空气质量影响程度差异较大,整体而言,移速缓慢型沙尘、入海回流型沙尘对泰州市空气质量影响更为显著。     

中国北方干旱地区沙尘矿物特征研究

为了开展对我国沙暴传输规律的研究,了解我国北方干旱地区沙尘矿物特征有重要意义。本文对我国新疆塔克拉玛干沙漠区,内蒙腾格里沙漠区,贺兰山及银川等处的沙尘样品用X射线粉末衍射法进行矿物分析鉴定,并用原子吸收法作了特征元素的分析对比,根据矿物的X射线粉末衍射结果,结合元素分析,对沙漠源区及其以东地区沙尘矿物特征作了比较,判析了两个源区的矿物组成,讨论了它们的传输过程。     

利用激光雷达太阳光度计等多种遥感手段立体监测一次沙尘事件夏俊荣

利用位于北京以及河北香河的两台地基Mie散射激光雷达、星载激光雷达、太阳光度计以及颗粒物监测仪等一系列仪器对发生在2008年5月底的一次沙尘事件进行立体监测并分析.结果表明,这起较严重的沙尘是由蒙古国输送而来,影响范围很广,持续时间较长,有三次明显的峰值,对应三次沙尘的来袭;沙尘的每次来袭都对应有先升温后降温的现象,并伴随有相对湿度的急剧下降;沙尘入侵前北京香河两地以细粒子为主,入侵后代之以粗粒子为主.     

The return periods and risk assessment of severe dust storms in Inner Mongolia with consideration of the main contributing factors

This study presents a methodology for return period analysis and risk assessment of severe dust storm disaster. Meteorological observation data, soil moisture data, and remote sensing data from 30 meteorological stations in Inner Mongolia (western China) from 1985 to 2006 were used for the study. A composite index of severe dust storm disaster (Index I (SDS)) based on the influence mechanisms of the main contributing factors was developed by using the analytic hierarchy process and the weighted comprehensive method, and the hazard risk curves (i.e., the transcendental probability curves of I (SDS)) for the 30 stations were established using the parameter estimation method. We then analyzed the risk of the occurrence of severe dust storm under different scenarios of 5-, 10-, 20-, and 50-year return periods. The results show that the risk decreased from west to east across Inner Mongolia, and there are four severe dust storm occurrence peak value centers, including Guaizihu, Jilantai, Hailisu, and Zhurihe-Erenhot. The severity of dust storms in seven places will be intolerable in the 50-year return period scenario and in three places in the 20-year return period scenario. These results indicate that these locations should concentrate forces on disaster prevention, monitoring, and early warning. The I (SDS) was developed as an easily understandable tool useful for the assessment and comparison of the relative risk of severe dust storm disasters in different areas. The risk assessment was specifically intended to support local and national government agencies in their management of severe dust storm disasters in their efforts to (1) make resource allocation decisions, (2) make high-level planning decisions, and (3) raise public awareness of severe dust storm risk.     

基于K-means聚类的沙尘天气快速识别技术研究

依据沙尘天气判定条件分析2018年春季（2—4月）陕西省西安市环境空气质量小时监测数据，共识别9 d受沙尘影响。研究基于K-means聚类沙尘天气分析方法，分析沙尘天气监测数据特征，并对沙尘识别聚类模型进行优化研究，识别的沙尘影响天气与传统方法一致。分析表明，聚类方法可用于沙尘天气监测数据的识别，与传统方法相比较，基于K-means聚类方法能够快速、准确识别沙尘影响天气。     

浅谈阿图什市近3年干旱气候与沙尘暴的影响及其对策

为了研究阿图什市干旱气候的变化和沙尘暴频发的原因，利用阿图什市2005-2007年连续3年的降水量、湿度、PM10浓度、风速、温度与沙尘暴的频发次数相关的气象数据资料，提出改变干旱气候及减少沙尘暴频发的建议，为阿图什市发展生态城市建设提供科学依据。     

高压离线侧喷脉冲袋式除尘技术在水泥磨上的应用

以新疆天山水泥股份有限公司一分厂1水泥磨除尘系统技术改造为实例，阐述了获1993年国家环保最佳实用技术推广的LCPM型高压离线侧喷脉冲袋除尘器在水泥磨系统的应用及产生的效果。     

环境磁学在城市地表灰尘重金属污染研究中的应用

随着环境问题日渐突出,地表灰尘重金属污染日益成为研究热点。单纯采用化学方法监测重金属污染具有一定局限性,环境磁学方法以其简便、快捷、经济且无害化的特点在城市重金属污染研究中广为应用。通过文献调研,综述环境磁学在城市地表灰尘重金属污染研究中的应用与研究进展,阐明重金属的主要来源,简述环境磁学的诸多参数,分析磁学参数与重金属的关系,并通过对比不同的磁学分析方法,探讨环境磁学方法在城市地表灰尘重金属污染研究中存在的问题及其发展趋势。     

