牦牛源枯草芽孢杆菌分离培养与鉴定

为得到稳定性高、抗逆性强的枯草芽孢杆菌，试验从健康牦牛的新鲜粪便中分离、纯化枯草芽孢杆菌，分离出4株枯草芽孢杆菌。之后进行形态学鉴定、多项生化鉴定、琼脂糖凝胶电泳试验。结果表明，革兰氏染色为蓝色棒状或杆状菌，生化鉴定符合枯草芽孢杆菌生化反应，确定为枯草芽孢杆菌，编号为BS-1,BS-2,BS-3,BS-4。通过耐胆盐、耐高温等耐受性试验，结果显示，BS-3整体耐受特性最好，在4株菌株中稳定性最高、抗逆性最强。结合试验目的，推断BS-3作为枯草芽孢杆菌益生菌制剂潜力较高。     

瘤胃源枯草芽孢杆菌BX1-12的筛选鉴定及其产酶抑菌活性

本试验通过筛选瘤胃环境中具产酶抑菌活性的芽孢杆菌,为开发功能型饲用微生态制剂奠定基础。采用可培养的方法从健康高产奶牛瘤胃液中分离芽孢杆菌,并测定其产酶能力及抑菌活性,同时对筛选到的功能菌株进行生理生化和分子生物学鉴定。结果显示：从健康高产奶牛瘤胃液中筛选出一株芽孢杆菌BX1-12,其产纤维素酶、蛋白酶及α-淀粉酶活力分别为27.33、137.54 U/mL和1450.53 U/100 mL,同时该菌具广谱抑菌效果,对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和伤寒沙门氏菌的抑菌圈直径分别为13.62、23.21 mm和25.97 mm。结合Biolog生理生化实验及16S rRNA序列分析,鉴定该菌为枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）。综上,从健康高产奶牛瘤胃液中分离得到的这株枯草芽孢杆菌BX1-12,具有产多种酶活及广谱抑菌的能力,是一株良好的用于奶牛微生态制剂的候选菌株。 [关键词] 奶牛瘤胃液|饲用芽孢杆菌|枯草芽孢杆菌|产酶抑菌活性     

反刍动物复合微生态制剂的研制

模拟反刍动物瘤胃内环境对枯草芽孢杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、肠球菌、啤酒酵母、酿酒酵母5种菌进行相关生物学特性研究。试验结果表明,这5株菌安全、菌株间无颉颃性、耐酸碱、耐胆盐、颉颃常见病原菌,符合研制反刍动物微生态制剂的要求。进而对这5种菌的发酵培养基和发酵参数进行了研究、优化,从而开发出一种新型复合微生态制剂及其发酵生产工艺。     

鸡源芽孢益生菌的筛选及JM-11菌株的鉴定

为了筛选对鸡腹泻有治疗作用的益生菌,试验利用琼脂扩散法,以大肠杆菌菌株为病源指示菌,在鸡肠道内分离得到具有较强抑菌活性的颉颃细菌70株。利用发酵液平板打孔对其中24株进行复筛,得到1株颉颃活性较高的菌株JM-11。对该菌株进行形态特征的观察和生理生化试验,结合16SrDNA序列分析,并与相应种和属的菌株进行对比,表明JM-11与芽孢杆菌相应性状相近。用BLAST软件在Genbank数据库中对JM-11菌株的序列进行比对,经分析JM-11菌株与枯草芽孢杆菌的相似性水平达到100%,且二者在所构建的系统发育树上处于同一个分支。最终鉴定JM-11菌株为枯草芽孢杆菌。     

一株仔猪源枯草芽孢杆菌的分离鉴定及其益生特性研究

为了筛选优质猪源益生菌菌种资源,为畜禽微生态制剂的研究与开发提供优质候选菌株,试验以健康仔猪新鲜粪便为分离材料,通过高温处理分离芽孢杆菌,并对其进行形态特征、生化及分子生物学鉴定与益生特性研究。结果表明:从健康仔猪新鲜粪便中分离获得多株细菌,选取其中1株生长快速、形态特征典型的菌株进行鉴定,确定该分离菌为枯草芽孢杆菌。益生特性研究表明,该分离菌菌株具有较强的耐热、耐酸、耐胆盐等益生特性,同时具有一定的拮抗致病菌作用,对大部分抗生素敏感,对小鼠无毒副作用,可作为畜禽微生态制剂菌种的候选菌株。     

