固相微萃取-气相色谱法测定水中痕量有机氯农药

建立了固相微萃取-气相色谱联用快速测定水中14种痕量有机氯农药的方法,对比研究了浸入式直接固相微萃取与顶空固相微萃取两种方式对不同有机氯农药的富集效率,优化了试验条件.方法线性关系良好,检出限为0.1 ng/L～10 ng/L,定量下限为0.2 ng/L～40 ng/L,RSD＜8%,实际水样的加标回收率为67.0%～133%.     

中空纤维膜萃取-气相色谱法测定水中有机氯农药

提出了中空纤维膜萃取-气相色谱法测定水中有机氯农药的方法。首先研究了8种有机氯农药的线性范围,然后测定了中空纤维膜萃取对水中有机氯农药的回收率,最后用中空纤维膜萃取-气相色谱法对实际水样进行检测。结果表明,8种有机氯农药在0.5~10μg/L范围内具有良好的线性关系,中空纤维膜萃取法对水中8种有机氯农药的富集倍数为389~464,回收率为77%~92%,可以满足分析要求。     

超声波萃取-气相色谱/质谱法测定土壤中15种Pops类有机氯农药

用探头式超声波萃取仪、己烷/丙酮混合溶剂提取土壤中的15种Pops类有机氯农药(包括六氯苯、七氯、六六六、氯丹、艾氏剂、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂、灭蚁灵、滴滴涕),萃取溶液经氟罗里硅土柱净化、氮吹浓缩,用气相色谱/质谱仪(GC-MS)进行测定。方法检出限0.4～1.4μg/kg,空白样品有机氯农药加标回收率为52.8%～118%、有机氯标记替代物回收率为71.0%～122%,RSD为6.8%～16.5%。     

磁性分散固相萃取技术测定环境水体中有机氯农药

发展了一种磁性分散固相萃取技术对环境水体中17种有机氯农药进行萃取测定,并对萃取剂用量、萃取时间、解吸溶剂、盐度等实验影响因素进行了优化。典型萃取过程如下:取100 mg磁性萃取剂分散在200 mL水样中,加入4 g氯化钠,超声2 min完成萃取,用磁铁分离磁性萃取剂,丙酮解吸有机氯组分后进行GC-ECD分析。在优化条件下,实际水样的平均加标回收率为85.6%~96.5%,相对标准偏差为4.1%~6.7%,方法检出限为0.01~0.05 μg/L。方法操作简单、迅速,有机溶剂消耗量很少,环保,满足环境水体中有机氯农药的测定。     

SPE-GC-MS法测定地下水中26种有机氯农药

采用固相萃取(SPE)技术,结合气相色谱/质谱(GC-MS)选择离子检测法(SIM)对水样中26种有机氯农药(OCPs)进行提取、净化、浓缩前处理,优选了固相萃取小柱填料及萃取、净化条件,优化了GC-MS的工作参数,建立了地下水中26种有机氯农药的SPE-GC-MS分析方法。针对不同的组分,本法加标回收率为76.422%~112.512%,相对标准偏差为4.905%~15.524%,检出限为0.014~0.089μg/L。该方法操作简单,消耗费用低,分析速度快,具有较高的灵敏度和回收率。     

加速溶剂萃取气相色谱负化学离子源质谱法分析土壤中有机氯农药

通过优化萃取条件建立了一套土壤中有机氯农药的加速溶剂萃取方法;采用固相萃取实现了样品的净化,气相色谱负化学离子源质谱实现了高灵敏度检测,建立了一套土壤中19种有机氯农药的快速分析方法,各目标物的检出限为0.001～0.009μg/g,采用来自于不同地区的砂土、黏土、亚黏土等不同类型的样品进行加标实验,回收率为60%～120%。     

固相萃取-GC/MS法测定水中16种有机氯农药

采用HLB固相萃取柱富集水样,乙酸乙酯溶剂洗脱,加入氘代菲作为内标,利用气相色谱/质谱联用法选择离子模式测定水中16种有机氯农药,优化了固相萃取条件。16种有机氯农药在5.00μg/L~250μg/L范围内线性良好,按1 L水样计算,方法最低检出限为1.4 ng/L~19.4 ng/L,相对标准偏差为3.5%~20.0%,平均加标回收率为44.7%~119%。     

