新型树脂吸附法在环境抗生素监测中的应用

抗生素造成的环境污染日趋严重、普遍,在我国形势尤为严峻.其污染的对策、现状正逐步成为国际、国内的研究热点,并已经引起包括我国在内的各国政府的高度重视.树脂吸附法因其耐酸碱等特性在环境抗生素的富集、分离和监测中具有独特的优势,本文对此进行了较详尽的论述.     

火电厂烟气脱硝容量的合理性探讨

根据美国20世纪90年代初的电力生产及火电NOx的排放情况,并结合我国的实际情况及控制火电NOx排放的趋势,提出2010年和2020年我国火电NOx排放总量控制目标,预测满足火电NOx控制目标的合理的火电厂烟气脱硝容量.     

地表水中BOD 5监测时的快速估算

阐述了BOD5与溶解氧之间的相关性,提出可以通过溶解氧和水温估算BOD5值,但是,首先要建立水样稀释前溶解氧与BOD5的相关关系.举例说明了对地表水中BOD5值的估算和稀释倍数确定的应用.     

中国环境规划的探析

阐明了环境规划与国民经济和气候变化的关系。通过中美环境规划差异的比较和分析,指出健全和完善环境规划制度的重要性。对旧的环境规划体系进行改革,建立新的科学的环境规划体系是中国环境规划发展的必然趋势。     

离子色谱法同时测定大气中二氧化硫和氮氧化物

建立以2.2mmol/L的Na2CO3和2.7mmol/L的NaHCO3的混合溶液为吸收液,同时串联两个大气采样瓶采样,第一个采样瓶的吸收液内含质量体积比为0.05%的乙二胺四乙酸二钠盐(EDTA)吸收大气中SO2和NO2,第二个采样瓶的吸收液中内舍质量体积比为0.9%的过氧化氢采集大气中的NO,采样后用离子色谱法测定,若用10ml吸收液,采样体积为30L时,SO2的检出限为0.004mg/m3,可测浓度范围为0.03～26.7mg/m3;NO2的检出限为6.7×10-4mg/m3,可测浓度范围为0.03～20mg/m3.方法简便快速、准确、选择性好,完全满足环境监测对大气中二氧化硫和氮氧化物的同时测定.     

创建国家环境保护模范城市软件资料体系的建立

软件资料的收集、整理与归档是创建国家环境保护模范城市(以下简称创模)的重点工作之一,贯穿创模的全过程.通过查看资料,可以了解该地区的环境状况是否达到模范城市的要求,同时参照创模考核指标,及时发现存在的重点、难点问题[1],以此推动城市基础设施建设.完整齐全的软件资料,可以使考核专家组在短暂的创模技术评估考核期间了解该地区的基本信息、社会经济发展程度、环境质量与管理情况、基础设施建设进展、污染源布局及治理达标等环境状况,便于专家组全面检查.因此,建立完备的软件资料体系是创模成功的重要保障.     

联合国商讨出台规定控制海运碳排放

据英国BBC报道，联合国目前正在商讨控制海运活动日渐增长的碳排放的相关规定。国际海事组织的环境委员会正在起草政策，并着手设计相关的标准，以期海运船只能够更加有效地运行。相关的标准研究工作包括制定船只操作运行标准，从而使船只能够提高燃油效率。但是，在对船只征收燃料税的提议上，研究工作可能不会取得太大的进展。     

商住楼扰民噪声监测技术探讨

通过对贵阳市某商住楼内S超市的扰民噪声投诉处理,提出了在处理商住楼内商场、超市类项目扰民噪声投诉中经常面时的几个主要问题及处理建议,探讨了商住楼扰民噪声的监测技术.     