盐碱水体副溶血弧菌的分离和鉴定

为了明确副溶血弧菌在内陆淡水水体中的分布情况，本试验从查干湖水体中分离得到1株革兰阴性杆菌，命名为A201805S2,对其进行形态观察、生理生化鉴定，并利用PCR方法对其16S rDNA基因序列进行扩增和测序，将测得结果于NCBI上进行BLAST同源性比较。结果显示，该菌株在硫化硫酸盐柠檬酸盐胆盐蔗糖琼脂培养基(TCBS)上为绿色菌落，革兰染色呈红色，两端钝圆，为革兰阴性杆菌；生理生化鉴定结果与副溶血弧菌特性相一致；分离菌与副溶血弧菌16S rDNA基因序列同源性达99%。结果表明，本试验首次从内陆苏打盐碱型淡水水体中分离出副溶血弧菌，为淡水水体副溶血弧菌防控提供数据支持。     

泥蚶血淋巴抗菌活性分析

以泥蚶为试验材料,分别用活的和灭活的副溶血弧菌通过浸泡方式诱导其产生抗菌物质,并以副溶血弧菌、大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌为指示菌进行抗菌活性测定。结果表明：（1）活的和灭活的副溶血弧菌诱导条件对泥蚶血淋巴的抗菌活性影响不显著（P〉0.05）,但比对照组差异显著（P〈0.05）;（2）血淋巴对副溶血弧菌、大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌有抑菌作用,尤其是副溶血弧菌和白色念珠菌。     

一株鸡源芽孢杆菌的分离鉴定和益生性研究

芽孢杆菌是家禽微生态制剂中应用最多的益生菌,对家禽消化道保健具有很好的临床功效。为了筛选出鸡源芽孢杆菌用于临床肉鸡养殖保健,试验从肉鸡的盲肠中分离获得一株芽孢杆菌,并对其理化特性和益生性进行了研究。结果显示:芽孢杆菌的染色、菌落和生化性质符合枯草芽孢杆菌的特征。益生试验显示枯草芽孢杆菌具有耐酸、耐高温、产酶的特性。药敏试验显示枯草芽孢杆菌对抗生素敏感。说明分离到的枯草芽孢杆菌具有临床应用的价值。     

猪肠道芽孢杆菌的分离鉴定、小鼠毒性以及体外颉颃试验

为了获得动物微生态的菌种并进一步研制猪用益生制剂,试验采用细菌分离法从猪肠道分离出50株菌,通过培养特性、形态观察、生化试验初步鉴定出10株芽孢杆菌;用这10株芽孢杆菌对小白鼠进行为期20 d的正常量和加倍量的饲喂;采用平板纸片扩散方法,用这10株芽孢杆菌对3株肠道病原菌(致病性大肠杆菌、沙门杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌)进行了体外颉颃试验。结果表明:试验组小白鼠均未出现中毒现象,所选用的10株芽孢杆菌均较安全,可作为动物微生态制剂的菌种应用;10株芽孢杆菌中有6株对3株肠道病原菌有不同程度的生物颉颃作用。     

奶牛阴道分泌物中枯草芽孢杆菌的分离鉴定及抑菌效果分析

从奶牛阴道分泌物中分离出一株细菌,经过菌落形态特征、生理生化鉴定初步判定为芽孢杆菌属;根据16S rRNA基因序列及其同源性分析结果,证实分离得到的Y4菌株是枯草芽孢杆菌,与GenBank上的枯草芽孢杆菌16S rRNA基因序列同源性为99.6%。对此菌株进行抑菌试验,发现该菌株对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和链球菌有较好的抑菌效果。该研究为将来研制益生菌制剂防治奶牛生殖道疾病提供了物质基础。     

Isolation and Identification of Six Strains of Swine Bacillus and Their Probiotic Research

This study was aimed to separate Bacillus from healthy pig feces by high temperature treatment method and conventional anaerobic bacteria isolated method, and through the cultivation of traits, biochemical tests, PCR, bowel tolerance, antibacterial activity and vaccinated animals and other screening methods to identify stable properties and probiotic Bacillus. As a result, a total of six strains of Bacillus, which were one strain of huge Bacillus, one strain of Death Valley Bacillus, two strains of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and two strains of Bacillus subtilis. Isolates were resistant to polymyxin and penicillin, were more sensitive to the other 12 kinds of commonly used drugs, and had better bacteriostatic action to pathogenic E.coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Four kinds of Bacillus were available under acidic, high temperature conditions and bile salts, in particular Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus subtilis were strong tolerance. Those isolated Bacillus were not pathogenic to mice, wherein Bacillus megaterium and Death Valley Bacillus had a more significant role in promoting the growth of animals. Finalized, the Bacillus megaterium and the Death Valley Bacillus could initially be as probiotic Bacillus choice.     