邕江流域有机氯农药残留问题的初步研究

采用固相萃取和GC-ECD对邕江流域水体中17种痕量有机氯农药的残留状况进行分析测定,检测结果表明,邕江干流均检出硫酸硫丹,但有机氯农药浓度较低,均未超过现有相关标准。城市内河残留的有机氯农药以六六六为主,主要来自于长期的历史残留,而硫酸硫丹除朝阳溪和相思湖丰水期未检测到外,均普遍检出。方法检出限为1~5ng/L,替代物加标回收率为103.5%~112.0%。     

固相微萃取一毛细管气相色谱法快速分析水中有机氯农药

固相微萃取是一种快速、简便、集萃取浓缩进样于一体的样品前处理技术,具有分析时间短、灵敏度高、无需有机溶剂的优点.本工作用固相微萃取富集水中有机氯农药,毛细管气相色谱分离分析,整个分析过程只需30min,检出限可迭0.01至0.1μg/L,已用于降雨、地面水、海洋中有机氯农药含量的测定.     

乌江流域中上游水体中有机氯农药残留现状调查

采集了乌江流域中上游30个采样点的60个水样品,用液-液萃取对样品进行前处理,然后用GC-ECD测定有机氯农药含量,分析有机氯农药残留现状。结果表明,有机氯农药在样品中都有不同程度的检出,其中六六六、滴滴涕类物质的检出率分别为90.7%、46.9%,质量浓度为4.03~42.89 ng/L,同我国其它区域相比,乌江流域中上游水体中的有机氯含量处于中等水平,低于相应的标准限值。故就有机氯农药这类污染物在水中的含量来说,乌江流域中上游的水体是相对安全的。但由于这类污染物是持久性的,因此它们在水环境中的存在和影响也是不容忽视的。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

土壤和底泥中砷、铬、锰测定的前处理技术

试验了土壤和底泥中砷的前处理技术，其目的是能对土壤、底泥中砷、铬、锰在一次前处理中制备成试液，比色法分析。试验表明，用Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４－Ｈ２Ｏ２进行前处理是可行的。方法简单、挥发酸雾少，用标准参考物质检验证明，分解完全，数据准确，有粒较好一致性。     

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

Geochemical assessment of metal transport in glacial till during electrokinetic remediation

This paper presents the chemical speciation and retention behavior of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) prior to and after the electrokinetic remediation in glacial till soil. The speciation of the metals was predicted using the chemical speciation program MINEQL⁺. The simulations were performed for single-contaminant with only Cr(VI) or Ni, and multi-contaminants consisting of: (1) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd; (2) Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (3) Cr(VI), Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (4) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd with reducing agents; and (5) Cr(III), Ni, and Cd with oxidizing agent (Mn). The results showed that the speciation and distribution of cationic metals [Ni, Cd, and Cr(III)] in glacial till soil remain unaffected or slightly affected during electrokinetics. This is attributed to the high pH buffering capacity of the glacial till, leading the metals to precipitate in the soil prior to and after electrokinetics. This study showed that during electrokinetics, Cr(VI) existed as anionic complex and migrated towards the anode and the migration is maximum in case of a single-contaminant system. The study also showed that near the anode in the absence of any reducing and oxidizing agent, Cr(VI) mostly adsorbed, and some of Cr(VI) reduced to Cr(III) and migrated towards the cathode and finally precipitated due to high pH conditions. Ni and Cd remain adsorbed or precipitated due to the high pH conditions throughout the soil. Among the reducing agents, the sulfide had significant effect on the migration of metals compared to ferrous ions. While in the presence of oxidizing agent (Mn), no noticeable Cr(VI) was found in the soil sample indicating the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and the predominance of reducing conditions due to the presence of naturally occurring iron in the glacial till soil. Overall, this study provides a reasonable explanation of the speciation and distribution of chromium, nickel and cadmium during the electrokinetic remediation of glacial till soil.     