Investigation of wind erosion process for estimation, prevention, and control of DSS in Yazd–Ardakan plain

Wind erosion is a phenomenon that is reasonably common in regions where dry winds blow. For the most part, these regions correspond to the dry lands; areas where the soil, generally, is dry and shifting and lacks vegetation for most of the year. The winds are sufficiently strong to lift and move sands and soil particles. The repeated removal of superficial layers by the action of winds can modify the texture of the topsoil, by removing the fine particles and leaving the larger particles. Dust and sandstorm (DSS) is the generic term for a serious environmental phenomenon that involves strong winds that blow a large quantity of dust and fine sand particles away from the ground and carry them over a long distance with significant environmental impacts along the way. In the realm of DSS in Iran country, the people who live in Yazd and Sistan–Baluchestan provinces form a single ecological community due to their geographic proximity and climatic contiguity. The major sources of DSS in the region are believed to be the desert and semidesert areas of the Yazd–Ardakan plain in Yazd province. Both Sistan and Baluchestan are the recipients of this dust. To address the long-range transboundary environmental problem of DSS, a regional cooperation mechanism must be established among the provinces in the region. Yazd–Ardakan plain, with area of about 650,000 ha, is located in the center of Iran, between Yazd and Ardakan cities. The mean annual rainfall is less than 65 mm. Rainfall distribution is a simple modal and more than 70% of it occurs in winter. Plant density varies from 0% to 25%, and Artemisia sieberi is the dominant plant species. The major part of Yazd–Ardakan plain is bare land. According to the recent investigation, more than 20,000-m³ dust with less than 100-μm diameter falls down annually on Yazd city with an area of 7,000 ha. Horizontal visibility is reduced to less than 6 m in stormy days in some parts of Yazd–Ardakan plain. This phenomenon causes car accidents on the main roads of Yazd–Ardakan and can cancel the airplane flights in the stormy days. At present, it is estimated that wind erosion causes more than $6.8 million damages to socioeconomic resources in Yazd plain each year. This paper describes the pattern of occurrence of wind erosion and major contributing factors, summarizes measured rates of wind erosion, outlines the techniques used to mitigate wind erosion hazard, and suggests research priorities. Also, damages of DSS have been estimated and methods for prevention and control are suggested.     

内蒙古自治区“十三五”期间生态环境质量

为了解内蒙古自治区"十三五"期间的生态环境质量状况,以自治区生态环境监测网数据为依据,较全面地研究了"十三五"期间内蒙古生态环境质量变化特征及社会经济与环境质量的关联性,总结归纳了尚存的环境问题。结果表明:"十三五"期间,内蒙古生态环境质量全面好转,环境空气质量明显改善,地表水水质由中度污染转为轻度污染,沙尘天气减少,声环境质量总体改善,主要污染物排放量下降,未出现酸雨现象。但与此同时,仍存在不少环境问题,后续改善难度加大,区域大气污染治理成效还需进一步稳固,部分地表水存在污染较重的状况,生态环境仍较敏感。经济发展与环境质量相关指标基本呈负相关关系。总体来看,内蒙古自治区"十三五"期间生态环境质量全面改善,但当前生态环境质量与2035年远景目标还有较大差距。     

上海市降尘自动监测系统研发与应用

大气降尘量是重要的环境指标之一,可以较客观地反映和评价城市局部地区扬尘污染水平,对评价城市区域环境空气质量、分析大气污染来源和变化具有重要意义。国内外大气降尘监测普遍采用传统的手工监测方法,手工法因时效性差、效率低、能耗大、质控难、误差大等原因已不适应现代环境管理的需求。随着科技与网络的发展,自动监测方法成为发展趋势。文章主要阐述了上海市降尘自动监测技术的研发过程及实际应用,介绍了自主研发的降尘自动监测仪的原理、关键技术和系统组成。通过粉尘舱内实验、降尘自动监测方法与手工重量法比对测试及为期一年的试点应用,分析了降尘自动监测方法的精密度、准确度、相对误差及适用性,并探讨了降尘自动监测的应用前景。     

Characteristics of Ion Components and Trace Elements of Fine Particles at Gosan, Korea in Spring time from 2001 to 2002

Size-segregated measurements of the composition of an aerosol are used to determine the transport of natural and anthropogenic aerosols to the Gosan site in springtime from 2001 to 2002. Although the transport of Asian dust is a well-known phenomenon in springtime, this study shows that not only is soil dust transported into Gosan each spring but so are anthropogenic aerosols, including sulfur, enriched trace metals such as Pb, Zn, Ni, K, S. This study also combines the size- and time-resolved aerosol composition measurements with isentropic, backward air-mass trajectories in order to identify some potential source regions of the anthropogenic aerosols. Finally, four types of transport episodes were identified: (1) anthropogenic pollutants, (2) dust storm mixed with the anthropogenic aerosols, (3) typical dust storms, (4) some sea salt with clean air mass. Overall, in addition to typical soil dust, a large amount of anthropogenic aerosols, whether mixed with the soil dust or not, are transported to Gosan each spring.     