6株猪源芽孢杆菌的分离鉴定及其益生性研究

本研究旨在通过高温处理和常规厌氧菌分离法从健康肥猪粪便中分离芽孢杆菌,并通过培养性状、生化试验、PCR、肠道耐受、抗菌活性和接种试验动物等方法鉴定筛选性状稳定、优良的益生性芽孢杆菌。结果显示,共分离到6株芽孢杆菌,其中1株巨大芽孢杆菌、1株死谷芽孢杆菌、2株解淀粉芽孢杆菌和2株枯草芽孢杆菌;分离菌对多黏菌素和青霉素耐药性较强,对其他12种常用药物较敏感,对致病性大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌效果较好;4种芽孢杆菌均可在酸性、高胆盐和高温条件下生存,特别是巨大芽孢杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌耐受能力较强;分离的芽孢杆菌对小鼠均无致病性,其中巨大芽孢杆菌和死谷芽孢杆菌有较明显的促进试验动物生长的作用。结果提示,巨大芽孢杆菌和死谷芽孢杆菌可作为益生性芽孢杆菌的初步选择。     

Survival and retention of the probiotic properties of Bacillus sp. strains under marine stress starvation conditions and their potential use as a probiotic in Artemia culture

The probiotic properties of Bacillus strains isolated from Artemia culture and the effect of marine stress on viability and survival were investigated, as well as the changes occurring in their properties. Analyses showed that these bacteria corresponded to the genus Bacillus sp. Antagonism and adherence assays revealed that Bacillus strains have an inhibitory effect against tested pathogenic bacteria and are fairly adherent. Normal and starved cells showed different enzymatic profiles. Challenge tests performed with Artemia larvae provided evidence that the tested Bacillus strains were neither pathogenic nor toxic to the host and conferred protection for Artemia culture against pathogens. The tested strains maintained their viability and their probiotic properties during the period of study. The results suggest that the tested strains have suffered changes allowing them to survive in seawater in the absence of nutrients and outside their natural host, identifying them as potential probiotic candidates for Artemia culture.     

Protection activity of a novel probiotic strain of Bacillus subtilis against Salmonella Enteritidis infection

The activity of 240 bacterial isolates screened from the gastrointestinal tracts of native chickens were evaluated for use as a potential probiotic in food animal production in order to protect against animal diseases and reduce pathogenic contamination of human food products. In observing the antagonistic activity of 117 bacilli isolates, 10 of these isolates exhibited higher growth inhibition of seven foodborne pathogens, including Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Vibrio cholerae. Beneficial probiotic criteria from these isolates - which included non-pathogenicity, acid and bile salt tolerance, hydrophobicity, and adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells - exhibited that one isolate of NC11 had the most potential as a probiotic. 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that this NC11 isolate was Bacillus subtilis. This B. subtilis NC11 was sensitive to all antibiotics and was not cytotoxic to intestinal epithelial cells. Reduction of S. Enteritidis attachment to the surfaces of intestinal epithelial cells via action of a cultured medium from B. subtilis NC11 was observed by scanning electron microscopy. B. subtilis NC11 cells, as well as the bacterial cultured medium or the cultured medium adjusted to pH 7, significantly inhibited S. Enteritidis invasion (P<0.01) of intestinal epithelial cells. This study indicates that B. subtilis NC11 has characteristics of a potential probiotic, and exhibits strong inhibition activity against S. Enteritidis infection to intestinal epithelial cells.     

猪源芽孢杆菌的分离鉴定及生物学特性研究

从自然生长的健康猪肠道中分离到13株芽孢杆菌,通过生理生化试验初步鉴定其中9株为枯草芽孢杆菌,2株为巨大芽孢杆菌,1株为地衣芽孢杆菌,1株为凝结芽孢杆菌;对这13株芽孢杆菌分别进行了耐酸性试验、耐胆盐试验、体外抑菌试验和动物安全性试验。结果表明,其中1株地衣芽孢杆菌B7株和1株枯草芽孢杆菌B9株均有较强的耐酸、耐胆盐能力,对致病性大肠杆菌具有较好的体外抑制能力,且均安全无毒,可作为动物用益生菌制剂的候选菌种。     

一株芽孢杆菌的分离鉴定及其益生潜质分析

 从健康肉鸡的粪便中分离出一株BF3芽孢杆菌,经培养特征、形态观察、生理生化试验以及16SrDNA序列分析相似度为99%,确定该菌株为枯草芽孢杆菌,对该株芽孢杆菌对肠道致病菌的拮抗作用进行研究。结果表明BF3菌株在培养过程中,可以抑制鸡白痢沙门氏菌和鸡大肠杆菌的生长。拮抗作用的强弱与芽孢杆菌和致病菌的接种时间有关。先接种芽孢杆菌后接种致病菌,拮抗作用最强;芽孢杆菌和致病菌同时接种次之;先接种致病菌后接种芽孢杆菌,拮抗作用最弱。并且BF3菌株代谢产物对鸡白痢沙门氏菌和鸡大肠杆菌具有非常明显的拮抗作用。     