Biomonitoring of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Streams Draining Lead-Mining and Non-Mining Areas, Southeast Missouri, USA

We evaluated exposure of aquatic biota to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) in streams draining a Pb-mining district in southeast Missouri. Samples of plant biomass (detritus, periphyton, and filamentous algae), invertebrates (snails, crayfish, and riffle benthos), and two taxa of fish were collected from seven sites closest to mining areas (mining sites), four sites further downstream from mining (downstream sites), and eight reference sites in fall 2001. Samples of plant biomass from mining sites had highest metal concentrations, with means 10- to 60-times greater than those for reference sites. Mean metal concentrations in over 90% of samples of plant biomass from mining sites were significantly greater than those from reference sites. Mean concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd in most invertebrate samples from mining sites, and mean Pb concentrations in most fish samples from mining sites, were also significantly greater than those from reference sites. Concentrations of all three metals were lower in samples from downstream sites, but several samples of plant biomass from downstream sites had metal concentrations significantly greater than those from reference sites. Analysis of supplemental samples collected in the fall of 2002, a year of above-average stream discharge, had lower Pb concentrations and higher Cd concentrations than samples collected in 2001, near the end of a multi-year drought. Concentrations of Pb measured in fish and invertebrates collected from mining sites during 2001 and 2002 were similar to those measured at nearby sites in the 1970s, during the early years of mining in the Viburnum Trend. Results of this study demonstrate that long-term Pb mining activity in southeast Missouri has resulted in significantly elevated concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in biota of receiving streams, compared to biota of similar streams without direct influence of mining. Our results also demonstrate that metal exposure in the study area differed significantly among sample types, habitats, and years, and that these factors should be carefully considered in the design of biomonitoring studies.     

Comparative studies on accumulation of Cr from metal solution and tannery effluent under repeated metal exposure by aquatic plants: its toxic effects

The present study demonstrates comparison of Cr accumulatingpotential by the plants of Najas indica Cham. (submerged),Vallisneria spiralis L. (rooted submerged) and Alternanthera sessilis R. Br. (rooted emergent) under repeatedmetal exposure and its effect on chlorophyll and protein concentrations. These plants were treated with different concentrations of Cr under repeated exposure in controlled laboratory conditions to assess the maximum metal accumulationpotential. The plants of V. spiralis accumulated significantly high amount of Cr under laboratory conditions incomparison to N. indica and A. sessilis. The maximumaccumulation of 1378, 458 and 201 g g^-1 dw Cr was found in the leaves of V. spiralis, N. indica and A. sessilis, respectively at 8 mg L^-1 after 9 day of Cr exposure. These plants have shown a decrease in chlorophyll andprotein concentrations with increase in Cr concentrations. In view of high accumulation of Cr in V. spiralis, the plantswere treated with different concentrations of tannery effluent collected from Common Effluent Treatment Plant, Unnao (UP). Theplants of V. spiralis treated with 100% tannery wastewatershowed the maximum accumulation (57.5 g g^-1 dw) of Cr in the roots after 10 days of exposure. The plants were foundeffective in removing Cr from solution and tannery effluent.     

Assessment of Air Quality After the Implementation of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) as Fuel in Public Transport in Delhi, India

Public transport in Delhi was amended by the Supreme Court of India to use Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) instead of diesel or petrol. After the implementation of CNG since April 2001, Delhi has the highest fraction of CNG-run public vehicles in the world and most of them were introduced within 20 months. In the present study, the concentrations of various criteria air pollutants (SPM, PM₁₀, CO, SO₂ and NO_x) and organic pollutants such as benzene, toluene, xylene (BTX) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were assessed before and after the implementation of CNG. A decreasing trend was found for PAHs, SO₂ and CO concentrations, while the NO_x level was increased in comparison to those before the implementation of CNG. Further, SPM, PM₁₀, and BTX concentrations showed no significant change after the implementation of CNG. However, the BTX concentration demonstrated a clear relation with the benzene content of gasoline. In addition to the impact of the introduction of CNG the daily variation in PAHs levels was also studied and the PAHs concentrations were observed to be relatively high between 10 pm to 6 am, which gives a proof of a relation with the limited day entry and movement of heavy vehicles in Delhi.