Environmental impact of electricity relocation: A quasi-natural experiment from interregional electricity transmission

Pollutants such as sulfur would concentrate in the source regions and thus the localized impacts are more obvious. Local balance of electricity by transporting coal has resulted in dense concentration of coal-fired power plants in load centers and caused severe environmental problems. Electricity relocation through interregional transmission is another choice for energy transportation to achieve electricity balance across regions and pollution mitigation. Using interregional electricity transmission (IRET) lines in China as a quasi-natural experiment, this paper assesses the environmental impact of electricity relocation. In the assessment, the grid organization of “province as executor” in China is considered because it affects the sphere of IRET's influence on pollution mitigation. Here we show the environmental benefits of electricity relocation. We find that, electricity relocation through interregional transmission leads to the growth rate of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) emission decreasing 7% in landing areas and Sichuan province benefits most from electricity relocation. It is interesting that there is no significant increase of SO₂ emission growth rate in sending areas compared to counterfactuals if there had no IRET due to more integration of clean energy and improved emission efficiency in sending areas. Placebo study and robustness check show that the results are quite convincing. Therefore, IRET provides an appealing choice for China's environmental control in eastern region, and it is not necessarily at the cost of pollution in western region. The methodology can be applied to assess the environmental impacts of other program or policy elsewhere.     

光散射法扬尘在线监测质量管理研究与应用

主要阐述了光散射法扬尘在线监测应用于建筑工地、干散货码头堆场、混凝土搅拌站的质量管理和质量评估。为了提高光散射法扬尘在线监测的数据质量,上海市采取扬尘在线监测设备现场质量抽测的模式,通过对在用仪器的监测点位、除湿方式、校准方式、质量浓度转换系数、与标准重量法监测结果的相对误差和相关系数、仪器运行维护水平等影响监测质量和数据有效性的关键指标的检查,开展扬尘监测在用仪器质量评估和仪器商合格评定,稳步提高在用仪器质量,为在线监测质量管理和质量评估提供可借鉴的技术方案和实践经验。     

Characterization of ionic composition of TSP and PM10 during the Middle Eastern Dust (MED) storms in Ahvaz, Iran

Because of the recent frequent observations of major dust storms in southwestern cities in Iran such as Ahvaz, and the importance of the ionic composition of particulate matters regarding their health effects, source apportionment, etc., the present work was conducted aiming at characterizing the ionic composition of total suspended particles (TSP) and particles on the order of ～10?μm or less (PM(10)) during dust storms in Ahvaz in April-September 2010. TSP and PM(10) samples were collected and their ionic compositions were determined using an ion chromatography. Mean concentrations of TSP and PM(10) were 1,481.5 and 1,072.9?μg/m(3), respectively. Particle concentrations during the Middle Eastern Dust (MED) days were up to four times higher than those in normal days. Ionic components contributed to only 9.5% and 11.3% of the total mass of TSP and PM(10), respectively. Crustal ions were most abundant during dust days, while secondary ions were dominant during non-dust days. Ca(2+)/Na(+) and Cl(-)/Na(+) ratios can be considered as the indicators for identification of the MED occurrence. It was found that possible chemical forms of NaCl, (NH(4))(2)SO(4), KCl, K(2)SO(4), CaCl(2), Ca(NO(3))(2), and CaSO(4) may exist in TSP. Correlation between the anionic and cationic components suggests slight anion and cation deficiencies in TSP and PM(10) samples, though the deficiencies were negligible.     

Vanadium Concentrations in Settled Outdoor Dust Particles

Atmospheric dustfall is an important aspect of urban dust studies. Vanadium is considered as the marker element of air pollution emitted from residual oil and coal combustion. In this study, vanadium levels of outdoor dust particles are determined. The studied area covers the six sites located in Adapazarí (Turkey), which represents an earthquake-hit environment. The mass deposition rate was calculated for each sampling plate over the 30-days collection periods. The deposition rates for the six places in Adapazarí ranged from 20.5 to 84.9 μg/cm²/day. The arithmetic mean deposition rate for all places was 45.3 μg/cm²/day. Total dust deposition and vanadium loadings typically increased in magnitude according to the area order: Kampus > Serdivan > Çark C. > Ozanlar > Erenler > Ye?iltepe and Kampus > Serdivan > Çark C. > Ozanlar > Erenler > Ye?iltepe, respectively. The results suggested that vanadium may be useful for assessing the level of environmental pollution.