益生芽孢杆菌脂肽类抑菌成分的高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱分析

本文旨在探明一株具有益生潜质的枯草芽孢杆菌N2-10对肠道菌的抗菌作用及其活性成分,为深入评价该菌株的益生功能和益生机理奠定基础。以常见的肠道致病菌和有益菌为指示菌,采用抑菌圈法对该菌株发酵液成分的抑菌活性进行测定,并通过高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱(HPLC-ESI-MS/MS)对其中的活性成分进行分析。结果表明:枯草芽孢杆菌N2-10发酵液的氯仿和正丁醇提取液对供试菌无明显的抑制作用;脂肽类对大肠杆菌、痢疾杆菌和沙门氏菌等肠道致病菌表现出明显的抑菌作用,而对肠道有益菌保加利亚乳杆菌抑制作用很弱,对嗜热链球菌则无抑制作用。脂肽粗提物的HPLC-ESI-MS/MS分析结果显示,脂肽粗提物中的脂肽类抗生素为伊枯草素家族中的C14~C17抗霉枯草菌素(Mycosubtilin)的同系物。因此推断,枯草芽孢杆菌N_2-10对肠道致病菌产生抑制作用依赖于其产生的脂肽抗生素Mycosubtilin。     

枯草芽孢杆菌在发酵饲料中的应用研究进展

枯草芽孢杆菌是一种益生菌，在粗饲料中添加枯草芽孢杆菌进行发酵处理得到的饲料为发酵饲料。本文对枯草芽孢杆菌发酵饲料，几种发酵饲料原料和发酵饲料工艺，以及固态发酵、液体发酵和枯草芽孢杆菌发酵饲料在不同领域内的应用进行综述，并对枯草芽孢杆菌发酵饲料的应用前景进行展望。 [关键词] 枯草芽孢杆菌|发酵饲料|研究进展     

Isolation of putative probionts from cod rearing environment

Survival problems are encountered at early stages of intensive fish rearing and antibiotics are widely used to remedy the situation. Probiotics may provide a potential alternative method to protect larvae from opportunistic and pathogenic bacteria and promote a balanced environment. This study was designed to search for new probiotics to target this critical period in cod rearing. Potential probionts were selected from the natural microbiota of cod aquacultural environment. The selection was based on several criteria: pathogen inhibition potential, growth characteristics, strain identification, metabolite production and adhesion to fish cell lines. Our study demonstrated that 14% of screened bacteria (n=188) had antagonistic properties towards fish pathogens. The majority of these isolates were Gram-positive (81%), belonging to Firmicutes (69.2%) and Actinobacteria (11.5%) phyla based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Only 6 (3.2%) of 188 isolates could inhibit all three pathogens tested: Vibrio anguillarum, Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. achromogenes and Vibrio salmonicida. Differences observed in activity intensity and spectrum among inhibitory isolates emphasise the need to develop probiotic mixtures for efficient prophylactic methods. Comparison of growth behaviour of inhibitory isolates and pathogens at cod rearing temperatures, metabolite production and adhesion capacity were considered for final probiont selection. Four promising isolates that could be used as a mixed supplement to rearing water were identified as putative probiotic bacteria. This study emphasises the importance and potential of lactic acid bacteria in aquaculture.     

Potential Bacillus probiotics enhance bacterial numbers, water quality and growth during early development of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

Epidemics of epizootics and occurrence of multiresistant antibiotics of pathogenic bacteria in aquaculture have put forward a development of effective probiotics for the sustainable culture. This study examined the effectiveness of forms of mixed Bacillus probiotics (probiotic A and probiotic B) and mode of probiotic administration on growth, bacterial numbers and water quality during rearing of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in two separated experiments: (1) larval stages and (2) postlarval (PL) stages. Forms of Bacillus probiotics and modes of probiotic administration did not affect growth and survival of larval to PL shrimp. The compositions of Bacillus species in probiotic A and probiotic B did not affect growth and survival of larvae. However, postlarvae treated with probiotic B exhibited higher (P<0.05) growth than probiotic A and controls, indicating Bacillus probiotic composition affects the growth of PL shrimp. Total heterotrophic bacteria and Bacillus numbers in larval and PL shrimp or culture water of the treated groups were higher (P<0.05) than in controls. Levels of pH, ammonia and nitrite of the treated shrimp were significantly decreased, compared to the controls. Microencapsulated Bacillus probiotic was effective for rearing of PL L. vannamei. This investigation showed that administration of mixed Bacillus probiotics significantly improved growth and survival of PL shrimp, increased beneficial bacteria in shrimp and culture water and enhanced water quality for the levels of pH, ammonia and nitrite of culture water.