关注水环境污染物治理 走良性循环发展道路

正水是世界上分布最广的资源之一,也是人类与生物赖以生存和发展必不可少的物质。但世界上可供人类利用的水资源很少,我国的水资源也很短缺,尽管如此,随着工业、经济、科技的发展,人类的这些活动严重的污染了我们的水资源,造成了水质下降。有毒污染物是指那些直接或者间接生物摄入体内后,导致该生物或者其后代发病、行为反常、遗传异变、生理机能失常、机体变形或者死亡的污染物。随着科学技术的进步,工农业生产的发展,水环境作为     

基于VEGETATION数据的区域生态系统质量评价之一——指标体系选择

目前,环境资源问题已经对我国建设"和谐社会"构成了严重挑战,如何选取合适的评价指标体系和构建生态评价模型对生态系统进行准确的评价是困难的,也是十分必要的.从生态系统的平衡、波动、干扰及阈值等基本特点出发,构建了区域生态质量评价指标体系包括生产能力指数、服务功能的稳定度指数和人口压力指数三大指标.     

南昌市一次降水自动监测结果的综合分析

利用降水自动监测仪和空气自动监测系统的同步监测结果,分析了一次34 5mm连续降水中全过程的pH、EC和同期SO2、PM10、NO2的变化情况。降水中pH值为7 23～4 08、EC为488 8～7 6μS cm,pH、EC在降水初期变化较大。pH与EC、SO2呈现负相关趋势,降水过程中PM10、NO2基本保持较低水平,SO2变化较大。     

降雨对噪声自动监测数据的影响分析

选取北京市近5年夏半年(4—9月)的降雨数据及相关噪声自动监测小时等效声级,利用数学统计软件进行有雨-无雨声级差异性分析、声级-降雨相关性分析及平均声级-雨量变化趋势分析等,提出降雨确实对噪声自动监测小时数据有一定贡献,不同雨量对不同功能区噪声影响不同,建议噪声自动监测系统建设时应考虑雨噪声影响,以保证对声环境质量评价的科学性和准确性。     

Generating Synthetic Rainfall on Various Timescales—Daily, Monthly and Yearly

The main objective of this paper is to present a model for generating synthetic rainfall totals on various timescales to be applicable for a variety of uses. Many large-scale ecological and water resource models require daily, monthly and yearly rainfall data as input to the model. As historical data provides only one realisation, synthetic generated rainfall totals are needed to assess the impact of rainfall variability on water resources systems (Srikanthan, In: MODSIM2005, Melbourne, Dec. 2005, pp. 1915–1921, 2005). Thus, our preferred model should simulate rainfall for yearly, monthly and daily periods. We believe that, for water supply issues, no higher resolution is needed, although higher resolution would be useful in models designed to measure the risk of local flooding. The critical factors are daily, monthly and yearly totals and daily, monthly and yearly variation. A model for generating yearly totals will be described using traditional time series methods. This model, along with a similarly constructed daily generation model by Piantadosi et al. (A New Model for Correlated Daily Rainfall, 2008), will be cascaded to start with a synthetic yearly total, then generate a synthetic sequence of monthly totals (through selection from a large number of realisations) that match the yearly total, and subsequently perform a similar operation for sequences of daily totals to match the required monthly totals. We present a new model for the generation of synthetic monthly rainfall data, which we demonstrate for Parafield in Adelaide, South Australia. The rainfall for each month of the year is modelled as a non-negative random variable from a mixed distribution with either a zero outcome or a strictly positive outcome. We use maximum likelihood to find parameters for both the probability of a zero outcome and the gamma distribution that best matches the observed probability density for the strictly positive outcomes. We describe a new model that generates correlated monthly rainfall totals using a diagonal band copula with a single parameter to generate lag-1 correlated random numbers. Our model preserves the marginal monthly distributions and, hence, also preserves the monthly and yearly means. We show that, for Parafield, the correlation between rainfall totals for successive months is not significant, and so, it is reasonable to assume independence. This is, however, not true for daily rainfall. We describe a new model that generates correlated daily rainfall totals using a diagonal band copula with a single parameter to generate lag-1 correlated random numbers. This is an extended version of a paper presented at the 17th Biennial Congress on Modelling and Simulation, Christchurch, New Zealand, December 2007.     

降雨对坡面产沙及土壤养分流失的影响研究

为研究天然降雨条件下坡面产沙及土壤养分流失的变化规律,根据当地不同的种植模式,在野外标准径流小区进行试验.结果表明,采用玉米顺垄耕作坡面产沙量同I30关系最为密切,产沙量随I30的增大而增多;采用玉米横垄的耕作方式时,坡面产沙量同降雨量和降雨强度没有明显的变化规律.降雨量对径流中土壤养分流失量的影响不明显,而径流中土壤...     

Nutrient transfer by runoff from sewage sludge amended soil under simulated rainfall

Wastewater sludges are used in agriculture as soil amendment and fertilizer, with regard to their organic matter and nutrient content. However, availability of nitrogen and phosphorus from sludge-amended soils and their transfer in runoff may lead to eutrophication of downstream surface water. The aim of this study is to establish and compare the effect of two different sludges on these transfers: an anaerobically digested and thermically stabilised sludge (Seine-Aval treatment plant, sludge no. 1), and a limed sludge (Saint-Quentin treatment plant, sludge no. 2). Experiments were performed on 12 sloping micro-plots (1 m × 1 m) submitted to sludge spreading and controlled rainfall simulation. Runoff water was sampled and analysed for concentrations in nitrogen species and phosphorus. Results show that spreading of sludge no. 1 increased both ammonium nitrogen (mean of 1.1 mg L^–1 N-NH₄ vs. 0.2 mg L^–1 N-NH₄ for control micro-plots) and particulate phosphorus concentrations (mean of 2 mg L^–1 P vs. 1.1 mg L^–1 P for control micro-plots) in runoff water. On the other hand, sludge no. 2 did not induce any significant effect on nutrient concentrations in runoff. These results are related to chemical composition and physical treatment of sludges. This study underlines the existence of a short-term risk of nutrient mobilisation by runoff after sludge spreading on soil, and the need to check precisely the impact of this practice on water quality.     

降雨影响噪声自动监测数据的有效性判定分析

选取北京市近5年夏半年（4—9月）夜间的降雨数据及相关噪声自动监测小时等效声级，对小时雨量与噪声自动监测数据进行数学统计分析，找出影响噪声监测数据的小时雨量值及不同声级受雨噪声影响的雨量限值，作为降雨对噪声自动监测小时等效声级的有效性判定条件。     

污染天气条件下人工降雨对成渝西南区域环境空气质量的影响评估

基于成渝地区大气污染防控形势的严峻性,选取该区域西南部的乐山市作为研究对象,对2016—2020年人工降雨对该城市环境空气质量的影响进行研究。评估发现:冬季改善效果最好,平均每毫米降雨量可降低环境空气质量指数(AQI)约10,对应的SO₂、NO₂、CO、O₃、PM₁₀、PM_2.5浓度分别降低1.8 μg/m³、3.8 μg/m³、0.1 mg/m³、8.1 μg/m³、6.9 μg/m³、8.9 μg/m³;其次是春季,每毫米降雨量可降低AQI约8,对应的6项污染物浓度分别降低1.0 μg/m³、3.3 μg/m³、0.1 mg/m³、8.1 μg/m³、6.1 μg/m³、8.4 μg/m³;再次是夏季,每毫米降雨量可降低AQI约3,对应的6项污染物浓度分别降低0.6 μg/m³、1.6 μg/m³、0.03 mg/m³、6.9 μg/m³、1.2 μg/m³、2.0 μg/m³;秋季每毫米降雨量可降低AQI约1,对应的6项污染物浓度分别降低0.4 μg/m³、0.6 μg/m³、0.01 mg/m³、3.5 μg/m³、0.1 μg/m³、0.1 μg/m³。计算不同季节降雨总量与污染物削减量之间的Pearson相关系数,结果表明,春季人工降雨总量与O₃浓度削减总量呈显著正相关,夏、秋两季人工降雨总量与PM_2.5浓度削减总量呈显著正相关。     

荆门市近十年大气降雨的变化特征分析

利用荆门市2001—2010年对城区和石化区的降水监测资料,研究分析了荆门市近十年来的大气降水量、pH及电导率的变化情况。结果表明:荆门市近十年来的年均降水量为793.27 mm,降水主要集中在5—8月,年降水量变化较大,基本呈周期性的波动趋势。荆门市城区降水的pH和电导率比较稳定,没有出现酸雨。石化区的降水年平均pH比城区低,年平均电导率比城区高,有酸雨发生,但污染并不严重。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.